U-Dieterich Buxtehude (Dieterich Buxtehude) |

I-Dieterich Buxtehude

D. Buxtehude ungumqambi wezinsimbi ovelele waseJalimane, inhloko yesikole sezinsimbi zaseNyakatho Jalimane, isikhulu somculo esikhulu kunazo zonke ngesikhathi sakhe, okwathi iminyaka ecishe ibe ngu-30 ebambe isikhundla somculi we-ogani eSontweni elidumile iSt. kubhekwa njengokuhlonishwa abaculi abaningi baseJalimane abakhulu. Nguye okwathi ngo-Okthoba 1705 kwafika evela e-Arnstadt (eqhele ngamakhilomitha angu-450) ezolalela u-JS Bach futhi, ekhohlwe ngenkonzo nemisebenzi yomthetho, wahlala eLübeck izinyanga ezingu-3 ukuze afunde noBuxtehude. U-I. Pachelbel, owayephila ngesikhathi sakhe omkhulu kunabo bonke, inhloko yesikole somculo we-Middle German, wanikezela izingoma zakhe kuye. U-A. Reinken, umculi nomqambi womculo odumile, unikezwe ifa lokuzingcwaba eduze kuka-Buxtehude. U-GF Handel (1703) kanye nomngane wakhe u-I. Mattheson beza bezokhothamela eBuxtehude. Ithonya likaBuxtehude njengomculi nomqambi latholwa cishe yibo bonke abaculi baseJalimane basekupheleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX.

U-Buxtehude wayephila impilo ethobekile efana ne-Bach enemisebenzi yansuku zonke njengomculi we-ogani kanye nomqondisi womculo wamakhonsathi esonto (Abendmusiken, “amavasi omculo” ngokuvamile ayebanjelwa e-Lübeck ngamaSonto okugcina angu-2 kaZiqu-zintathu kanye namaSonto angu-2-4 ngaphambi kukaKhisimusi). UBuxtehude wabaqambela umculo. Ngesikhathi sokuphila komculi, ama-triosonates angu-7 kuphela (op. 1 no-2) ashicilelwe. Izingoma ezasala ngokuyinhloko emibhalweni yesandla zabona ukukhanya kamuva kakhulu kunokufa komqambi.

Akukho okwaziwayo ngobusha bukaBuxtehude kanye nemfundo esemncane. Ngokusobala, uyise, umshayi we-ogani odumile, wayengumeluleki wakhe kwezomculo. Kusukela ngo-1657 uBuxtehude uye wakhonza njengomculi wesonto eHelsingborg (eSkåne eSweden), futhi kusukela ngo-1660 eHelsingor (Denmark). Ubudlelwano obuseduze bezomnotho, bezepolitiki namasiko obabukhona ngaleso sikhathi phakathi kwamazwe aseNordic bavula ukugeleza kwamahhala kwabaculi baseJalimane beya eDenmark naseSweden. Imvelaphi yaseJalimane (iSaxon Ephansi) kaBuxtehude ifakazelwa yisibongo sakhe (esihlobene negama ledolobhana elincane phakathi kweHamburg neStade), ulimi lwakhe oluhlanzekile lwesiJalimane, kanye nendlela yokusayina imisebenzi ye-DVN - uDitrich Buxte - Hude. , evamile eJalimane. Ngo-1668, uBuxtehude wathuthela eLübeck futhi, eshade nendodakazi ye-oganist eyinhloko ye-Marienkirche, uFranz Tunder (leyo kwakuyisiko lokuzuza le ndawo), uxhuma impilo yakhe nayo yonke imisebenzi eyalandela naleli dolobha elisenyakatho yeJalimane nesonto layo elidumile. .

