Umlando wepiyano

Ipiyano igama elivamile lezinsimbi zomculo ezinezintambo ezinesenzo sesando. Ikhono lokuyidlala liwuphawu lokunambitha okuhle. Isithombe somculi okhuthele, onekhono wekhulunyaka sihambisana nawo wonke umdlali wopiyano. Kungashiwo ukuthi leli ithuluzi labaphezulu, nakuba ukuba yingcweti kulo mdlalo kuyingxenye ebalulekile yanoma iyiphi imfundo yomculo.

Ukufundwa komlando kusiza ukuqonda kangcono ukwakheka kanye nemininingwane yemisebenzi yenkathi edlule.

Umlando wepiyano

Umlando wepiyano uhlanganisa iminyaka engaphezu kwamakhulu amabili. Empeleni, upiyano lokuqala lasungulwa kanyekanye eMelika (J. Hawkins ekupheleni 1800) kanye Austria (M. Müller ekuqaleni 1801). Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ithuluzi elithuthukayo lathola amaphedali. Ifomu langempela elinohlaka lwe-cast-iron, izintambo eziphambanayo, kanye nokuhlelwa kwamazinga amaningi kwama-dampers athuthukiswe maphakathi nekhulu le-19.

Okuvame kakhulu "amapiyano e-armchair". Zinosayizi womzimba ojwayelekile ongu-1400×1200 mm, uhla lwama-octave angu-7, umshini wokunyathela obekwe esitezi esingaphansi, ikhonsoli eqondile exhunywe emlenzeni wepiyano nogongolo. Ngakho, umlando wokudalwa kwepiyano cishe iminyaka eyikhulu emifushane kunenkathi yokuthuthukiswa kwalolu hlobo lwensimbi.

Umanduleli wopiyano kwakuyi-monochord

Zonke izinsimbi zomculo zingahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amathathu kuye ngendlela yokukhiqiza umsindo. Lezi izinsimbi zomculo ezinezintambo, izinsimbi ezifuthwayo nezinsimbi ezishaywayo. Izinsimbi ezifana ne-clavichord, i-harpsichord ne-dulcimer zingabhekwa njengabanduleli bepiyano. Kodwa uma sibheka nakakhulu, kuyacaca ukuthi upiyano uyinzalo ye-monochord. Ngamanye amazwi, kususelwa emlandweni wemvelaphi yopiyano, kungenziwa ukuthi kufakwe eqenjini lezinsimbi zomculo ezinezintambo.

Umsuka wepiyano

Indlela yokwenziwa kwepiyano iyafana neyedulcimer

Ipiyano ingahlukaniswa njengensimbi enezintambo, ngokusekelwe eqinisweni lokuthi umsindo uvela ekudlidlizeni kwezintambo. Kodwa kungabuye kuthiwe kudlalwa izinsimbi zomculo ezishaywayo, ngoba umsindo uvela ngenxa yokushaywa kwezando ezintanjeni. Lokhu kwenza upiyano uhlobane ne-dulcimer.

I-Dulcimer yavela eMpumalanga Ephakathi futhi yasakazeka eYurophu ngekhulu le-11. Kungumzimba onezintambo ezinwetshiwe ukusuka phezulu. Njengasepiyano, isando esincane sishaya izintambo. Yingakho i-dulcimer ibhekwa njengomanduleli oqondile wepiyano.

UClavichord - isinyathelo esikhulu sopiyano

Ipiyano futhi ingeyomndeni wezinsimbi zekhibhodi. Izinsimbi zekhibhodi bezikhona kusukela ngeNkathi Ephakathi. Zivela esithweni lapho umoya uthunyelwa khona ngamashubhu athile ukuze ukhiqize umsindo. Izingcweti zathuthukisa isitho futhi zakha insimbi eyaba yisinyathelo esisodwa eduze nepiyano - i-clavichord.

