Ukuqoshwa komsindo

Ukurekhoda komsindo - kwenziwa ngosizo lwemishini ekhethekile yobuchwepheshe. amadivaysi alungisa ukudlidliza komsindo (inkulumo, umculo, umsindo) kusithwali somsindo, okukuvumela ukuthi udlale okurekhodiwe. Ithuba langempela le-Z. livele kusukela ngo-1688, lapho. usosayensi u-GK Schelhammer uthole ukuthi umsindo ukudlidliza komoya. Ukuhlola kokuqala kuka-Z. kuthwebule ukudlidliza komsindo, kodwa akuzange kuqinisekise ukukhiqizwa kwakho kabusha. Ukudlidliza komsindo ngokuvamile kwakubanjwa ulwelwesi futhi ludluliselwe lusuka kulo luye ephini (inaliti), olwalushiya uphawu olunamagagasi endaweni enyakazayo ye-sooty (T. Jung eNgilandi, 1807; L. Scott eFrance kanye noR. Koenig eJalimane, 1857).

I-apparatus yokuqala ye-Z, eyenza kube nokwenzeka ukukhiqiza lokho okurekhodiwe, yathuthukiswa ngu-TA Edison (USA, 1876) futhi, ngaphandle kwakhe, uCh. Cros (eFrance, 1877). Yayibizwa ngokuthi igilamafoni. Ukurekhoda kwenziwa ngenaliti egxilwe kulwelwesi olunophondo, indawo yokurekhoda okokuqala yayiyi-staniole egxilwe kusilinda esijikelezayo, bese kuba i-wax roller. Z. yalolu hlobo, lapho umkhondo womsindo, noma iphonogram, itholakala kusetshenziswa umshini. umthelela ezintweni zenkampani yenethiwekhi (ukusika, ukukhishwa) kubizwa ngokuthi i-mechanical.

Ekuqaleni, kwasetshenziswa ukuphawula okujulile (okunomsele wokujula okuguquguqukayo), kamuva (kusukela ngo-1886) ukuphawula okuguquguqukayo (okunomsele wokujula okungaguquki) nakho kwasetshenziswa. Ukukhiqizwa kwenziwa kusetshenziswa idivayisi efanayo. Izidalwa. Ukushiyeka kwegilamafoni kwakuyizinga eliphansi nezihlobo. ubufushane bokuqoshwa, kanye nokungenzeki kokukhiqiza kabusha okurekhodiwe.

Isinyathelo esilandelayo siwumshini. Z. yaqoshwa kudiski (E. Berliner, USA, 1888), ekuqaleni eyinsimbi, yabe isinamathiswa ngengcina, futhi ekugcineni ipulasitiki. Le ndlela ye-Z. yenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukuphindaphinda amarekhodi ngesilinganiso esikhulu; amadiski anamarekhodi abizwa ngokuthi amarekhodi egramophone (amarekhodi egramophone). Kule galvanoplastic ngokukhiqiza insimbi. ikhophi ehlanekezelwe yokurekhodwa, eyabe isisetshenziswa njengesitembu ekwenziweni kwamarekhodi asuka kokuhambisanayo. impahla yepulasitiki uma ishisa.

Kusukela ngo-1925, ukuqoshwa kwaqala ukwenziwa kusetshenziswa ukuguqulwa kokundindizela kwemisindo kube okukagesi, okwakhuliswa ngosizo lwemishini kagesi futhi ngemva kwalokho kwaphenduka imishini. ukushintshashintsha kwe-cutter; lokhu kwalithuthukisa kakhulu izinga lokurekhodwa. Impumelelo eyengeziwe kule ndawo ihlotshaniswa nokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe be-Z, ukusungulwa kwalokhu okubizwa ngokuthi. ukudlala isikhathi eside nesitiriyo. amarekhodi egramofoni (bona irekhodi legramofoni, Stereophony).

Amarekhodi ayedlalwa ekuqaleni ngosizo lwegilamafoni kanye negilamafoni; kusukela kuma-30s ekhulwini lama-20 bathathelwa indawo umdlali kagesi (i-electrophone, i-radiogram).

Imishini engenzeka. Z. kufilimu. Imishini yokuqopha umsindo onjalo yasungulwa ngo-1927 ngu-AF Shorin e-USSR (i-"shorinophone"), okokuqala ekutholeni ifilimu, bese eqopha umculo nenkulumo; Amathrekhi omsindo angama-60 abekwe eceleni kobubanzi befilimu, okwathi, ngobude befilimu obungamamitha angama-300, kwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukuqopha amahora angama-3-8.