Ubuciko be-Buxtehude - ukuthuthukiswa kwesitho sakhe esiphefumulelwe kanye ne-virtuoso, izingoma ezigcwele ilangabi nobukhosi, usizi nezothando, ngendlela ecacile yobuciko ibonisa imibono, izithombe nemicabango ye-baroque yaseJalimane ephakeme, efakwe emdwebeni ka-A. Elsheimer no I. Schönnfeld, ezinkondlweni zika-A. Gryphius, I. Rist no-K. Hoffmanswaldau. Amaphupho ngezitho ezinkulu ngesitayela sokukhuluma esiphakeme, esisezingeni eliphezulu athwebule leso sithombe somhlaba esiyinkimbinkimbi nesiphikisanayo njengoba sasibonakala kubadwebi nabacabangi benkathi yeBaroque. I-Buxtehude ivula isandulela sesitho esincane esivame ukuvula isevisi ekuqanjweni komculo wezinga elikhulu okunothe ngokungafani, ngokuvamile ukunyakaza okuyisihlanu, okuhlanganisa ukulandelana kokuthuthuka okuthathu kanye namafugue amabili. Ukuthuthukiswa kwakuhloselwe ukukhombisa izwe elikhohlisayo, elinesiphithiphithi esingalindelekile, ama-fugues - ukuqonda kwawo kwefilosofi. Amanye ama-fugues wemicabango yesitho aqhathaniswa kuphela nama-fugues angcono kakhulu we-Bach mayelana nokungezwani okudabukisayo komsindo, ubukhulu. Inhlanganisela yokuthuthukiswa kanye nama-fugue emculweni owodwa kwakha isithombe esinezinhlangothi ezintathu sokushintshwa kwezigaba eziningi ukusuka kwelinye izinga lokuqonda nombono womhlaba kuye kwelinye, ngobumbano lwawo olunamandla, umugqa oshubile wentuthuko, ulwela ukufinyelela ukuphela. Amaphupho esitho sika-Buxtehude ayinto yobuciko eyingqayizivele emlandweni womculo. Babe nomthelela omkhulu ekuqanjweni kwesitho sika-Bach. Indawo ebalulekile yomsebenzi kaBuxtehude ukujwayela kwezitho zamakhora amaProthestani aseJalimane. Le ndawo yendabuko yomculo wesitho saseJalimane emisebenzini ka-Buxtehude (kanye no-J. Pachelbel) ifinyelele umvuthwandaba wayo. Izandulela zakhe zamakhwaya, amaphupho, ukuhluka, ama-partitas asebenze njengesibonelo sokuhlelwa kwamakwaya ka-Bach kokubili ezindleleni zokuthuthukisa izinto zamakhwaya nasezimisweni zokuhlotshaniswa kwazo nezinto zamahhala, ezigunyaziwe, ezenzelwe ukunikeza uhlobo “lokuphawula” kobuciko okuqukethwe kobunkondlo kombhalo oqukethwe ku-chorale.

Ulimi lomculo lwezingoma zika-Buxtehude luyachaza futhi lunamandla. Uhlu olukhulu lomsindo, ohlanganisa amarejista okwedlulele kakhulu esitho, amaconsi abukhali phakathi kokuphezulu nokuphansi; imibala egqamile ye-harmonic, iphimbo lokukhuluma elidabukisayo - konke lokhu kwakungenazo izifaniso emculweni wekhulu lesi-XNUMX.

Umsebenzi kaBuxtehude awupheleli emculweni wezitho zomzimba. Umqambi uphinde waphendukela ezinhlotsheni zekamelo (i-trio sonatas), kanye ne-oratorio (izibalo zazo ezingazange zigcinwe), kanye ne-cantata (engokomoya neyomhlaba, ezingaphezu kwe-100 sezizonke). Kodwa-ke, umculo womculo uyisikhungo somsebenzi kaBuxtehude, awukona nje kuphela ukubonakaliswa okuphezulu kwenganekwane yobuciko yomqambi, ikhono nogqozi, kodwa futhi ukubonakaliswa okuphelele nokuphelele kwemiqondo yobuciko yenkathi yakhe - uhlobo lomculo "i-baroque". inoveli”.

Y. Evdokimova