Alexander Borisovich Goldenweiser |

Alexander Goldenweiser

Uthisha ovelele, umculi onekhono, umqambi, umhleli womculo, umgxeki, umbhali, isibalo somphakathi - u-Alexander Borisovich Goldenweiser uye wenza ngempumelelo kuzo zonke lezi zimfanelo amashumi eminyaka. Ubelokhu ephishekela ulwazi ngokungakhathali. Lokhu kusebenza futhi emculweni ngokwawo, lapho i-erudition yakhe yayingenamingcele, lokhu kusebenza nakwezinye izindawo zokudala ubuciko, lokhu kusebenza futhi empilweni ngokwayo ekubonakalisweni kwayo okuhlukahlukene. Ukomela ulwazi, ububanzi bezithakazelo kwamletha e-Yasnaya Polyana ukuyobona u-Leo Tolstoy, kwamenza walandela amanoveli emibhalo nethiyetha ngesasasa elifanayo, ukuphakama nokwehla kwemidlalo yomqhele we-chess womhlaba. “U-Alexander Borisovich,” kubhala uS. Feinberg, “uhlale enesithakazelo esijulile kukho konke okusha ekuphileni, izincwadi nomculo. Kodwa-ke, ukuba yisihambi ku-snobbery, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iyiphi indawo engase ikhathazeke ngayo, uyazi ukuthi angayithola kanjani, naphezu kokushintsha okusheshayo kwezitayela zefashini nezinto zokuzilibazisa, izindinganiso ezihlala njalo - konke okubalulekile nokubalulekile. Futhi lokhu kwashiwo ngalezo zinsuku lapho uGoldenweiser ehlanganisa iminyaka engu-85 ubudala!

Ukuba ngomunye wabasunguli besikole saseSoviet sopiyano. UGoldenweiser wenza samuntu ukuxhumana okunezithelo kwezikhathi, edlulisela ezizukulwaneni ezintsha amatestamende abantu besikhathi sakhe kanye nabafundisi. Phela, indlela yakhe kwezobuciko yaqala ekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule. Phakathi neminyaka edlule, kwakudingeka ahlangane nabaculi abaningi, abaqambi, abalobi, ababe nomthelela omkhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwakhe kokudala. Nokho, ngokusekelwe emazwini kaGoldenweiser ngokwakhe, lapha umuntu angakwazi ukukhetha izikhathi ezibalulekile, eziwujuqu.

Ebuntwaneni… “Umculo wami wokuqala engiwuzwayo,” kukhumbula uGoldenweiser, “ngakuthola kumama wami. Umama wayengenalo ikhono elivelele lomculo; ebuntwaneni bakhe wathatha izifundo zepiyano eMoscow isikhathi esithile eGarras edume kabi. Naye acule kancane. Wayewuzwa kahle umculo. Udlale futhi wacula uMozart, Beethoven, Schubert, Schumann, Chopin, Mendelssohn. Ngokuvamile ubaba wayengekho ekhaya kusihlwa, futhi, njengoba eyedwa, umama wayedlala umculo ubusuku bonke. Thina zingane sasivame ukumlalela, futhi lapho siyolala, sajwayela ukulala ngenxa yomsindo womculo wakhe.

Kamuva, wafunda eMoscow Conservatory, lapho athola khona iziqu ngo-1895 njengomdlali wopiyano futhi ngo-1897 njengomqambi. U-AI Siloti kanye no-PA Pabst bangothisha bakhe bepiyano. Ngenkathi ngisengumfundi (1896) wanikeza ikhonsathi yakhe yokuqala eyedwa eMoscow. Umculi osemusha wakwazi ubuciko bokuqamba ngaphansi kokuqondisa kuka-MM Ippolitov-Ivanov, AS Arensky, SI Taneyev. Ngamunye walaba thisha abavelele ngandlela-thile wacebisa ubuciko be-Goldenweiser, kodwa izifundo zakhe noTaneyev kanye nokuxhumana okuseduze naye kwaba nethonya elikhulu kule nsizwa.