Kanye mechanical ukuqoshwa Magnetic ithola ukusetshenziswa kabanzi. Ukurekhodwa kwamagnetic kanye nokukhiqizwa kabusha kwakho kusekelwe ekusetshenzisweni kozibuthe osalayo kumpahla ye-ferromagnetic ehamba endaweni yamagnetic eshintshanayo. Ngamaza omsindo kazibuthe, ukudlidliza komsindo kuguqulwa kube amaza kagesi. Ezokugcina, ngemva kokukhulisa, zondliwa ekhanda lokuqopha, izigxobo zazo ezakha insimu kazibuthe egxilile kusithwali sikazibuthe esinyakazayo, sakha ithrekhi kazibuthe esalayo kuyo, ehambisana nemisindo erekhodiwe. Lapho isisetshenziswa esinjalo sokurekhoda sidlula ikhanda elikhiqiza kabusha umsindo, amandla kagesi ashintshashintshayo afakwa ekujikeni kwawo. I-voltage iguqulwa ngemuva kokukhulisa ibe ukudlidliza komsindo okufana nalokhu okurekhodiwe.

Isipiliyoni sokuqala sokurekhoda kazibuthe sibuyela ku-1888 (O. Smith, USA), kodwa amadivaysi okurekhoda kazibuthe afaneleka ukukhiqizwa okukhulu adalwe kuphela phakathi. 30s 20th century Abizwa ngokuthi ama-tape recorders. Aqoshwa ku-tape ekhethekile eboshwe ohlangothini olulodwa ngongqimba lwempushana evela kuzinto ezikwazi ukuba zibuthe futhi zigcine izakhiwo kazibuthe (i-iron oxide, i-magnesite) noma (kumamodeli aphathekayo) ocingweni oluncane olwenziwe nge-alloy magnetic. I-tape erekhodiwe ingadlalwa ngokuphindaphindiwe, kodwa futhi ingasulwa.

I-Magnetic Z. ikuvumela ukuthi uthole ukurekhodwa kwekhwalithi ephezulu kakhulu, kuhlanganisa. kanye ne-stereophonic, zibhale kabusha, zibe ngaphansi kokuwohloka. izinguquko, sebenzisa ukubekwa eziningana ezahlukene. amarekhodi (asetshenziswa emisebenzini ebizwa ngokuthi umculo we-elekthronikhi), njll. Njengomthetho, ukuqoshwa kwamarekhodi egilamafoni ekuqaleni kwenziwa ku-tape magnetic.

I-Optical, noma yezithombe, Z., ch. ar. ku-cinematography. Emaphethelweni efilimu ye-optical. Le ndlela ilungisa ithrekhi yomsindo, lapho ukudlidliza komsindo kubhalwe khona ngendlela yokuguquguquka kokuminyana (izinga lokuba mnyama kwesendlalelo se-photosensitive) noma ngendlela yokuguquguquka kobubanzi bengxenye yethrekhi ebonisa ngale. Ngesikhathi sokudlala, i-beam yokukhanya idlula ithrekhi yomsindo, ewela ku-photocell noma i-photoresistance; ukushintshashintsha ekukhanyeni kwayo kuguqulwa kube ugesi. ukudlidliza, futhi lokhu kokugcina kube ukudlidliza komsindo. Ngesikhathi lapho kazibuthe Z. yayingakaqali ukusetshenziswa, i-optical. I-Z. iphinde yasetshenziswa ukulungisa iminyuziyamu. isebenza emsakazweni.

Uhlobo olukhethekile lwe-optical Z. - Z. kufilimu esetshenziswa i-sound-optical. i-modulator esekelwe kumphumela we-Kerr. I-Z enjalo yenziwa ngo-1927 e-USSR ngu-PG Tager.

References: Furduev VV, Electroacoustics, M.-L., 1948; I-Parfentiev A., I-Physics kanye nenqubo yokuqopha umsindo wefilimu, M., 1948; Shorin AF, Isikrini saba kanjani isikhulumi, M., 1949; Okhotnikov VD, Ezweni lemisindo eqandisiwe, M.-L., 1951; Burgov VA, Okuyisisekelo kokuqoshwa komsindo nokukhiqizwa kabusha, M., 1954; UGlukhov VI noKurakin AT, Ubuchwepheshe bokuzwakala kwefilimu, M., 1960; I-Dreyzen IG, i-Electroacoustics nokusakazwa komsindo, M., 1961; I-Panfilov N., Umsindo efilimini, M., 1963, 1968; I-Apollonova LP ne-Shumova ND, ukurekhoda komsindo we-Mechanical, M.-L., 1964; Volkov-Lannit LF, The Art of Imprinted Sound, M., 1964; I-Korolkov VG, Izifunda zikagesi zamarekhoda e-tape, M., 1969; UMelik-Stepanyan AM, Imishini yokuqopha umsindo, L., 1972; Meerzon B. Ya., Okuyisisekelo kwe-electroacoustics nokuqoshwa kazibuthe komsindo, M., 1973. Bheka futhi lit. ngaphansi kwezihloko zeGramophone, irekhodi legramafoni, Isiqophamazwi, iStereophony, i-Electrophone.

LS Termin, 1982.