UHanns Eisler |

UHanns Eisler

Ekupheleni kweminyaka yama-20s, izingoma ezigcwele impi zikaHans Eisler, umqambi wamakhomanisi kamuva owabamba iqhaza elimangalisayo emlandweni wengoma yenguquko yekhulu lesi-XNUMX, zaqala ukusabalala ezifundeni zabasebenzi baseBerlin, kwathi imibuthano ebanzi ye-proletariat yaseJalimane. Ngokusebenzisana nezimbongi u-Bertolt Brecht, u-Erich Weinert, umculi u-Ernst Busch, u-Eisler wethula uhlobo olusha lwengoma ekuphileni kwansuku zonke - ingoma yesiqubulo, iculo lephosta elibiza umzabalazo wokulwa nezwe lonxiwankulu. Kuvela kanje uhlobo lwengoma, oluthole igama elithi "Kampflieder" - "izingoma zomzabalazo." U-Eisler ufike kulolu hlobo ngendlela enzima.

U-Hans Eisler wazalelwa eLeipzig, kodwa akazange ahlale lapha isikhathi eside, iminyaka emine kuphela. Wachitha ubuntwana bakhe nobusha bakhe eVienna. Izifundo zomculo zaqala esemncane, eneminyaka engu-12 uzama ukuqamba. Ngaphandle kosizo lothisha, efunda kuphela ezibonelweni zomculo ezaziwa nguye, u-Eisler wabhala izingoma zakhe zokuqala, ezibhalwe isitembu se-dilettantism. Esemusha, u-Eisler ujoyina inhlangano yentsha eguquguqukayo, futhi lapho iMpi Yezwe Yokuqala iqala, uhlanganyela ngenkuthalo ekudaleni nasekusabalaliseni izincwadi zenkulumo-ze eziqondiswe empini.

Wayeneminyaka engu-18 lapho eya phambili njengesosha. Lapha, ngokokuqala ngqa, umculo kanye nemibono yoguquko yawela engqondweni yakhe, futhi izingoma zokuqala zavela - izimpendulo eqinisweni elizungezile.

Ngemva kwempi, ebuyela eVienna, u-Eisler wangena e-Conservatory futhi waba umfundi ka-Arnold Schoenberg, umdali wesistimu ye-dodecaphonic, eklanyelwe ukubhubhisa izimiso zasendulo zomculo womculo kanye nobuhle bezinto ezibonakalayo zomculo. Emkhubeni wokufundisa waleyo minyaka, u-Schoenberg waphendukela emculweni we-classic kuphela, eqondisa abafundi bakhe ukuba baqambe ngokulandela imithetho eqinile ye-canonical enamasiko ajulile.

Iminyaka eyachithwa ekilasini likaSchoenberg (1918-1923) yanikeza u-Eisler ithuba lokufunda izinto eziyisisekelo zobuchwepheshe bokuqamba. Ku-sonatas yakhe yepiyano, uQuintet wezinsimbi zomculo, amakhwaya emavesini ka-Heine, ama-miniatures amahle ezwi, umtshingo, i-clarinet, i-viola ne-cello, kokubili indlela yokubhala ukuzethemba kanye nezingqimba zamathonya ahlukahlukene kuyabonakala, okokuqala, ngokwemvelo, ithonya. kathisha, Schoenberg.

U-Eisler uhlangana eduze nabaholi bobuciko bekhwaya abayizimfundamakhwela, obuthuthukiswe kakhulu e-Austria, futhi ngokushesha uba omunye wompetha abashiseka kakhulu bezinhlobo eziningi zemfundo yomculo endaweni yokusebenza. Ithisisi ethi "Music and Revolution" iba nesinqumo futhi engabhubhi impilo yakhe yonke. Kungakho ezwa isidingo sangaphakathi sokubuyekeza izindawo zobuhle ezifakwe uSchoenberg nethimba lakhe. Ekupheleni kuka-1924, u-Eisler wathuthela eBerlin, lapho umfutho wempilo yesigaba sabasebenzi baseJalimane ushaya ngamandla, lapho ithonya leQembu LamaKhomanisi likhula khona nsuku zonke, lapho izinkulumo zika-Ernst Thalmann zikhomba khona uquqaba olusebenzayo. iyiphi ingozi egcwele ukusabela okusebenzayo, okubheke ku-fascism.

