Stepan Ivanovich Davidov |

UStepan Davydov

Imisebenzi yomqambi waseRussia onethalente uS. Davydov yaqhubeka ngesikhathi soshintsho kwezobuciko baseRussia, ekuqaleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX nele-XNUMX. Kwakuyisikhathi esinzima sokwephula amasiko amadala e-classicist kanye nokuvela kokuthambekela okusha kwe-sentimentalism kanye ne-romanticism. Ekhuliswe ezimisweni ze-classicism, emculweni kaB. Galuppi noG. Sarti, uDavydov, njengomculi ozwelayo, akakwazanga ukudlula izitayela ezintsha zesikhathi sakhe. Umsebenzi wakhe ugcwele ukusesha okuthakazelisayo, ukubona kusengaphambili okucashile kwekusasa, futhi lokhu kuwukukhathazeka kwakhe okuyinhloko kwezobuciko.

UDavydov wayevela ezicukuthwaneni ezincane zendawo zaseChernigov. Phakathi kwabahlabeleli abakhethwa e-Ukraine, yena, umfana onesiphiwo somculo, wafika eSt. Petersburg ekupheleni kuka-1786 futhi waba umfundi weSinging Chapel. Kule kuphela "isikole somculo" enhloko-dolobha, uDavydov wathola imfundo yobuchwepheshe. Kusukela eneminyaka engu-15 waqamba umculo ongcwele.

Ukuphikisana kwakhe kokuqala emibhalweni engokomoya kwenziwa kumakhonsathi e-kaghella, ngokuvamile phambi kobukhosi. Ngokweminye imibiko, uCatherine II wayefuna ukuthumela uDavydov e-Italy ukuze athuthukise amakhono akhe okuqamba. Kodwa ngaleso sikhathi, umqambi odumile wase-Italy uGiuseppe Sarti wafika eRussia, futhi uDavydov wabelwa yena njengomuntu ohola impesheni. Amakilasi no-Sarti aqhubeka kwaze kwaba ngu-1802 kwaze kwaba yilapho kuphuma i-maestro yase-Italy ezweni lakubo.

Phakathi neminyaka yokuxhumana okuseduze nothisha, uDavydov wangena embuthanweni we-St. Wavakashela umuzi kaN. Lvov, lapho kwakubuthene khona izimbongi nabaculi, waba umngane no-D. Bortnyansky, uDavydova ayexhunywe “uthando oluqotho noluqhubekayo nokuhloniphana.” Phakathi nalesi sikhathi sokuqala “sokuqeqeshwa”, umqambi wasebenza ohlotsheni lwekhonsathi engokomoya, eveza ubuciko obuhle bendlela nendlela yokubhala amakhwaya.

Kodwa ithalenta likaDavydov lalikhanya kakhulu emculweni waseshashalazini. Ngo-1800, wangena enkonzweni ye-Directorate ye-Imperial Theaters, esikhundleni sika-E. Fomin oshonile. Ngomyalo wenkantolo, uDavydov wabhala ama-ballet angu-2 - "Crown Goodness" (1801) kanye "Umhlatshelo Wokubonga" (1802), aphethwe ngempumelelo ephawulekayo. Futhi emsebenzini olandelayo - i-opera edumile "Mermaid" - waduma njengomunye wabadali bohlobo olusha lothando lwe "magic", i-fairy-tale opera. Lo msebenzi, ongcono kakhulu emsebenzini womqambi, empeleni uwumjikelezo wetiyetha omkhulu, ohlanganisa ama-opera amane. Umthombo kwakuyi-singspiel yomqambi wase-Austrian F. Cauer embhalweni ka-K. Gensler "Danube Mermaid" (1795).

