UCarlo Gesualdo di Venosa |

UCarlo Gesualdo waseVenosa

Ekupheleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX, umfutho omusha wabamba i-madrigal yase-Italy ngenxa yokwethulwa kwe-chromatism. Njengokusabela ngokumelene nobuciko bekwayala obuphelelwe yisikhathi obusekelwe ku-diatonic, ukuvutshelwa okukhulu kuyaqala, lapho kuzovela khona i-opera ne-oratorio. U-Cipriano da Pope, u-Gesualdo di Venosa, u-Orazio Vecchi, u-Claudio Monteverdi baneqhaza ekuziphendukeleni kwemvelo okunamandla kangaka ngomsebenzi wabo wokuqamba. K. Nef

Umsebenzi ka-C. Gesualdo ugqama ngokungajwayelekile kwawo, ungowenkathi yomlando eyinkimbinkimbi, ebucayi - uguquko olusuka ku-Renaissance kuya ekhulwini lesi-XNUMX, olube nomthelela kwisiphetho sabaculi abaningi abavelele. Eqashelwa abantu besikhathi sakhe “njengenhloko yomculo nezimbongi zomculo,” uGesualdo wayengomunye wabasunguli abanesibindi emkhakheni we-madrigal, uhlobo oluphambili lomculo wezwe wobuciko beRenaissance. Akumane kwaqondana ukuthi uCarl Nef abize uGesualdo "ngomuntu onothando futhi okhulumayo wekhulu lesi-XNUMX."

Umndeni wakudala wezicukuthwane umqambi ayengowawo wawungomunye wemikhaya evelele futhi enethonya e-Italy. Ubudlelwane bomndeni baxhumanisa umndeni wakhe nemibuthano yesonto ephakeme kakhulu - umama wakhe wayengumshana kaPapa, kanti umfowabo kayise wayengukhadinali. Usuku oluqondile lokuzalwa komqambi alwaziwa. Ikhono lomfana lomculo eliguquguqukayo labonakala kusenesikhathi – wafunda ukudlala ilute nezinye izinsimbi zomculo, ukucula nokuqamba umculo. Isimo esizungezile saba nomthelela omkhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwamakhono emvelo: ubaba wagcina indlu yokukhonzela enqabeni yakhe eduze kwaseNaples, lapho abaculi abaningi abadumile basebenza khona (kuhlanganise nama-madrigalists Giovanni Primavera noPomponio Nenna, obhekwa njengomeluleki kaGesualdo emkhakheni wokuqamba) . Intshisekelo yale nsizwa esikweni lomculo lamaGreki asendulo, owayazi, ngaphezu kwe-diatonicism, i-chromatism kanye ne-anharmonism (izindlela ezi-3 eziphambili noma "izinhlobo" zomculo wasendulo wamaGreki), yamholela ekuhloleni okuqhubekayo emkhakheni we-melodic. -izindlela ze-harmonic. Kakade ama-madrigals okuqala e-Gesualdo ahlukaniswa ngokuveza kwawo, imizwa nokucija kolimi lomculo. Ukujwayelana eduze nezimbongi ezinkulu zase-Italy kanye nongoti bezincwadi u-T. Tasso, G. Guarini kwavula imibono emisha yomsebenzi womqambi. Umatasatasa nenkinga yobudlelwano phakathi kwezinkondlo nomculo; kumadrigals akhe, ufuna ukuzuza ubunye obuphelele balezi zimiso ezimbili.

Impilo yomuntu siqu ka-Gesualdo ithuthuka kakhulu. Ngo-1586 washada nomzala wakhe, u-Dona Maria d'Avalos. Le nyunyana, eculwa nguTasso, kuvele ukuthi ayizange ijabule. Ngo-1590, ngemva kokuzwa ngokungathembeki komkakhe, uGesualdo wambulala kanye nesithandwa sakhe. Le nhlekelele yashiya isithunzi esidabukisayo empilweni nasemsebenzini womculi ovelele. I-Subjectivism, ukuphakanyiswa okukhulayo kwemizwa, idrama kanye nokungezwani kuhlukanisa ama-madrigals akhe ka-1594-1611.

Iqoqo lama-madrigals akhe anamazwi amahlanu namazwi ayisithupha, aphinde aphrintwa ngokuphindaphindiwe phakathi nesikhathi sokuphila komqambi, athwebula ukuvela kwesitayela sikaGesualdo - esicacile, esicwengisiswe ngobuqili, esimakwa ngokunaka okukhethekile emininingwaneni evezayo (ukugqamisa amagama ngamanye ombhalo wenkondlo usizo lwe-tessitura ephezulu ngokungavamile yengxenye yephimbo, imisho ezwakalayo ezwakalayo evumelanayo eqondile, enesigqi esinesigqi ). Ezinkondlweni, umqambi ukhetha imibhalo ehambisana ngokuqinile nesimiso esingokomfanekiso somculo wakhe, owavezwa imizwa yosizi olujulile, ukuphelelwa ithemba, usizi, noma imizwa yezingoma ezi-languid, ufulawa omnandi. Ngezinye izikhathi umugqa owodwa kuphela waba umthombo wokuphefumulelwa kwezinkondlo ekudaleni i-madrigal entsha, imisebenzi eminingi yabhalwa umqambi emibhalweni yakhe.

Ngo-1594, uGesualdo wathuthela eFerrara futhi washada noLeonora d'Este, ummeleli womunye wemindeni yezicukuthwane e-Italy. Njengoba nje ebusheni bakhe, eNaples, ithimba lesikhulu seVenous laliyizimbongi, abahlabeleli nabaculi, endlini entsha kaGesualdo, abathandi bomculo nabaculi abaqeqeshiwe bahlangana eFerrara, futhi i-philanthropist ehloniphekile ibahlanganisa esikoleni "ukuze bathuthuke. ukunambitheka komculo.” Eminyakeni eyishumi yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe, umqambi waphendukela ezinhlotsheni zomculo ongcwele. Ngo-1603 no-1611 amaqoqo emibhalo yakhe engokomoya anyatheliswa.

Ubuciko benkosi evelele ye-Renaissance sekwephuzile bungobokuqala futhi bugqamile bomuntu ngamunye. Ngamandla ayo angokomzwelo, ukwanda kokuvezwa kwemizwa, igqama phakathi kwalawo adalwe abantu besikhathi sika-Gesualdo nabandunduleli bakhe. Ngasikhathi sinye, umsebenzi womqambi ukhombisa ngokusobala izici ze-Italian yonke futhi, ngobubanzi, isiko laseYurophu ekuqaleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX nele-XNUMX. Inkinga yesiko lesintu le-High Renaissance, ukudumala emibonweni yayo kube nomthelela ekugxilweni kobuciko babaculi. Isitayela esivelayo kwezobuciko benkathi yokuguquka sasibizwa ngokuthi "ukuziphatha". I-postulates yakhe yobuhle yayingalandeli imvelo, umbono oqondile weqiniso, kodwa "umbono wangaphakathi" wesithombe sobuciko, ozalwa emphefumulweni womdwebi. Becabanga ngesimo sesikhathi esidlule somhlaba kanye nokuba ntekenteke kokudalelwa komuntu, ekuthembeleni komuntu emandleni angaqondakaliyo angaqondakali, abadwebi badale imisebenzi egcwele usizi nokuphakanyiswa okugqamayo okungezwani, ukungavumelani kwezithombe. Ngokwezinga elikhulu, lezi zici nazo ziyisici sobuciko be-Gesualdo.

N. Yavorskaya