Omunye umhlangano obalulekile: “Ngo-January 1896, ingozi ejabulisayo yangiletha emzini kaLeo Tolstoy. Kancane kancane ngaba umuntu osondelene naye kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe. Ithonya lalokhu kusondelana empilweni yami yonke lalilikhulu. Njengomculi, u-LN waqale wangembula umsebenzi omkhulu wokusondeza ubuciko bomculo kubantu abaningi. (Mayelana nokuxhumana kwakhe nomlobi omkhulu, wayezobhala incwadi enemiqulu emibili ethi “Near Tolstoy” kamuva kakhulu.) Ngempela, emisebenzini yakhe engokoqobo njengomdlali wekhonsathi, uGoldenweiser, ngisho naseminyakeni yangaphambi kokuguquguquka, walwela ukuba ngumculi. umculi onguthisha, eheha imibuthano yentando yeningi yabalaleli emculweni. Uhlela amakhonsathi ezilaleli ezisebenzayo, ekhuluma endlini ye-Russian Sobriety Society, e-Yasnaya Polyana ubamba amakhonsathi okuqala-izinkulumo zabalimi, futhi ufundisa e-Moscow People's Conservatory.

Lolu hlangothi lomsebenzi we-Goldenweiser lwathuthukiswa ngokuphawulekayo eminyakeni yokuqala ngemva kuka-Okthoba, lapho iminyaka eminingana ephethe uMkhandlu Womculo, owawuhlelwe ngesinyathelo se-AV Lunacharsky: ” Umnyango. Lo mnyango waqala ukuhlela izinkulumo, amakhonsathi, nemidlalo ukuze kusizwe uquqaba lwabantu. Ngaya lapho futhi nganikela ngezinkonzo zami. Kancane kancane ibhizinisi lakhula. Kamuva, le nhlangano yaba ngaphansi koMkhandlu WaseMoscow futhi yadluliselwa eMnyangweni Wezemfundo Yomphakathi WaseMoscow (MONO) futhi yaba khona kwaze kwaba ngu-1917. Sakhe iminyango: umculo (ikhonsathi nezemfundo), yaseshashalazini, izinkulumo. Ngangiphethe umnyango wamakhonsathi, okwahlanganyela kuwo abaculi abavelele abaningi. Sahlela amaqembu amakhonsathi. N. Obukhova, V. Barsova, N. Raissky, B. Sibor, M, Blumenthal-Tamarina nabanye babambe iqhaza eqenjini lami … Amabutho ethu asebenzela amafekthri, amafekthri, amayunithi e-Red Army, izikhungo zemfundo, amakilabhu. Saya ezindaweni ezikude kakhulu zaseMoscow ebusika ngezihlibhi, futhi esimweni sezulu esifudumele emashalofini aneqhwa; ngezinye izikhathi kwenziwa emakamelweni abandayo, angashisiswanga. Noma kunjalo, lo msebenzi wanikeza bonke abahlanganyeli ukwaneliseka okukhulu kwezobuciko nokuziphatha. Izilaleli (ikakhulukazi lapho umsebenzi wenziwa ngokuhlelekile) zasabela ngokucacile emisebenzini eyenziwe; ekupheleni kwekhonsathi, babuza imibuzo, bahambisa amanothi amaningi ... "

Umsebenzi wokufundisa womdlali wopiyano waqhubeka isikhathi esingaphezu kwengxenye yekhulunyaka. Esengumfundi, waqala ukufundisa e-Moscow Orphan Institute, wabe esenguprofesa e-conservatory e-Moscow Philharmonic Society. Kodwa-ke, ngo-1906, uGoldenweiser wahlobanisa isiphetho sakhe kuze kube phakade neMoscow Conservatory. Lapha uqeqeshe abaculi abangaphezu kuka-200. Amagama abafundi bakhe abaningi aziwa kabanzi - S. Feinberg, G. Ginzburg. R. Tamarkina, T. Nikolaeva, D. Bashkirov, L. Berman, D. Blagoy, L. Sosina… Njengoba u-S. Feinberg abhala, “uGoldenweiser wayephatha abafundi bakhe ngobubele nangokunaka. Wabona kusengaphambili isiphetho sethalente elincane, elingakabi namandla. Kukangaki siqiniseka ngokunemba kwakhe, lapho ekubonakalisweni okuncane, okubonakala kungabonakali kwesinyathelo sokudala, waqagela ithalenta elikhulu elalingakatholakali. Ngokwesici, abafundi bakaGoldenweiser badlula kuyo yonke indlela yokuqeqeshwa kochwepheshe - kusukela ebuntwaneni kuya kokuphothula esikoleni. Ngakho, ikakhulukazi, kwaba isiphetho G. Ginzburg.

