Imikhosi yomculo |
Umkhosi wesiNgisi nesiFulentshi, kusukela ku-lat. i-festivus - ijabule, imikhosi
Imikhosi ehlanganisa umjikelezo wamakhonsathi nemidlalo, ehlanganiswe negama elivamile, uhlelo olulodwa futhi olubanjwe emikhosini ekhethekile. imvelo. Muses. F. zihlukile ngobude besikhathi (kusukela ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ukuya ezinyangeni eziyisithupha) nokuqukethwe. Kukhona i-monographic (enikezelwe emculweni womqambi oyedwa), i-thematic (enikezelwe ohlotsheni oluthile, inkathi, noma indlela yesitayela), kanye nomculi. amacala, njll. F. ahlelwa yizwe. kanye neziphathimandla zendawo, ama-philharmonics kanye neminyuziyamu. ngawe, kunxiwankulu. amazwe - namafemu nabantu ngabanye. Ziqhutshwa njalo: ngonyaka, njalo eminyakeni emi-2 (i-biennale) noma njalo eminyakeni engu-3-4, kanye nokuhlobana nemikhosi ekhethekile. imicimbi. Ngokuvamile bahlelwa emadolobheni adume ngomculo wabo. amasiko noma ahlotshaniswe nempilo nomsebenzi wabaculi abakhulu (abanye F., isibonelo, i-International Society for Contemporary Music, bahlelwa emadolobheni emazweni ahlukahlukene).
Muses. F. wadabuka eGreat Britain (London, 1709) futhi ekuqaleni ayehlangene nesonto. umculo. Kusukela esitezi sesi-2. Ikhulu le-18 lenziwa emazweni amaningi eSikhungo. IYurophu, kuhlanganise nase-Austria (Vienna, 1772), kusukela ekuqaleni. Ikhulu le-19 - eJalimane (Frankenhausen, Thuringia, 1810); Eyokuqala yomculo waseMelika F. ihlelwe ngo-1869 (Worcester). Ukusabalalisa kutholwe ngamazwe ngamazwe. umculo F. ekhulwini lama-20, ikakhulukazi kusukela maphakathi. I-40s enkulu kunazo zonke ithatha indawo ebalulekile kwesimanje. impilo yomculo iyahluka. amazwe, abambe iqhaza ekuthuthukiseni umculo. art-va, ukuthuthukiswa kwezibopho zamasiko phakathi kwabantu. Ama-soloists amakhulu kunawo wonke, i-opera engcono kakhulu, abaculi be-symphonic bahileleke kubo. kanye nekwaya. amaqembu, ama-chamber ensembles kusukela ngoDisemba. amazwe. Ngokuvamile, ngaphakathi kohlaka lwe-F., kubanjwa imicimbi yamazwe ngamazwe. imincintiswano yomculo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, abanye F. in bourgeois. amazwe ahlala engafinyeleleki kumphakathi uwonke ngenxa yamanani aphezulu amathikithi futhi ayimvelo ye-elitist, amanye ama-F. aphethwe ngu-Ch. ar. ngezinjongo zokukhangisa (ukuheha izivakashi).
Iningi izindlela. intl. umculo F .: Austria – Salzburg (1920), “Vienna Festival Weeks” (1951); IGreat Britain - Glyndebourne (1934) kanye ne-Edinburgh (yaseshashalazini nomculo, 1947); I-Hungary - "I-Muses yaseBudapest. amasonto” (1956); GDR – Handel F. in Halle (1952), “Berlin Muses. izinsuku” (1957); Denmark - Usuku. inkosi. F. i-opera ne-ballet (1949); I-Italy - "I-Florentine Muses. May (1933), Venice Biennale (umculo wesimanje, 1930), Festival of Two Worlds (Spoleto, 1958); I-Netherlands - Dutch F. e-Amsterdam (1948); IPoland - "Ikwindla yeWarsaw" (umculo wanamuhla, 1954), "Umculo wePoznan. intwasahlobo” (1960); I-Romania - F. im. J. Enescu eBucharest (1958); USA – F. in Berkshire (chamber music, 1918), Rochester (Amer. music, 1931), Tanglewood (ihlelwe nguSA Koussevitsky, 1935); FRG - F. e-Bayreuth (1882), Donaueschingen (umculo wesimanje, 1946); I-Finland - "Iviki leSibelius" e-Helsinki (1951); France - Besancon F. (1947), im. Casals in Prada (1950), Theatre of Nations in Paris (1957); Czechoslovakia - "Prague Spring" (1946); ISwitzerland - International. isonto lomkhosi” eLucerne (1939); Yugoslavia - Dubrovnik Summer Games (yaseshashalazini nomculo, 1950), Ohrid Summer (1961), Zagreb Music. Biennale (1961); Japan - Umculo. F. e-Osaka (1957). Kusukela kuma-60s. edumile F. est. ubuciko nezingoma, ikakhulukazi eYurophu.
E-USSR, iminyuziyamu yokuqala. F. zahlelwa ngeminyaka yama-30s. (Leningrad). Ukusabalalisa kutholwe ku-con. 50s Ngo-1957, i-All-Union Ph. Dram yahlelwa. kanye nomculo. t-ditch, F. izikhova. umculo waseLatvia, Lithuania nase-Estonia, "Transcaucasian Spring". Kusukela ngo-1962, i-All-Union F. yesimanje. umculo e-Gorky, kusukela ngo-1964 - umculo waminyaka yonke. F. "Izinkanyezi zaseMoscow" kanye "nobusika baseRussia" eMoscow, "White Nights" eLeningrad, kanye nomculo. zonke-inyunyana, rep. F. nabanye. Ngo-1977, i-All-Union yokuqala ye-F. Samoyeda yabanjwa. ubuciko. ubuhlakani bezisebenzi, obunikezelwe ku-60th anniversary of Oct. revolutions ka-1917 (bona ukusebenza kwe-Ateur).
I-World Federation of Democratic Youth kanye ne-International Union yabafundi kusukela ngo-1947 ngezikhathi ezithile yayibamba i-Intern. F. intando yeningi. Intsha kanye nabafundi (kamuva iWorld Funds of Youth and Students). Kulezi zici zobuciko ze-F. imincintiswano, imibukiso, imiqhudelwano yezemidlalo, njll.
