Umfanekiso |

kusuka ku-lat. i-figura – izinhla zangaphandle, isithombe, isithombe, indlela, umlingiswa, impahla

1) Iqoqo lezimpawu zemisindo (melodic. F.) noma enesigqi. amasheya, ubude besikhathi (isigqi. F.), ngokuvamile ngokuphindaphindiwe.

2) Isici somfanekiso.

3) Ingxenye yomdanso eseqediwe ngokuqhathaniswa, eyakhelwe ekuphindaphindweni okuphindaphindiwe kwesici sayo se-choreographic. F., ehambisana nomculo ngezincazelo. onesigqi F.

4) Umfanekiso. ukuboniswa kwemisindo nokumiswa kombhalo wokuya esikhathini; umqondo ugcine incazelo yezimpawu zomculo kuze kube sezingeni loku-1. Ikhulu le-18 (bheka i-Spiess M., 1745).

5) F. muz.-rhetorical – umqondo osetshenziselwa ukubhekisela enanini leminyuziyamu. amasu aziwa ngeNkathi Ephakathi (futhi ngisho nangaphambili), kodwa abe yingxenye yesici seminyuziyamu. silulumagama kuphela con. 16 - 1st floor. Ikhulu le-17 F. kubhekwa imfundiso yomculo 17-18 eminyaka. ohlelweni lokubuka umculo ojwayelekile wangaleso sikhathi njengesifaniso esiqondile sokukhuluma. Lokhu kuhlobene nokudluliswa kwethiyori yomculo (ikakhulukazi isiJalimane) yemiqondo yezingxenye eziyinhloko ze-classical. rhetoric: ukusungulwa kwempahla yenkulumo, ukuhlelwa kwayo nokuthuthuka, ukuhlobisa kanye nokwethulwa kwenkulumo. Lokho. kwavuka umculo. inkulumo-mpilo. Imfundiso kaF. incike engxenyeni yesithathu ye-rhetoric - umhlobiso (de-coratio).

Umqondo wokukhuluma ngomculo. F. yayifana nenhloko. imiqondo yokukhuluma. i-decoratio - ezindleleni kanye no-F. (bheka imibhalo ye-I. Burmeister, A. Kircher, M. Spies, I. Mattheson, nabanye). U-F. uchaze incazelo. amasu (ikakhulukazi izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokuphenduka kwe-melodic kanye ne-harmonic), "ukuchezuka ohlotsheni olulula lokuqamba" (i-Burmeister) nokukhonza ukuthuthukisa ukugqama komculo. Okujwayelekile ngama-rhetoric. F. umgomo wokuchezuka okuvezayo kokuvunyelwa ngokuvamile wawuqondwa kumamyuziyamu. i-rhetoric ngezindlela ezihlukene: kwesinye isikhathi lokhu kuwukuphambuka ohlotsheni olulula, “olungahlotshisiwe” lwesethulo, kokunye, emithethweni yokubhala okuqinile, okwesithathu, kusukela kokwakudala. izimiso ze-homophonic harmonic. inqolobane. Emfundisweni yomculo-izinkulumo. Zingaphezu kuka-80 izinhlobo ze-F. ezirekhodiwe (bona ukufakwa kuhlu nokuchazwa kuka-F. encwadini yesazi somculo saseJalimane u-GG Unter, 1941). Eziningi zazo zazibhekwa osolwazi basendulo njengezifana nezincwadi. F., lapho bethola khona isiGreki sabo. futhi lat. izihloko. Ingxenye encane ka-F. ayizange ibe nenkulumo eqondile. ama-prototypes, kodwa futhi kwathiwa ahlobene ne-muz.-rhetoric. amaqhinga. G. Unger uhlukanisa inkulumo yomculo. F. ngomsebenzi ekukhiqizeni. zibe ngamaqembu amathathu: okungokomfanekiso, “okuchaza igama”; okuthinta inhliziyo, "echaza umthelela"; "i-grammatical" - amasu, lapho okwakhayo, okunengqondo kuvela phambili. Qala. Bonisa. kanye ne-affective F. yakheka ku-wok. umculo, lapho zaziklanyelwe khona ukudlulisa incazelo yombhalo womlomo. Igama lombhalo laliqondwa njengomsizi. kusho, umthombo womculo. "okusunguliwe"; kuye. izindaba zekhulu le-3. (I. Nucius, W. Schonsleder, I. Herbst, D. Shper) wabeka izinhlu zamagama, okufanele azinake ngokukhethekile lapho eqamba umculo.

O. Lasso. I-Motet "Exsurgat Deus" kusukela ngoMgqibelo. I-Magnum Opus Musicum.

Ekudaleni okuhlelwe ngale ndlela. Kule nqubo, indlela yethonya eliqondisiwe kumlaleli (umfundi, umbukeli), isici sobuciko be-Baroque, yabonakala, ebizwa ngokuthi umhlaziyi wezincwadi AA Morozov "i-rhetorical rationalism".

