Umculo womculo |

Isici esincane kunazo zonke somculo. Uma kuqhathaniswa nayo yonke imisindo "okungeyona yomculo" ezwakalayo, inezici eziningi ezinqunywa idivayisi yesitho sokuzwa, imvelo yokuxhumana yama-muses. izicelo zobuciko nezobuhle zabaculi nabalaleli.

Izici eziyinhloko zamagagasi omsindo ukuphakama, ukuphakama, ubude besikhathi, ne-timbre. Z.m. ingaba nephimbo kusuka ku-C2 kuye ku-c5 – d6 (kusuka ku-16 kuya ku-4000-4500 Hz; imisindo ephakeme ifakiwe ku-Z. m. njengama-overtones); umthamo wayo kufanele ube mkhulu kunezinga lomsindo ekamelweni, kodwa awukwazi ukudlula umkhawulo wobuhlungu; isikhathi se-Z.m. ihluke kakhulu - imisindo emifushane kakhulu (ezindimeni ezisheshayo - i-glissando) ayikwazi ukuba mfushane kunemizuzwana engu-0,015-0,020 (ngaphezu kwalo mkhawulo, umuzwa wokuphakama ulahlekile), omude kakhulu (isibonelo, imisindo ye-pedal yesitho) ingahlala izikhathi eziningana. amaminithi; kuphela mayelana ne-timbre kunzima ukusungula k.-l. imingcele ye-physiological, njengoba inani lenhlanganisela yephimbo, umsindo, wesikhashana nezinye izingxenye, lapho kwakhiwa khona umqondo we-timbre (oyisisekelo ngokombono wombono) cishe awupheli.

Enqubweni yomculo imikhuba ka-Z ka-m. ahlelwe eminyuziyamu. Uhlelo. Ngakho, ku-octave ngayinye, izikhathi ezingu-12 kuphela l ezisetshenziswa kakhulu. ngokusho ukuphakama kwemisindo ehlukaniswe i-semitone komunye nomunye (bheka. Uhlelo). Amathunzi ashukumisayo angaphansi kwesikali sezilinganiso zomsindo omkhulu (isb, pp, p, mp, mf, f, ff), ongenawo amanani aphelele (bona Dynamics). Esilinganisweni esivame kakhulu sobude besikhathi, imisindo esondelene ikwisilinganiso esingu-1:2 (isishiyagalombili sihlobene nekota, njengekota ukuya kuhhafu, njll.), izilinganiso zika-1:3 noma ezinye eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu zisetshenziswa kancane. I-timbres yezingoma zomsindo ihlukaniswa ngokuhlukaniswa okukhethekile. Imisindo ye-violin ne-trombone, upiyano. kanye nesiNgisi. izimpondo ziyahlukahluka kakhulu timbre; okubalulekile, nakuba ukuhluka okucashile okwengeziwe kutholakala ezinsimbini zezinsimbi zohlobo olufanayo (isibonelo, izintambo ezikhotheme). Isistimu yomsindo wengoma iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. I-Z.m ngayinye. ingacatshangwa nge-acoustic. izinhlangothi, isib. ngokuya ngokuthi kukhona i-harmonic ekubunjweni kwayo. (isici esiningi se-Z. m.) noma ehambisanayo. inani lama-overtones, noma ngabe kukhona amafomu kuwo, iyiphi ingxenye yalo enomsindo, njll.; ingabonakala ngohlobo lwensimbi, lapho ikhishwa khona (izintambo ezinezintambo, i-electromusical, njll.); ingabuye ifakwe ohlelweni olulodwa noma olunye ngesisekelo sokuthi kungenzeka ukuhlanganisa neminye imisindo (bheka Instrumentation).

Nakuba embhalweni womculo umsindo ngamunye uvame ukumiswa njengento engaqondakali, empeleni imisindo iyashintshashintsha kakhulu, ihamba ngaphakathi, futhi ibonakala ngeziningi. izinqubo zesikhashana noma ezingamile. Ezinye zalezi zinqubo zesikhashana zingokwemvelo ku-Z. m. futhi ziwumphumela we-acoustic. izici zomculo. insimbi noma indlela yokukhiqiza umsindo - lokho kungukuncishiswa kwemisindo ye-fp., ihabhu, i-decomp. izinhlobo zokuhlasela emisindweni yezintambo. wakhothama nomoya. amathuluzi, ahlukahlukene aperiodic kanye ngezikhathi. izinguquko ku-timbre emisindweni yochungechunge lwesigqi. izinsimbi - isibonelo, izinsimbi, tam-tama. Enye ingxenye yezinqubo zesikhashana idalwe ngabadlali, uCh. ar. ukuze kuzuzwe ukuxhumana okukhulu kwemisindo noma ukugqamisa ngokwehlukana. imisindo ihambisana nobuciko. ngokuklama. Lezi yi-glissando, portamento, vibrato, dynamic. ama-accents, dec. izinguquko zesigqi kanye ne-timbre, ezakha uhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi lwephimbo (ukuphakama komsindo), okuguquguqukayo. (okuzwakalayo), okubuhlungu. (i-tempo nesigqi) kanye nama-timbre shades.

Kuthathwe ngokwehlukana Z.m. anginayo i-k.-l. izoveza. izakhiwo, kodwa ihlelwe komunye noma kwenye iminyuziyamu. uhlelo futhi ifakwe emculweni. indwangu, yenza i-express. imisebenzi. Ngakho-ke, ngokuvamile Z.m. banikezwe izakhiwo ezithile; bona, njengezingxenye, kuthiwa yizici zayo yonke. Emculweni wokuzijwayeza (ikakhulukazi kwezokufundisa) kuye kwasungulwa isichazamazwi esibanzi samagama, lapho kuboniswa nobuhle. Izidingo ze-ZM Lezi zinkambiso, nokho, zinqunywa ngokomlando futhi zihlobene eduze nesitayela somculo.

References: Mutli AF, Umsindo nokuzwa, ku: Questions of musicology, vol. 3, M., 1960; Ama-acoustic omculo, inani. ed. Ihlelwe ngu-NA Garbuzova. Moscow, 1954. Helmholtz H. v., Die Lehre von den Tonempfindungen…, Braunschweig, 1863 futhi yanyatheliswa kabusha; Stumpf, C., Tonpsychologie, Bd 1-2, Lpz., 1883-90; Waetzmann R., Ton, Klang und sekundäre Klangerscheinungen, “Handbuch der normalen und pathologischen Physiologie”, Bd XI, B., 1926, S. 563-601; Handschin J., Der Toncharakter, Z., 1948; Eggebrecht HH, Musik als Tonsprache, “AfMw”, Jg. XVIII, 1961.

I-YH ama-Rags