I-clavichord yaqala ukubonakala ngekhulu le-14 futhi yathola ukuthandwa ngesikhathi seRenaissance. Uma ukhiye ucindezelwa, iphinikhodi yensimbi enekhanda eliyisicaba - i-tangent - ishaya intambo, ibangele ukudlidliza. Ngakho-ke, kungenzeka ukukhipha umsindo ebangeni ukusuka kuma-octave amane kuya kwamahlanu.

Ukufana phakathi kwepiyano ne-harpsichord

I-harpsichord yadalwa e-Italy cishe ngo-1500 futhi kamuva yasakazekela eFrance, eJalimane, eFlanders naseGreat Britain. Lapho ukhiye ucindezelwa, kwaphakama induku ekhethekile (i-spiller) eya entanjeni, iphusha i-plectrum, eyayibeka izintambo zinyakaze.

Isistimu yezintambo kanye nebhodi lomsindo, kanye nesakhiwo esijwayelekile sale nsimbi, sifana nesakhiwo sepiyano yesimanje.

UCristofori, umdali wepiyano yokuqala

Ipiyano yasungulwa nguBartolomeo Cristofori (1655-1731) e-Italy.

Ku-harpsichord, uCristofori akazange athande ukuthi abaculi babe nethonya elincane kumthamo womsindo. Ngo-1709, washintsha indlela ehlutshiwe wenza isenzo sesando futhi wadala upiyano lwesimanje.

Insimbi yaqale yabizwa ngokuthi “clavicembalo col piano e forte” (i-harpsichord enomsindo opholile futhi omkhulu). Kamuva, leli gama ngezilimi zaseYurophu lafushaniswa laba "upiyano" osemukelwe namuhla. NgesiRashiya, igama eliseduze nelokuqala ligcinwe - i-pianoforte.

Okhokho bensimbi yesimanje

Abameleli basendulo kakhulu balesi sigaba yi-clavichord ne-harpsichord. Ubani futhi ngamuphi unyaka owasungula noma wasungula lezi zinsimbi zomculo wekhibhodi ezandulela upiyano akwaziwa. Kusukela cishe ngekhulu le-14, zanda eYurophu ngekhulu le-16-18.

Umehluko phakathi kwe-harpsichord umsindo ozwakalayo. Itholakala ngenxa yenduku enophaphe oluxhunywe ekugcineni kokhiye. Le divayisi idonsa intambo, ibangele umsindo. I-peculiarity iwumculo ophansi, ongavumeli ukuthuthukisa ukuhlukahluka okuguquguqukayo, okudinga idivayisi yamakhibhodi amabili, anomsindo futhi athule. Izici zokuhlobisa kwangaphandle kwe-harpsichord: ubuhle kanye nombala wokuqala wezihluthulelo. Ikhibhodi ephezulu imhlophe, engezansi imnyama.

Omunye owandulela upiyano kwakuyi-clavichord. Kubhekiselwa kumathuluzi ohlobo lwegumbi. Imihlanga ithathelwa indawo izingcwecwe zensimbi ezingadonsi, kodwa zithinte izintambo. Lokhu kunquma umsindo omnandi, kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukwenza umsebenzi onothe kakhulu.

Amandla nokukhanya komsindo kuphansi, ngakho insimbi yayisetshenziswa kakhulu ekwenzeni umculo wasekhaya, hhayi kumakhonsathi.

Umlando wokudalwa kwensimbi entsha kanye nokuvela kwayo

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ubuciko bomculo buye baba nesidingo ngekhwalithi ye-dynamics. Izinsimbi zekhibhodi ezindala zashintshwa kancane kancane. Wazalwa kanje upiyano. Umsunguli wayo nguFlorentine Bartalameo Cristofori. Cishe ngo-1709, umenzi wepiyano wase-Italy wabeka izando ngaphansi kwezintambo. Lo mklamo wawubizwa ngokuthi i-gravicembalo col piano e forte. E-France, i-innovation efanayo yasungulwa ngu-J. Marius ngo-1716, eJalimane ngu-KG Schroeter ngo-1717. . Kusukela ekupheleni kwekhulu le-18, ngokuzethemba kwashintsha ama-harpsichords nama-clavichords ayevamile ngaphambili. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kwavela ama-hybrids angavamile, ahlanganisa isitho, i-harpsichord kanye ne-piano furs.nisms.

