UWilhelm Furtwängler |

UWilhelm Furtwangler

U-Wilhelm Furtwängler kufanele abizwe ngokufanelekile njengomunye wabokuqala phakathi kwezinkanyiso zobuciko bomqhubi wekhulu lama-20. Ngokufa kwakhe, umculi wezinga elikhulu washiya umhlaba womculo, umdwebi umgomo wakhe kukho konke ukuphila kwakhe kwakuwukuqinisekisa ubuhle nobuhle bobuciko be-classical.

Umsebenzi wobuciko kaFurtwängler wathuthuka ngokushesha okukhulu. Indodana yomvubukuli odumile waseBerlin, yafunda eMunich ngaphansi kokuqondisa kothisha abangcono kakhulu, phakathi kwabo kwakukhona umqhubi odumile uF. Motl. Ngemva kokuqala umsebenzi wakhe emadolobheni amancane, uFurtwängler ngo-1915 wathola isimemo sokuyosebenza esikhundleni somphathi we-opera house eMannheim. Eminyakeni emihlanu kamuva, usevele eqhuba amakhonsathi e-symphony e-Berlin State Opera, futhi ngemva kweminyaka emibili wangena esikhundleni sika-A. Nikisch njengenhloko ye-Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra, lapho umsebenzi wakhe wesikhathi esizayo uxhumeke kakhulu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uba umqhubi unomphela wenye i-orchestra endala kunazo zonke eJalimane - iLeipzig "Gewandhaus". Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke, umsebenzi wakhe ojulile nothelayo wachuma. Ngo-1928, inhloko-dolobha yaseJalimane yamklomelisa ngesihloko esithi "umqondisi womculo wedolobha" ngokuqaphela izinkonzo zakhe ezivelele zesiko lesizwe.

Udumo lukaFurtwängler lwasakazeka emhlabeni wonke, ngaphambi kohambo lwakhe emazweni aseYurophu nasezwenikazi laseMelika. Phakathi nale minyaka, igama lakhe liyaziwa ezweni lakithi. Ngo-1929, uZhizn iskusstva washicilela incwadi yomqhubi waseRussia u-NA Malko waseBerlin, eyaphawula ukuthi “eJalimane nase-Austria, u-Wilhelm Furtwängler ungumqhubi othandwa kakhulu.” Nansi indlela uMalko ayichaza ngayo indlela yomdwebi: "Ngaphandle, uFurtwängler akanazo izimpawu ze" prima donna ". Ukunyakaza okulula kwesandla sokudla esinyakazayo, ukugwema ngenkuthalo umugqa webha, njengokuphazamisa kwangaphandle nokugeleza kwangaphakathi komculo. Ukuvezwa okungajwayelekile kwesobunxele, okungashiyi lutho ngaphandle kokunakwa, lapho okungenani kunokusikisela ... "

UFurtwängler wayengumculi womfutho okhuthazayo nobuhlakani obujulile. I-Technique yayingeyona i-fetish kuye: indlela elula neyokuqala yokuqhuba yayihlala imvumela ukuthi embule umqondo oyinhloko wokuqanjwa okwenziwe, angakhohlwa imininingwane emihle kakhulu; wawusebenza njengendlela yokuheha, ngezinye izikhathi ngisho nokudluliswa okujabulisayo komculo ohunyushiwe, indlela ekwazi ukwenza abaculi nabalaleli bazwelane nombhidi. Ukunamathela ngokucophelela kumphumela akukaze kuphenduke ukugcina isikhathi kuye: ukusebenza okusha ngakunye kwaba isenzo sangempela sokudala. Imibono yesintu yaphefumulela ezakhe izingoma - ama-symphonies amathathu, ikhonsathi yepiyano, ama-chamber ensembles, abhalwe ngomoya wokwethembeka emasikweni asendulo.

U-Furtwängler ungene emlandweni wobuciko bomculo njengomhumushi ongenakuqhathaniswa wemisebenzi emikhulu yama-German classics. Bambalwa ababengaqhathaniswa naye ngokujula nangamandla amangalisayo okuhumusha izingoma ezihambisanayo zikaBeethoven, uBrahms, uBruckner, imidlalo ye-opera kaMozart noWagner. Ebusweni bukaFurtwangler, bathola umhumushi ozwelayo wemisebenzi kaTchaikovsky, Smetana, Debussy. Wadlala umculo wesimanje kakhulu futhi ngokuzithandela, ngesikhathi esifanayo wenqaba ngokuqinile i-modernism. Ezincwadini zakhe zokubhala, eziqoqwe ezincwadini ezithi “Izingxoxo Ngomculo”, “Umculi Nomphakathi”, “Itestamente”, ezincwadini eziningi zomqhubi ezishicilelwe manje, sivezwa isithombe somgadli oshisekayo wezimiso eziphakeme. ubuciko obungokoqobo.

UFurtwängler ungumculi kazwelonke ojulile. Ngezikhathi ezinzima zikaHitlerism, esele eJalimane, waqhubeka nokuvikela izimiso zakhe, akazange ayekethise nabaklinyiwe besiko. Emuva ngo-1934, ephikisana nokuvinjelwa kukaGoebbels, wafaka imisebenzi kaMendelssohn ne-Hindemith ezinhlelweni zakhe. Kamuva, waphoqeleka ukuthi ayeke zonke izikhala, ukuze anciphise inani lezinkulumo libe lincane.

Kuphela ngo-1947 uFurtwängler waphinde wahola iBerlin Philharmonic Orchestra. Iziphathimandla zaseMelika zenqabela leli qembu ukuthi lidlale emkhakheni wentando yeningi wedolobha, kodwa ithalenta lomqhubi omangalisayo lalingelabo bonke abantu baseJalimane. Isidumbu, esanyatheliswa ngemva kokushona komculi nguMnyango Wezamasiko wase-GDR, sithi: “Ukufaneleka kukaWilhelm Furtweigler kulele eqinisweni lokuthi wathola futhi wasakaza izindinganiso ezinkulu zomculo zobuntu, wazivikela. ngentshiseko enkulu ezingomeni zakhe. Kumuntu kaWilhelm Furtwängler, iJalimane yayibumbene. Yayiqukethe lonke iJalimane. Ube nesandla ebuqotho nasekuhlukaniseni ubukhona bethu bukazwelonke.”

L. Grigoriev, J. Platek