Imisebenzi yokuqala ka-Eisler njengomqambi yabangela ihlazo langempela eBerlin. Isizathu salokho kwakuwukudlalwa komjikelezo wezwi emibhalweni ebolekwe ezikhangisweni zamaphephandaba. Umsebenzi u-Eisler azibekela wona wawucacile: nge-prosaism ngamabomu, ngokusebenza kwansuku zonke, "ukushaya ngempama ebusweni bokunambitheka komphakathi", okusho ukunambitheka kwabantu basedolobheni, amaphilistines, njengoba ama-futurists aseRussia ayeqhuba ezinkulumweni zabo zokubhala nezomlomo. Abagxeki baphendule ngendlela efanele ekusebenzeni "Kwezikhangiso Zephephandaba", hhayi ukukhetha amagama anenhlamba nezinhlamba.

U-Eisler ngokwakhe uphathe lesi siqephu ngokuthi "Izimemezelo" ngendlela exakile, ebona ukuthi injabulo yesiphithiphithi namahlazo exhaphozini lamaFilisti akufanele neze kubhekwe njengesenzakalo esibucayi. Eqhubeka nobungane ayebuqale eVienna nabasebenzi abayizimfundamakhwela, u-Eisler wathola amathuba abanzi kakhulu eBerlin, ehlanganisa imisebenzi yakhe nesikole sabasebenzi bakaMarxist, esinye sezikhungo zomsebenzi wemibono ehlelwe yiKomiti Elikhulu LeQembu LamaKhomanisi laseJalimane. Kulapha lapho ubungane bakhe bokudala nezimbongi uBertolt Brecht no-Erich Weinert, nabaqambi uKarl Rankl, Vladimir Vogl, Ernst Meyer.

Kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi ukuphela kwe-20s kwakuyisikhathi sokuphumelela okuphelele kwe-jazz, into entsha eyavela eJalimane ngemva kwempi ka-1914-18. U-Eisler ukhangwa i-jazz yangalezo zikhathi hhayi ngokububula kwemizwa, hhayi ulaka lwe-foxtrot ehamba kancane, futhi hhayi ukuphithizela komdanso we-shimmy owawusemfashinini - uyakwazisa kakhulu ukucaca kwesigqi esinyakazayo, i-canvas engapheli igridi ehambayo, lapho iphethini yomculo igqama ngokucacile. Yile ndlela amaculo nama-ballads ka-Eisler aphakama ngayo, esondela ezinhlakeni zawo zomculo kwezinye izimo ekuphikiseni kwenkulumo, kwezinye - ezingomeni zomdabu zaseJalimane, kodwa njalo kusekelwe ekuhambiseni okuphelele komculi ekunyatheleni kwensimbi yesigqi (imvamisa ukumasha) , ekuphatheni okudabukisayo, ku-oratorical dynamics. Ukuthandwa okukhulu kuzuzwa izingoma ezinjengokuthi "Comintern" ("Izimboni, vuka!"), "Ingoma Yokubambisana" embhalweni kaBertolt Brecht:

Mabavuke abantu bomhlaba, Bahlanganise amandla abo, Bebe yizwe elikhululekile Umhlaba wondle!

Noma izingoma ezinjengokuthi "Izingoma Zabaqoki Bokoti", "Amasosha Exhaphozi", "Umshado Obomvu", "Ingoma Yesinkwa Esidala", eyaduma emazweni amaningi omhlaba futhi yabhekana nesiphetho sobuciko obuguqula ngempela: uthando nothando lwamaqembu athile omphakathi kanye nenzondo yabaphikisi bawo besigaba.