Lawa maqembu ka-F asetshenziswa emculweni ngendlela yezinhlobonhlobo zamamuse. amaqhinga. Ngezansi ukuhlukaniswa kwabo okusekelwe eqenjini lika-X. Eggebrecht:

a) bonisa. F., ehlanganisa i-anabasis (ukwenyuka) kanye ne-catabasis (ukwehla), i-circulatio (umbuthano), i-fuga (egijima; A. Kircher kanye no-TB Yanovka bengeza amagama athi “ngomqondo ohlukile” egameni layo, ehlukanisa lo F. . , “okungabonisi isithombe” F. fugue; bona ngezansi), tirata, njll.; ingqikithi yalezi F. - ekwenyukeni noma ekwehleni, okuyindilinga noma "egijimayo" melodic. umnyakazo mayelana namagama ahambisanayo ombhalo; ukuze uthole isibonelo sokusetshenziswa kwe-F. fuga, bheka ikholomu 800.

Emculweni i-rhetoric ibuye ichazwe ngu-F. hypotyposis (isithombe), ephakamisa iSec. izimo zomculo ezingokomfanekiso.

b) Okumnandi, noma, ngokukaG. Massenkail, isikhawu, F .: isibabazo (isibabazo) kanye ne-interrogatio (umbuzo; bheka isibonelo ngezansi), okudlulisa amaphimbo enkulumo ahambisanayo; i-passus ne-saltus duriusculus - isingeniso somculo we-chromatic. izikhawu kanye nokugxuma.

C. Monteverdi. Orpheus, Act II, Orpheus ingxenye.

c) F. ukuphumula: i-abruptio (ukuphazamiseka okungalindelekile komculo), i-apocope (ukufinyezwa okungajwayelekile kwesikhathi somsindo wokugcina womculo), i-aposiopesis (ikhefu elivamile), i-suspiratio (ethiyori yomculo yaseRussia yekhulu le-17-18 " suspiria” – uyahlaba ikhefu – “uyabubula”), tmesis (ukuphumula okwephula ingoma; bheka isibonelo ngezansi).

JS Bach. ICantata BWV 43.

d) F. ukuphindaphinda, faka izindlela eziyi-15 zokuphindaphinda umculo. izakhiwo ngokulandelana okuhlukile, isibonelo. i-anaphora (abac), i-anadiplosis (abbc), i-palillogia (ukuphindaphinda okuqondile), uvuthondaba (ukuphindaphinda ngokulandelana), njll.

e) F. wesigaba se-fugue, okuyisici sokulingisa. ubuchwepheshe: i-hypallage (ukulingisa ngokuphikisa), i-apocope (ukulingisa okungaphelele kwelinye lamazwi), i-metalepsis (i-fugue ngezindikimba ezi-2), njll.

f) Imisho F. (Satzfiguren) – umqondo obolekwe enkulumweni, lapho isetshenziswe khona kanye no-“F. amazwi”; Isisekelo saleli qembu eliningi nelihlukile lakhiwe ngo-F., owenza kokubili ukuboniswa nokuveza. imisebenzi; isici sabo sici - ngokuvumelana. ulimi Satzfiguren zihlanganisa dec. amasu okusebenzisa ama-dissonance ngokuphambene nemithetho eqinile: i-catachrese, i-ellipsis (isixazululo esingalungile se-dissonance noma ukuntuleka kwesixazululo), i-extensio (i-dissonance ihlala isikhathi eside kunokulungiswa kwayo), i-parrhesia (ukufakwa kuhlu, ukusebenzisa izikhathi zokukhulisa nokunciphisa, ezinye izimo ezingalungiswanga noma ezixazululwe ngokungalungile. ama-dissonances ; bheka isibonelo ngezansi); Ulwazi mayelana ne-dissonant F. yethulwa ngokugcwele emisebenzini ka-K. Bernhard.

G. Schutz. I-Symphony Engcwele "Singet dem Herren ein neues Lied" (SWV 342).

Leli qembu lihlanganisa nezindlela ezikhethekile zokusebenzisa ongwaqa: ama-congeries ("ukuqoqwa" kwawo ekuhambeni okuqondile kwamazwi); i-noema (ukwethulwa kwesigaba songwaqa obufanayo emongweni we-polyphonic ukuze kugqanyiswe imicabango ye-CL yombhalo womlomo), njll. Imisho ye-Ph. iphinde ihlanganise okubaluleke kakhulu emculweni wekhulu le-17-18. F. antitheton - ukuphikiswa, ukusika kungavezwa ngesigqi, ukuvumelana, umculo, njll.

g) Imikhuba; enhliziyweni yaleli qembu F. ziyawohloka. izinhlobo zengoma, iziqephu (i-bombo, i-groppo, i-passagio, i-superjectio, i-subsumptio, njll.), ebikhona ngezindlela ezi-2: ezirekhodiwe ngamanothi futhi ezingarekhodiwe, zathuthukiswa. Imikhuba yayivame ukuhunyushwa ngokungahlangene ngokuqondile nenkulumo-nkulumo. F.