Uma sithinta amaphuzu athile enqubo yokufundisa kukathisha ovelele, khona-ke kuyafaneleka ukucaphuna amazwi kaD. Blagoy: “UGoldenweiser akazange azibheke njengochwepheshe wokudlala upiyano, ngesizotha ezibiza ngokuthi uthisha okhuthele. Ukunemba nokunemba kwamazwi akhe kwachazwa, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ngokuthi wakwazi ukudonsela ukunaka kwabafundi esikhathini esiyinhloko, esiwujuqu emsebenzini futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ukuqaphela yonke imininingwane emincane yokuqamba. ngokunemba okukhethekile, ukwazisa ukubaluleka kwemininingwane ngayinye ekuqondeni nasekuhlanganiseni yonke. Ehlukaniswa ukunemba okukhulu, wonke amazwi ka-Alexander Borisovich Goldenweiser aholele ekukhulumeni okuyisisekelo okujulile nokujulile. Abanye abaculi abaningi baphinde baphasa isikole esihle kakhulu ekilasini likaGoldenweiser, phakathi kwabo abaqambi u-S. Evseev, D. Kabalevsky. V. Nechaev, V. Fere, i-oganist L. Roizman.

Futhi sonke lesi sikhathi, kuze kube maphakathi nawo-50s, waqhubeka nokunikeza amakhonsathi. Kukhona ubusuku obubodwa, amakhonsathi ane-orchestra ye-symphony, futhi uhlanganise umculo no-E. Izai, P. Casals, D. Oistrakh, S. Knushevitsky, D. Tsyganov, L. Kogan nabanye abaculi abadumile. Njenganoma yimuphi umculi ophambili. UGoldenweiser wayenesitayela soqobo sopiyano. A. Alschwang waphawula: “Asibheki amandla angokomzimba, ukukhanga okuvusa inkanuko kulo mdlalo, kodwa sithola izithunzi ezicashile kuwo, isimo sengqondo sokwethembeka ngombhali owenziwayo, umsebenzi osezingeni eliphezulu, isiko elikhulu langempela – kanye lokhu kwanele ukwenza ezinye zezinhlelo zenkosi isikhathi eside zikhunjulwe izethameli. Asizikhohlwa ezinye izincazelo zikaMozart, uBeethoven, uSchumann ngaphansi kweminwe ka-A. Goldenweiser.” Kulawa magama umuntu angakwazi ukwengeza ngokuphepha u-Bach no-D. Scarlatti, u-Chopin no-Tchaikovsky, u-Scriabin no-Rachmaninoff. U-S. Feinberg wabhala: “Isazi esikhulu sazo zonke izincwadi zomculo zakudala zesiRashiya nezaseNtshonalanga, “wayeneqoqo elibanzi kakhulu... Uhlu olukhulu lwamakhono nobungcweti buka-Alexander Borisovich bungahluzwa ngokukwazi kwakhe izitayela ezihluke kakhulu zopiyano. izincwadi. Uphumelele ngokulinganayo kwisitayela se-filigree Mozart kanye nomlingiswa ocwengisiswe ngokunamandla wobuhlakani bukaScriabin.