U-Eisler uphinde aphendukele efomini elinwetshiwe, ku-ballad, kodwa lapha akenzi ubunzima bezwi kuphela kumdlali - i-tessitura, i-tempo. Konke kunqunywa ngothando, izindlela zokuhumusha, yiqiniso, phambi kwezinsiza ezifanele zezwi. Lesi sitayela sokucula simkweleta kakhulu u-Ernst Busch, indoda efana no-Eisler ezinikele emculweni nasekuvukeleni umbuso. Umlingisi omangalisayo onezinhlobonhlobo zezithombe ezifakwe nguye: u-Iago, uMephistopheles, uGalileo, amaqhawe emidlalo kaFriedrich Wolf, uBertolt Brecht, uLion Feuchtwanger, uGeorg Buchner - wayenezwi elingavamile lokucula, i-baritone ye-metallic high timbre. Umuzwa omangalisayo wesigqi, isichazamazwi esiphelele, esihlanganiswe nobuciko bokulingiswa bokuzenza, kwamsiza ukuthi enze igalari yonke yezithombe ezihlala abantu ezinhlotsheni ezihlukahlukene - kusukela engomeni elula kuya ku-dithyramb, ipheshana, inkulumo-ze ye-oratorical. Kunzima ukucabanga ukufana okuqondile phakathi kwenhloso yomqambi kanye nomuntu odlalayo kune-Eisler-Bush ensemble. Ukudlala kwabo ngokuhlanganyela i-ballad ethi “Umkhankaso Oyimfihlo Omelene NeSoviet Union” (Le filimu eyaziwa ngokuthi “I-Anxious March”) kanye nethi “Amaculo Empi Yabakhubazekile” yenza umbono ongacimeki.

Ukuvakasha kuka-Eisler noBush eSoviet Union ngeminyaka yama-30s, imihlangano yabo nabaqambi baseSoviet, ababhali, izingxoxo no-AM Gorky ashiye umbono ojulile hhayi nje kuphela ezikhumbuzweni, kodwa futhi nasekusebenzeni kwangempela kokudala, njengoba abadlali abaningi bamukela isitayela izici zokuhumusha kukaBush. , nabaqambi - isitayela esiqondile sika-Eisler sokubhala. Izingoma ezihlukene ezifana ne-"Polyushko-field" kaL. Knipper, "Lapha amasosha eza" ngu-K. Molchanov, "i-alamu yaseBuchenwald" ka-V. Muradeli, "Uma abafana bomhlaba wonke" ka-V. Solovyov-Sedoy , nazo zonke izinto eziqanjwe ngazo, zazuza njengefa amafomula ka-Eisler ahambisanayo, anesigqi, kanye nemisindo ethile.

Ukufika kwamaNazi emandleni kwadweba umugqa kumlando kaHans Eisler. Ngakolunye uhlangothi kwakukhona leyo ngxenye yayo eyayihlotshaniswa neBerlin, neminyaka eyishumi yephathi eqinile nomsebenzi womqambi, ngakolunye - iminyaka yokuzulazula, iminyaka eyishumi nanhlanu yokufuduka, okokuqala eYurophu bese kuba e-USA.

Ngenkathi ngo-1937 amaRiphabhulikhi aseSpain ephakamisa ibhanela lomzabalazo ngokumelene namaqembu ezigebengu zobufascist ka-Mussolini, uHitler kanye ne-counter Revolution yabo, u-Hans Eisler no-Ernst Busch bazithola sebephakathi kwamabutho amaRiphabhulikhi behlombe nehlombe namavolontiya agijima esuka emazweni amaningi. ukusiza abazalwane baseSpain. Lapha, emiseleni yaseGuadalajara, Campus, Toledo, izingoma ezisanda kuqanjwa ngu-Eisler zezwakala. Ingoma yakhe ethi "March of the Fifth Regiment" kanye "nengoma kaJanuwari 7" yaculwa yiyo yonke i-Republican Spain. Izingoma zika-Eisler zazizwakala zingenangqondo njengeziqubulo zikaDolores Ibarruri: “Kungcono ukufa umile kunokuhlala uguqe ngamadolo.”

Futhi lapho amabutho ahlangene e-fascism eklinya iRiphabhulikhi yaseSpain, lapho usongo lwempi yezwe luba ngokoqobo, u-Eisler wathuthela eMelika. Lapha unikeza amandla akhe ku-pedagogy, ukusebenza kwekhonsathi, ukuhlanganisa umculo wefilimu. Kulolu hlobo lomculo, u-Eisler waqala ukusebenza ngokujulile ikakhulukazi ngemva kokuthuthela esikhungweni esikhulu sesinema yaseMelika - eLos Angeles.

