Alexander Lvovich Gurilyov |

Alexander Gurilyov

U-A. Gurilev ungene emlandweni womculo waseRussia njengombhali wezothando ezimangalisayo. Wayeyindodana yomqambi owake waduma u-L. Gurilev, umculi we-serf u-Count V. Orlov. Ubaba wayehola i-orchestra ye-serf yokubala endaweni yakhe yase-Otrada eduze kwaseMoscow, futhi efundisa ezikhungweni zemfundo zabesifazane eMoscow. Ushiye ifa lomculo eliqinile: izingoma zepiyanoforte, ezadlala indima ebalulekile kubuciko bepiyano baseRussia, nezingoma ezingcwele zekwaya i-cappella.

U-Alexander Lvovich wazalelwa eMoscow. Kusukela eneminyaka eyisithupha, waqala ukufunda umculo ngaphansi kokuqondisa kukayise. Wabe esefunda nabafundisi abahamba phambili baseMoscow - J. Field kanye no-I. Genishta, owafundisa upiyano kanye nethiyori yomculo emndenini we-Orlov. Kusukela esemncane, u-Gurilev wayedlala i-violin ne-viola ku-orchestra yokubala, futhi kamuva waba yilungu le-quartet yomthandi womculo odumile, u-Prince N. Golitsyn. Ubuntwana nobusha bomqambi wesikhathi esizayo budlule ezimweni ezinzima zempilo ye-manor serf. Ngo-1831, ngemva kokufa kwesibalo, umndeni wakwaGurilev wathola inkululeko futhi wabelwa ekilasini lezingcweti-petty-bourgeois, wazinza eMoscow.

Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, umsebenzi omkhulu wokuqamba ka-A. Gurilev waqala, owawuhlanganiswe namakhonsathi nomsebenzi omkhulu wokufundisa. Ngokushesha izingoma zakhe - ikakhulukazi amazwi - zithandwa phakathi kwezigaba ezibanzi kakhulu zezakhamuzi zasemadolobheni. Eziningi zothando lwakhe ngokwezwi nezwi "iya kubantu", hhayi kuphela nayizimfundamakhwela eziningi, kodwa futhi amakhwaya Gypsy. UGurilev uthola udumo njengothisha ovelele wepiyano. Nokho, ukuthandwa akuzange kumsindise umqambi esidingweni esinonya esasimcindezela kukho konke ukuphila kwakhe. Efuna umholo, waphoqeleka ukuba ahlanganyele ngisho nasekuhloleni amaphutha omculo. Izimo ezinzima zokuphila zaphula umculi futhi zamholela ekuguleni okukhulu kwengqondo.

Ifa likaGurilev njengomqambi liqukethe ezothando eziningi, izinhlelo zezingoma zomdabu zaseRussia nezingcezu zepiyano. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izingoma zezwi ziwumkhakha oyinhloko wokusungula. Isibalo esiqondile sazo asaziwa, kodwa kushicilelwe kuphela ezothando ezingu-90 kanye nezinguqulo ezingu-47, ezakha iqoqo elithi “Selected Folk Songs”, elanyatheliswa ngo-1849. Izinhlobo zezwi ezazithandwa umqambi kwakuyizothando ezikhazimulayo kwase kulandela ezothando ezithandwayo ngesitayela sika "Ingoma yesiRashiya". Umehluko phakathi kwabo unemibandela kakhulu, njengoba izingoma zikaGurilev, nakuba zihlobene eduze nesiko labantu, zisondelene kakhulu nezothando zakhe mayelana nohlu lwezimo zengqondo kanye nesakhiwo somculo. Futhi iculo lezothando langempela ligcwele ingoma yesiRashiya kuphela. Zombili lezi zinhlobo zibuswa yi-motifs yothando olungafunwa noma olulahlekile, ukulangazelela isizungu, ukulwela injabulo, ukucabangela okudabukisayo kwenkatho yabesifazane.