Umlobi nomhumushi uN. Krasnopolsky wenza eyakhe, inguqulo yesiRashiya ye-libretto kaGensler, wadlulisela isenzo sisuka eDanube saya ku-Dnieper futhi wanika amaqhawe amagama asendulo eSlavic. Kuleli fomu, ingxenye yokuqala ye-opera kaCauer enesihloko esithi “The Dnieper Mermaid” yadlalwa eSt. U-Davydov usebenze lapha njengomhleli wamaphuzu kanye nombhali wezinombolo zokufaka, ethuthukisa umlingisi kazwelonke waseRussia wokudlala ngomculo wakhe. I-opera yaba yimpumelelo enkulu, okwaphoqa u-librettist ukuthi aqhubeke nomsebenzi wakhe. Ngemva konyaka owodwa, ingxenye yesibili ye-singspiel kaKauer yavela endaweni yesehlakalo, yaphinde yahlelwa yi-Krasnopolsky efanayo. UDavydov akazange ahlanganyele kulo mkhiqizo, ngoba ngo-April 1804 waxoshwa enkonzweni yaseshashalazini. Indawo yakhe ithathwe u-K. Cavos, owaqamba ama-arias ahlanganisiwe e-opera. Nokho, uDavydov akazange ashiye umqondo we-opera, futhi ngo-1805 wabhala wonke umculo ingxenye yesithathu tetralogy ku-libretto Krasnopolsky. Le opera, eyayizimele ngokuphelele ekuqanjweni kwayo futhi yaqanjwa igama elisha elithi Lesta, iDnieper Mermaid, yayiyingqophamlando yomsebenzi womqambi. Abalingisi abahle kakhulu, isiteji esiwubukhazikhazi, izigcawu ze-ballet ezihlelwe kahle ngumdwebi wokucula u-A. Auguste, umculo ogqamile ka-Davydov, onemibalabala konke kube negalelo empumelelweni enkulu ka-Lesta. Kuyo, u-Davydov wathola izixazululo ezintsha zomculo nezimangalisayo kanye nezindlela ezintsha zobuciko, ukuhlanganisa izinhlelo ze-2 zesenzo - zangempela nezinhle kakhulu. Ngamandla avusa amadlingozi wadlulisela idrama yentombazane encane engumlimi u-Lesta, owaba yinkosikazi yama-mermaids, kanye nesithandwa sakhe, uPrince Vidostan. Uphinde waphumelela ekuboniseni iqhawe lamahlaya - inceku yaseTarabar. Ethatha imizwa eyahlukene yalo mlingiswa - kusukela ekwesabeni kuya enjabulweni engalawuleki, uDavydov wayesilindele ngokusobala isithombe sikaFarlaf kaGlinka. Kuzo zonke izingxenye zephimbo, umqambi usebenzisa ngokukhululekile isilulumagama somculo wenkathi yakhe, enothisa ulimi oludlalwayo ngamaphimbo engoma yesintu yesiRashiya kanye nesigqi somdanso. Iziqephu ze-orchestra nazo ziyathakazelisa - izithombe ezinhle zemvelo (ukusa, ukuduma kwezulu), okutholakala kombala ogqamile ekudluliseni ungqimba "womlingo". Zonke lezi zici ezintsha zenza i-Lesti Davydov i-opera yenganekwane engcono kakhulu yangaleso sikhathi. Ukuphumelela kwe-opera kwaba nomthelela ekubuyeni kukaDavydov ukuba akhonze e-Theatre Directorate. Ngo-1807, wabhala umculo wokugcina, ingxenye yesine ye "Mermaid" embhalweni ozimele ka-A. Shakhovsky. Nokho, umculo wakhe awukafinyeleli kithi ngokuphelele. Kwakuwumsebenzi wokugcina womqambi ohlotsheni lwe-operatic.

Ukuqala kwesikhathi esibi Sezimpi ZaseNapoleon kwafuna itimu ehlukile, yokushisekela izwe kwezobuciko, ebonisa ukwanda okuvamile kwenhlangano ethandwayo. Kodwa le ngqikithi yobuqhawe ngaleso sikhathi yayingakatholakali ukufana kwayo ku-opera. Ibonakale ngokucacile kwezinye izinhlobo zomculo - "enhlekeleleni emculweni" nasekuhlukaniseni abantu. UDavydov wabuye waphendukela “kwinhlekelele emculweni”, eqamba amakhwaya nezikhathi zokuphumula ezinhlekeleleni ezithi “Sumbeka, or Fall of the Kazan Kingdom” kaS. Glinka (1807), “Herod and Mariamne” kaG. Derzhavin (1808), “ Electra and Orestes” by A. Gruzintsev (1809). Ekufanekisweni komculo kwezithombe zobuqhawe, uDavydov uthembele kusitayela se-KV Gluck, esele ezikhundleni ze-classicism. Ngo-1810, kwalandela ukuxoshwa kokugcina komqambi enkonzweni, futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi igama lakhe liye lanyamalala kumaphosta aseshashalazini iminyaka eminingana. Kuphela ngo-1814 lapho uDavydov aphinde avela njengombhali womculo wesiteji, kodwa ohlotsheni olusha lokuhlukanisa. Lo msebenzi wembuleka eMoscow, lapho athuthela khona ekwindla ka-1814. Ngemva kwezenzakalo ezibuhlungu zango-1812, ukuphila kwezobuciko kancane kancane kwaqala ukuvuselela enhloko-dolobha yasendulo. UDavydov waqashwa yiHhovisi le-Moscow Imperial Theatre njengothisha womculo. Wakhuphula abaculi abavelele abenza inkazimulo yeqembu le-opera laseMoscow - N. Repina, P. Bulakhov, A. Bantyshev.

U-Davydov wakha umculo wezinhlobonhlobo eziningana ezazidumile ngaleso sikhathi: "Semik, noma Ukuhamba eMaryina Grove" (1815), "Ukuhamba Emagqumeni Omzwilili" (1815), "May Day, noma Ukuhamba eSokolniki" (1816), "Umkhosi we-Sparrow". Amakholoni" (1823) nabanye. Okungcono kakhulu kuwo kwakuwumdlalo othi “Semik, or Walking in Maryina Grove”. Ihlotshaniswa nezenzakalo zeMpi Yezwe, yayisekelwe ngokuphelele emoyeni wabantu.

Kusukela ku-divertissement "Okokuqala KukaMeyi, noma Ukuhamba eSokolniki", izingoma ezi-2 zazidume kakhulu: "Uma kusasa nesimo sezulu esibi" kanye "Phakathi kwesigodi esiyisicaba", esangena empilweni yedolobha njengezingoma zomdabu. UDavydov ushiye uphawu olujulile ekuthuthukisweni kobuciko bomculo baseRussia benkathi yangaphambi kweGlinka. Umculi ofundile, umculi onekhono, umsebenzi wakhe wondliwa yimvelaphi yesizwe saseRussia, wavula indlela yama-classics aseRussia, ngezindlela eziningi elindele isakhiwo esingokomfanekiso se-opera ka-M. Glinka no-A. Dargomyzhsky.

A. Sokolova