Futhi, nakuba umculo wakhe waziswa kakhulu abenzi befilimu futhi waze wathola nemiklomelo esemthethweni, nakuba u-Eisler ejabulela ukwesekwa kobungane kukaCharlie Chaplin, impilo yakhe e-States yayingemnandi. Umqambi wamakhomanisi akazange avuse ukuzwelana kwezikhulu, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwalabo okwakumelwe, emsebenzini, “balandele imibono.”

Ukulangazelela iJalimane kubonakala emisebenzini eminingi ka-Eisler. Mhlawumbe into enamandla kakhulu isengomeni encane ethi “Germany” eya emavesini kaBrecht.

Ukuphela kosizi lwami Usuhambile manje ukuhwalala kwembethe iZulu ngelakho. Kuzofika usuku olusha Usakhumbula kaningi Ingoma eyaculwa abadingiswa Kuleli hora elibuhlungu

Ingoma yengoma iseduze nendabuko yaseJalimane futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo nezingoma ezikhule kumasiko ka-Weber, Schubert, Mendelssohn. Ukucaca okukhazimulayo komculo kushiya ngokungangabazeki ukuthi lo msinga womculo wawugeleza ekujuleni okungokomoya.

Ngo-1948, uHans Eisler wafakwa ohlwini “lwabantu bangaphandle abangathandeki,” kwakuyizinsolo. Njengoba omunye umcwaningi ebonisa, “Isikhulu sakwaMcCarthyist sambiza ngoKarl Marx womculo. Umqambi uboshiwe.” Futhi ngemva kwesikhashana, naphezu kokungenelela nemizamo kaCharlie Chaplin, uPablo Picasso nabanye abaculi abaningi abakhulu, "izwe lenkululeko nentando yeningi" lathumela uHans Eisler eYurophu.

Iziphathimandla zaseBrithani zazama ukuhambisana nozakwabo baphesheya kwezilwandle futhi zenqaba ukungenisa izihambi kuka-Eisler. Isikhathi esithile u-Eisler uhlala eVienna. Wathuthela eBerlin ngo-1949. Imihlangano noBertolt Brecht kanye no-Ernst Busch yayijabulisa, kodwa okwakujabulisa kakhulu kwakuwumhlangano nabantu ababecula izingoma ezidala zangaphambi kwempi ka-Eisler kanye nezingoma zakhe ezintsha. Lapha eBerlin, u-Eisler wabhala iculo lamazwi kaJohannes Becher “Sizovuka emanxiweni sakhe ikusasa eliqhakazile”, okwakuyiculo Lesizwe laseGerman Democratic Republic.

Usuku lokuzalwa luka-Eisler lwango-1958 lwagujwa ngokunesizotha ngo-60. Uqhubekile nokubhala umculo omningi wethiyetha nesinema. Futhi, u-Ernst Busch, owaphunyuka ngokuyisimangaliso emigodini yamakamu okuhlushwa amaNazi, wacula izingoma zomngane wakhe nozakwabo. Lesi sikhathi "Kwesobunxele Mashi" kuya emavesini kaMayakovsky.

Ngo-September 7, 1962, uHans Eisler washona. Igama lakhe lanikezwa i-Higher School of Music eBerlin.

Akuyona yonke imisebenzi ebizwa ngale ndaba emfushane. Okuhamba phambili kunikezwa ingoma. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, igumbi lika-Eisler nomculo we-symphonic, izinhlelo zakhe zomculo ezihlakaniphile zokwenziwa kukaBertolt Brecht, nomculo wenqwaba yamafilimu angenanga nje kuphela ku-biography ka-Eisler, kodwa nomlando wokuthuthukiswa kwalezi zinhlobo. Izindlela zokuba yisakhamuzi, ukwethembeka emibonweni yenguquko, intando nethalente lomqambi, owazi abantu bakubo futhi acule kanye nabo - konke lokhu kwanikeza ukungaphikiswa kwezingoma zakhe, isikhali esinamandla somqambi.