Kanye nengoma yesintu, esabalele endaweni ehlukahlukene yasemadolobheni, umsebenzi womngane wakhe omangalisayo nomngane wakhe, umqambi u-A. Varlamov, waba nethonya elikhulu ekwakhekeni kwesitayela sezwi sikaGurilev. Amagama alaba baqambi sekuyisikhathi eside exhunywe ngokungenakuhlukaniswa emlandweni womculo waseRussia njengabadali bothando lwansuku zonke lwaseRussia. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, imibhalo kaGurilev inezici zayo ezikhethekile. Ahlukaniswa ngobuhle obuvelele, ukuzindla okudabukisayo, nokusondelana okujulile kwenkulumo. Imizwa yokudabuka okungenathemba, umfutho wenjabulo, ohlukanisa umsebenzi kaGurilev, wawuhambisana nemizwa yabantu abaningi bama-30s nama-40s. ekhulwini elidlule. Omunye wabasekeli babo abanekhono kwakunguLermontov. Futhi akumangalisi ukuthi uGurilev wayengomunye wabahumushi bokuqala nababucayi bezinkondlo zakhe. Kuze kube yilolu suku, uthando lukaLermontov lukaGurilev "Kokubili okuyisicefe futhi kuyadabukisa", "Ukulungiswa" ( "Lapho kunezinkumbulo kuphela"), "Esikhathini esinzima sokuphila" akulahlekelwa ukubaluleka kobuciko. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi le misebenzi ihluke kweminye ngesitayela esidabukisayo se-ariose-recitative, ubuqili bokuvezwa kwepiyano futhi isondela ohlotsheni lwengoma eyodwa enezingoma ezimangalisayo, ezicini eziningi enanela ukusesha kuka-A. Dargomyzhsky.

Ukufundwa okulingisayo kwezinkondlo ze-lyrical-elegiac kuyisici esikhulu sikaGurilev, umbhali wezothando ezithandwayo kuze kube manje "Ukuhlukana", "Ring" (esiteshini sika-A. Koltsov), "Wena ntombazane empofu" (esiteshini sika-I. Aksakov), "ngakhuluma ekuhlukaneni ”(esihlokweni sika-A. Fet), njll. Ngokuvamile, isitayela sakhe sezwi siseduze nalokho okubizwa ngokuthi “i-Russian bel canto”, lapho isisekelo sokuzwakalisa siwumculo oguquguqukayo, okuwukuhlanganiswa kwezinto eziphilayo. yokubhala izingoma zaseRussia kanye ne-Italian cantilena.

Indawo enkulu emsebenzini kaGurilev iphinde ithathwe ngamasu acacile atholakala kwisitayela sokucula sabaculi be-gypsy ababedume kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi. Azwakala ikakhulukazi ezingomeni “ezinesibindi, ezinesibindi” emoyeni womdanso wesintu, njengokuthi “Ingoma Yomqeqeshi” kanye nokuthi “Ingabe Ngizodabuka”. Izothando eziningi zikaGurilev zabhalwa ngesigqi se-waltz, esasisakazeke kakhulu empilweni yasemadolobheni yangaleso sikhathi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukunyakaza kwe-waltz okubushelelezi kwezingxenye ezintathu kuhambisana nemitha yaseRussia kuphela, okuthiwa. Izinhlamvu ezinhlanu, ezijwayelekile kakhulu ezinkondlweni zohlobo "lwengoma yesiRashiya". Lezi yizo zothando "Ukudabuka Kwentombazane", "Musa ukwenza umsindo, rye", "Indlu encane", "Igwinya elinamaphiko aluhlaza liyaphenduka", "Bell" elidumile nabanye.

Umsebenzi wepiyano kaGurilev uhlanganisa ama-miniatures omdanso kanye nemijikelezo ehlukahlukene ehlukahlukene. Owokuqala yizingcezu ezilula zokwenza umculo we-amateur ohlotsheni lwe-waltz, i-mazurka, i-polka neminye imidanso edumile. Ukuhlukahluka kukaGurilev kuyisiteji esibalulekile ekuthuthukiseni upiyano lwaseRussia. Phakathi kwazo, kanye nezingcezu ezindikimbeni zezingoma zomdabu zaseRussia zemvelo yokufundisa neyokufundisa, kukhona ukuhlukahluka okumangalisayo kwekhonsathi ezindikimbeni zabaqambi baseRussia - A. Alyabyev, A. Varlamov noM. Glinka. Le misebenzi, okuhluke ngayo endikimbeni ye-tercet evela ku-opera ethi "Ivan Susanin" ("Ungadangali, othandekayo") kanye nendikimba yothando lukaVarlamov ethi "Ungamvusi Ekuseni", igqame kakhulu, isondela ohlotsheni lwezothando lokulotshwa kwekhonsathi ye-virtuoso. Bahlukaniswa isiko eliphakeme lokudlala upiyano, elivumela abacwaningi banamuhla ukuba bacabangele uGurilev "njengenkosi evelele mayelana nethalente, ekwazile ukudlula amakhono kanye nama-horizons wesikole saseField esamkhulisa."

Izici eziphawulekayo zesitayela sezwi likaGurilev kamuva zachithwa ngezindlela ezahlukene emsebenzini wabalobi abaningi bothando lwansuku zonke lwaseRussia - P. Bulakhov, A. Dubuc nabanye. ukuqaliswa okuthuthukisiwe kubuciko begumbi labahlabeleli bezingoma baseRussia abavelele futhi, okokuqala, uP. Tchaikovsky.

T. Korzhenyants