Umehluko phakathi kwensimbi entsha ukuba khona kwamapuleti ensimbi esikhundleni somhlanga. Lokhu kuthinte umsindo, okukuvumela ukuthi ushintshe ivolumu. Inhlanganisela yemisindo ephezulu (i-forte) nethule (ipiyano) kukhibhodi efanayo yanikeza ithuluzi igama layo. Izimboni zepiyano zakhula kancane kancane. Amabhizinisi adume kakhulu yiStreicher noStein.

Embusweni waseRussia, uTischner noWirta bahlanganyela ekuthuthukisweni kwawo ngawo-1818-1820.

Ngenxa yokukhiqizwa okukhethekile, ukuthuthukiswa kwensimbi kwaqala, okwathatha indawo yayo ngokuqinile emculweni womculo wekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye. Umklamo wayo ushintshe izikhathi eziningana. Kulo lonke leli khulu leminyaka, izingcweti zaseNtaliyane, zaseJalimane, zaseNgilandi zenze intuthuko kulo mshini. Umnikelo obalulekile kwaba umsebenzi kaSilbermann, uZumpe, uSchroeter noStein. Njengamanje, amasiko ahlukene okukhiqizwa kwepiyano asethuthukile, ahlukile kumakhenikha . Futhi, ngesisekelo somculo we-classic, kwavela amasha: ama-synthesizers, ama-pianos kagesi.

Ukukhululwa kwezinsimbi e-USSR, naphezu kwenani elikhulu, kwakungelona izinga eliphezulu. Izimboni "Red October", "Zarya", "Accord", "Lira", "Kama", "Rostov-Don", "Nocturne", "Swallow" zikhiqize imikhiqizo engabizi yekhwalithi ephezulu evela ezintweni zemvelo, ezingaphansi kozakwabo baseYurophu. Ngemva kokuwa kweNyunyana, ukukhiqizwa kwe-pianoforte eRussia cishe kwaphela.

Amanani ethuluzi emlandweni

Ukuthuthukiswa kopiyano kwaba inguquko emlandweni womculo. Ngenxa yokubukeka kwakhe, amakhonsathi athatha isikhundla sokuhola aseshintshile. Lokhu kunqume ukukhula okusheshayo kokuthandwa ngesikhathi se-classicism ne-romanticism. Kwavela umthala wabaqambi abanikela ngomsebenzi wabo kuleli thuluzi kuphela. Owokuqala owayazi kahle kwaba ngu-WA ​​Mozart, J. Haydn, L. Beethoven, R. Schumann, C. Gounod. Inqwaba yobuciko bomculo wepiyano iyaziwa. Ngisho nezingcezu ezingahloselwe upiyano zizwakala zijabulisa kakhulu kulo kunakwezinye izinsimbi.

Umlando wepiyano kuvidiyo

Isiphetho

Ukubonakala kwepiyano kuwuhlobo lokusabela kwezobuchwepheshe esidingweni esiphuthumayo kusiko lomculo lwensimbi entsha yekhibhodi enomsindo oqinile kanye nohlu olubanzi lwama-shades ashukumisayo. Njengoba ifaneleka ukudlala imiculo ehamba phambili neyinkimbinkimbi, isiphenduke isibaluli esingaguquki sezindawo ezinhle namafulethi e-intelligentsia yesimanje. Futhi umlando wokudalwa kopiyano uwudwendwe lokunqoba lwensimbi ekahle.