Luigi Dallapiccola |

Luigi Dallapiccola

U-L. Dallapiccola ungomunye wabasunguli be-opera yesimanje yase-Italy. Kusukela kuma-classics enkathi ye-bel canto, u-V. Bellini, u-G. Verdi, u-G. Pucci, wazuza njengefa imizwa yephimbo lomculo futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo wasebenzisa izindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi zesimanje. U-Dallapiccola wayengumqambi wokuqala wase-Italy ukusebenzisa indlela ye-dodecaphony. Umbhali wama-opera amathathu, u-Dallapiccola wabhala ngezinhlobo ezahlukene zezinhlobo: umculo wekwaya, i-orchestra, izwi ne-orchestra, noma upiyano.

UDallapikkola wazalelwa e-Istria (lesi sifunda ngaleso sikhathi sasingaphansi kwe-Austria-Hungary, manje esiyingxenye yeYugoslavia). Phakathi neMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, lapho uhulumeni wase-Austrian uvala isikole sikayise (uthisha wesiGreki), umkhaya wathuthela eGraz. Lapho uDallapiccola wavakashela i-opera house okokuqala ngqá, imidlalo ye-opera ka-R. Wagner yamthinta kakhulu. Umama wake waqaphela ukuthi lapho umfana elalela uWagner, umuzwa wendlala wawusuphelile kuye. Ngemva kokulalela i-opera ethi The Flying Dutchman, uLuigi oneminyaka eyishumi nantathu wanquma ukuba umqambi. Ekupheleni kwempi (lapho Istria inikelwa e-Italy), umndeni wabuyela ezweni lakubo. U-Dallapiccola uphothule eFlorence Conservatory kupiyano (1924) kanye nokuqamba (1931). Ukuthola isitayela sakho, indlela yakho emculweni ayizange yenzeke ngokushesha. Iminyaka eminingana ekuqaleni kwawo-20. U-Dallapiccola, owazitholela ama-horizons amasha (i-C. Debussy's impressionism kanye nomculo wasendulo wase-Italy), wayematasa ewaqonda futhi akazange aziqambe nhlobo. Emisebenzini edalwe ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-20. (ngesicelo sombhali azizange zenziwe), uhlobo lwe-neoclassicism ngisho nomthelela womqambi wekhulu le-1942. C. Monteverdi (kamuva, ngo-XNUMX, uDallapiccola wenza uhlelo lwe-opera kaMonteverdi ethi The Return of Ulysses).

Maphakathi nawo-30s. (mhlawumbe ngaphandle kwethonya lomhlangano no-A. Berg, umqambi omkhulu we-expressionist) U-Dallapikkola waphendukela kumasu we-dodecaphone. Esebenzisa le ndlela yokubhala, umqambi ongumNtaliyane akazilahli izindlela zokuzwakalisa ezijwayelekile njengomculo omnandi nethoni. Ukubala okuqinile kuhlanganiswe nogqozi. U-Dallapiaccola ukhumbula ukuthi ngolunye usuku, ehamba emigwaqweni yaseFlorence, wadweba ingoma yakhe yokuqala ye-dodecaphone, eyaba yisisekelo se "Chorus from Michelangelo". Ilandela u-Berg no-A. Schoenberg, i-Dallapikkola isebenzisa i-dodecaphony ukuze idlulisele ukungezwani okungokomzwelo okukhuphukile ngisho nanjengohlobo lwethuluzi lokubhikisha. Kamuva, umqambi uzothi: “Indlela yami njengomculi, kusukela ngo-1935-36, lapho ekugcineni ngiqaphela ubuxhwanguxhwangu bakudala be-fascism, obufuna ukuklinya uguquko lwaseSpain, luphikisana nayo ngokuqondile. Izivivinyo zami ze-dodecaphonic nazo zingezalesi sikhathi. Phela ngaleso sikhathi umculo “osemthethweni” nezazi zawo zazicula ithemba elingamanga. Angikwazanga ukuzibamba ngikhulume ngokumelene nalawa manga.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo iqala umsebenzi pedagogical Dallapikkola. Iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-30 (1934-67) wayefundisa amakilasi opiyano kanye nezingoma esikhungweni sezobuciko saseFlorence. Ukwenza amakhonsathi (okuhlanganisa ne-duet nomdlali wevayolini u-S. Materaassi), u-Dallapiccola wakhuthaza umculo wesimanje - waba ngowokuqala ukwethula umphakathi wase-Italy ngomsebenzi ka-O. Messiaen, umqambi omkhulu waseFrance wanamuhla.

Udumo lwafika ku-Dallapikkola ngokukhiqizwa kwe-opera yakhe yokuqala ethi "Night Flight" ngo-1940, ebhalwe ngokusekelwe encwadini ka-A. Saint-Exupery. Izikhathi ezingaphezu kwesisodwa umqambi waphendukela endikimbeni yokubhikishela udlame olubhekiswe kumuntu. I-cantata ethi “Izihlabelelo Zeziboshwa” (1941) isebenzisa imibhalo yomthandazo kaMary Stuart ngaphambi kokubulawa, intshumayelo yokugcina ka-J. Savonarola nezingcezu zencwadi yesazi sefilosofi sasendulo uBoethius, owagwetshwa ukufa. Isifiso senkululeko sabuye safakwa ku-opera ethi The Prisoner (1948), lapho kwasetshenziswa khona iziqephu zendaba emfushane ka-V. Lil-Adan kanye nenoveli ethi The Legend of Ulenspiegel kaC. de Coster.

Ukuwa kwe-fascism kwavumela u-Dallapiccola ukuba abe nethonya elisebenzayo empilweni yomculo: eminyakeni yokuqala yangemva kwempi, wasebenza njengomhlaziyi womculo wephephandaba i-Il Mondo kanye nonobhala we-Society of Italian Contemporary Music. Igama lomqambi selinegunya futhi phesheya. Wamenywa ukuba azofundisa e-USA: eBerkshire Music Centre (Tanglewood, Massachusetts, 1951-52), eQueens College (New York, 1956-57), kanye nase-Austria - ezifundweni zasehlobo zaseMozarteum (Salzburg). ).

Kusukela ngeminyaka yama-50s. I-Dallapiccola ihlanganisa isitayela sakhe, esabonakala futhi emsebenzini obaluleke kakhulu wale minyaka - i-opera ethi Ulysses (Odysseus), eyadlalwa ngo-1968 eBerlin. Ekhumbula esemncane, umqambi wabhala ukuthi bonke abalingiswa basenkondlweni kaHomer (ngenxa yomsebenzi kayise) “babenjengezihlobo eziphilayo neziseduze zomkhaya wakithi. Sasibazi futhi sasikhuluma ngabo njengabangane.” U-Dallapikkola ngisho nangaphambili (ngama-40s) wabhala imisebenzi eminingi yokuhlanganisa izwi nezinsimbi emazwini ezimbongi zasendulo zamaGreki: Sappho, Alkey, Anacreon. Kodwa into eyinhloko kuye kwaba i-opera. Ngama-60s. ucwaningo lwakhe “Izwi nomculo ku-opera. Amanothi ku-Contemporary Opera” nabanye. “Kimi i-opera ibonakala iyindlela efaneleka kakhulu yokuveza imicabango yami… iyangijabulisa,” umqambi ngokwakhe wazwakalisa isimo sakhe sengqondo ohlotsheni lwakhe aluthandayo.

K. Zenkin