Njengoba ubona, uma kuziwa ku-Goldenweiser-performer, enye yezokuqala igama likaMozart. Umculo wakhe, ngempela, wawuhambisana nomdlali wepiyano cishe yonke impilo yakhe yokudala. Kwesinye sezibuyekezo zama-30s sifunda ukuthi: "I-Mozart kaGoldenweiser izikhulumela, njengokungathi kumuntu wokuqala, ikhuluma ngokujulile, ngokukholisayo futhi okuthakazelisayo, ngaphandle kwama-pathos angamanga kanye ne-pop pose ... Konke kulula, kungokwemvelo futhi kuyiqiniso ... Ngaphansi kweminwe. yeGoldenweiser iphila konke ukuguquguquka kweMozart - indoda nomculi - ukukhanya kwelanga nosizi, ukuyaluza nokuzindla, isibindi nomusa, isibindi nobubele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ochwepheshe bathola isiqalo sikaMozart ekuchazeni iGoldenweiser umculo wabanye abaqambi.

Imisebenzi kaChopin ibihlale inendawo ebalulekile ezinhlelweni zomdlali wopiyano. “Ngokunambitheka okuhle nomuzwa wesitayela omangalisayo,” kugcizelela u-A. Nikolaev, “uGoldenweiser uyakwazi ukuveza ubuhle obunesigqi bezingoma zikaChopin, uhlobo lwepholyfoni lwendwangu yakhe yomculo. Esinye sezici zopiyano lukaGoldenweiser ukupedalisa okulingene kakhulu, imvelo ethile eyingcaca yephethini yomculo ecacile, egcizelela ukuvezwa komugqa womculo. Konke lokhu kunikeza ukusebenza kwakhe ukunambitheka okungavamile, okusikhumbuza izixhumanisi phakathi kwesitayela sika-Chopin nokudlala upiyano kuka-Mozart.

Bonke abaqambi okukhulunywe ngabo, kanye nabo uHaydn, uLiszt, uGlinka, uBorodin, nabo babenakwa nguGoldenweiser, umhleli womculo. Imisebenzi eminingi yakudala, okuhlanganisa ne-sonatas ka-Mozart, u-Beethoven, lonke upiyano u-Schumann uza kubadlali namuhla kuhlelo oluyisibonelo lwe-Goldenweiser.

Okokugcina, kufanele kukhulunywe ngemisebenzi kaGoldenweiser umqambi. Wabhala ama-opera amathathu (“Umkhosi Ngesikhathi Senhlupho”, “Abaculi” kanye “naManzi Asentwasahlobo”), izinsimbi zomculo wezinsimbi, izinsimbi zegumbi kanye nezinsimbi zopiyano, nezothando.

… Ngakho waphila impilo ende, egcwele umsebenzi. Futhi akakaze akwazi ukuthula. “Lowo ozinikele kwezobuciko,” umshayi wopiyano wayethanda ukuphinda, “kumelwe alwele ukuya phambili ngaso sonke isikhathi. Ukungayi phambili kusho ukubuyela emuva.” U-Alexander Borisovich Goldenweiser wayehlale elandela ingxenye enhle yalo mbono wakhe.

Lit .: Goldenweiser AB Izihloko, izinto zokwakha, izikhumbuzo / Comp. kanye no-ed. DD Blagoy. – M., 1969; Ecikweni lomculo. NgoMgqibelo. izihloko, - M., 1975.

Grigoriev L., Platek Ya.

Ukwakhiwa:

ama-opera - Idili ngesikhathi senhlupho (1942), Abaculi (1942-43), Amanzi Asentwasahlobo (1946-47); i-cantata - Ukukhanya kuka-Okthoba (1948); ye-orchestra - ukuguqulwa (ngemuva kukaDante, 1895-97), ama-suites angu-2 aseRussia (1946); imisebenzi yezinsimbi zegumbi - i-quartet ye-string (1896; inguqulo yesi-2 1940), i-trio inkumbulo ye-SV Rachmaninov (1953); ye-violin nepiyano - Inkondlo (1962); okwepiyano - Izingoma eziyi-14 zenguquko (1932), imidwebo ye-Contrapuntal (izincwadi ezi-2, 1932), i-Polyphonic sonata (1954), i-Sonata fantasy (1959), njll., izingoma nezothando.