6) F. - umculo. umhlobiso, umhlobiso. Ngokuphambene ne-Manieren, umhlobiso kuleli cala uqondwa kancane kancane futhi ngokungananazi - njengohlobo lokwengeza ezintweni eziyisisekelo. umbhalo womculo. Ukwakhiwa kwalezi zihlobiso kwakunqunyelwe ekunciphiseni, i-melismas.

7) Ku-Anglo-Amer. musicology, igama elithi “F.” (Isibalo sesiNgisi) sisetshenziswa kwezinye izincazelo ezi-2: a) isisusa; b) ukwenziwa ngedijithali kwebhesi evamile; i-bass figured lapha isho i-digital bass. Kuthiyori yomculo, igama elithi “umculo ongokomfanekiso” (lat. cantus figuralis) lasetshenziswa, ekuqaleni (kwaze kwaba sekhulwini le-17) lalisetshenziswa emisebenzini ebhalwe ngombhalo we-mensural futhi ihlukaniswa yisigqi. ukuhlukahluka, ngokuphambene ne-cantus planus, ukucula okuhambisana nesigqi; emakhulwini 17-18. kwakusho melodic. umfanekiso we-chorale noma i-ostinato bass.

References: I-aesthetics yomculo yaseNtshonalanga Yurophu ngekhulu le-1971-1972th, comp. VP Shestakov. Moscow, 3. Druskin Ya. S., Mayelana nezindlela zokukhuluma emculweni ka-JS Bach, Kipv, 1975; U-Zakharova O., Izinkulumo Zomculo ze-4 - ingxenye yokuqala yekhulu le-1980, eqoqweni: Izinkinga Zesayensi Yomculo, vol. 1975, M., 1978; eyakhe, Izinkulumo Zomculo zekhulu le-1606 kanye nomsebenzi ka-G. Schutz, eqoqweni: From the history of foreign music, vol. 1955, M., 1; Kon Yu., Cishe amafugue amabili ka-I. Stravinsky, eqoqweni: Polyphony, M., 2; Beishlag A., Umhlobiso emculweni, M., 1650; Burmeister J., Musica poetica. Rostock, 1690, ukuphrinta kabusha, Kassel, 1970; Kircher A., ​​Musurgia universalis, t. 1701-1973, Romae, 1738, 1745, Rev. uHildesheim, ngo-1739; I-Janowka TV, i-Clavis ad thesaurum magnae artis musicae, Praha, 1954, yanyatheliswa kabusha. Amst., 1746; Scheibe JA, Der critische Musicus, Hamb., 1, 1788; Mattheson J., Der vollkommene Capellmeister, Hamb., 1967, yanyatheliswa kabusha. Kassel, 22; Spiess M., Tractatus musicus compositorio -practicus, Augsburg, 1925; Forkel JN, Allgemeine Geschichte der Musik, Bd 1926, Lpz., 1963, yanyatheliswa kabusha. Graz, 18; Schering A., Bach und das Symbol, ku: Bach-Jahrbuch, Jahrg. 1932, Lpz., 33; Bernhard Chr., Ausführlicher Bericht vom Gebrauche der Con- und Dissonantien, eMüller-Blattau J., Die Kompositionslehre H. Schützens in der Fassung seines Schülers Chr. Bernhard, Lpz., 15, Kassel-L.-NY, 7; eyakhe, Tractatus compositionis augmentus QDBV, ibid.; Ziebler K., Zur Aesthetik der Lehre von den musikalischen Figuren im 16. Jahrhundert, “ZfM”, 1935/1939, Jahrg. 40, H. 3; Brandes H., Studien zur musikalischen Figurenlehre im 1. Jahrhundert, B., 2; Bukofzer M., Allegory emculweni we-baroque, "Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes", 16/18, v, 1941, No 1969-1950; Unger H, H., Die Beziehungen zwischen Musik und Rhetorik im 1955.-1708. Jahrhundert, Würzburg, 1955, yanyatheliswa kabusha. Hildesheim, 1959; Schmitz A., Die Bildlichkeit der wortgebundenen Musik JS Bachs, Mainz, 1959; Ruhnke M., J. Burmeister, Kassel-Basel, 1965; Walther JG, Praecepta der Musicalischen Composition, (1967), Lpz., 1972; Eggebrecht HH, Heinrich Schütz. Musicus poeticus, Gött., 16; Rauhe H., Dichtung und Musik im weltlichen Vokalwerk JH Scheins, Hamb., 18 (Diss.); Kloppers J., Die Interpretation und Wiedergabe der Orgelwerke Bachs, Fr./M., 1973; Dammann R., Der Musikbegriff im deutschen Barock, Köln, 5; I-Polisca CV, Ut oratoria musica. Isisekelo sokukhuluma sokuziphatha komculo, kwethi The meaning of mannerism, Hannover, 2; Stidron M., Existuje v cesky hudbe XNUMX.-XNUMX. stoletн obdoba hudebne rеtorickych figur?, Opus musicum, XNUMX, r. XNUMX, akukho XNUMX.

OI Zakharova