Isikole samaDashi |

Isikole saseDutch -hola indlela yokudala eya e-wok. ikhwaya. i-polyphony 15th-16th century Yathuthukiswa eNetherlands (ngokomlando; yahlanganisa iNetherlands yesimanje, iBelgium, iNorth-East France kanye neLuxembourg); II. sh. ebizwa nangokuthi isiBurgundian nesiFlemish, uFranco-Flemish. N. sh. kuhlanganisa izizukulwane eziningana ze-netherl. abaqambi abasebenza emazweni ahlukahlukene aseYurophu. amazwe lapho amasiko ayo abonwa khona, okubangele ukwanda kwe-polyphonics yendawo. izikole. Kwakuwumphumela wezinga eliphezulu lokuthuthukiswa komculo waseDutch. Ukusebenzisa ingoma abantu. ubuhlakani, N. sh. yafingqa impumelelo yaseYurophu. i-wok-choir polyphony 9 - kusenesikhathi. Ikhulu le-15 (isiNgisi nesiFulentshi, inkolo nezwe) futhi limake usuku oluhle kakhulu lwakudala. ikhwaya. i-polyphony. N. sh. yakha uhlelo lwemithetho yendawo yonke ye-polyphony - i-counterpoint eyinkimbinkimbi yesitayela esiqinile, yakha i-classic. amasampula wok.-choir. izinhlobo ze-polyphonic, isonto kanye nezwe - uquqaba, i-motet, i-chanson, i-madrigal futhi yagunyaza ukubusa kwezwi eli-4 elizwakalayo eligcwele, amazwi awo alingana, futhi athuthukisa amasiko omculo we-3-goal. inqolobane. Abaqambi N. sh. ehlukaniswa ngobuchule bokuphikisa, ukufinyelela okungafakwanga. ubuhle ekwakhiweni kwekhorasi. i-polygonal prod. (balethe inani lamavoti azimele ku-30), belindele i-instr. umculo wezinkathi ezilandelayo. Umculo wezingcweti zika-N. sh. okuhloswe ngokuyinhloko. okwekhwaya. Ipeni. i-cappella. Ukuphelezelwa kwamathuluzi kufakwe emigubhweni. (solemnis) izixuku nama-motets, okuphinda kabili i-wok. amaqembu (ch. arr. bass), futhi yayivame ukusetshenziswa ku-polyphonic yezwe. izingoma.

Isikhungo. uhlobo lomculo N. sh. – ikhwaya. i-cappella mass, uhlobo. ukuvezwa kwe-swerm kunqunywa ukubonakaliswa kwemibono yefilosofi neyokuzindla yesikhathi sayo (mayelana nomuntu osemkhathini omkhulu, ngobuhle obuvumelanayo bomhlaba, njll.). Ukwakhiwa komsindo oyinkimbinkimbi koquqaba, okunamandla azwakalayo nomthelela ohlaba umxhwele, kuhambisana nobukhulu beGothic. amasonto ababhishobhi, lapho ayeqhutshelwa khona ngezinsuku zezinkolo ezinesizotha. imikhosi. Ukugqama komculo, umlingisi wawo ogxile ngokujulile kanye nogqozi olukhanyiselwe kwavezwa ukudlondlobala kwamarejista aphezulu nemibala emsulwa yekhwaya yabafana nabesilisa. i-falsetto; inhlanganisela enekhono nokuthunyelwa kahle kwe-melodic. imigqa, ubuhle bokuphikisa kwabo okusobala, ukunemba kwemininingwane ye-filigree. Izingoma zezwe cishe azizange zihluke kwezikamoya; nar wakhe. melodic isisekelo kanye nemizwelo ephilayo kwabonakaliswa kabanzi emsebenzini wabaqambi be-N. sh., ikakhulukazi ekhulwini le-16. Ngisho nezixuku zazivame ukuba namagama ezingoma zezwe ezisetshenziswa kuzo (“Indoda Ehlomile”, “Ubuso Obuphaphathekile”, njll.).

Igama "N. sh.” yethulwe nguR. G. Kizevetter (encwadini yakhe ethi “The Contribution of the Netherlands to the Art of Music”, 1828), owahlongoza ukuhlukaniswa okunemibandela ku-3 (noma 4) N. sh. ngokuhambisana nemikhakha yethonya labameleli bayo abahamba phambili. 1st N. sh., iBurgundian, yavuka phakathi. kwe15 c. enkantolo yaseBurgundi eDijon, ehlukaniswa yinkantolo enhle kakhulu. isiko nokuthuthukisa isiFulentshi. amasiko. Lesi sikole siphinde saba nomthelela wokuqanjwa okusha kwesiNgisi. ama-polyphonists, ch. hlela. IsiNgisi esivelele. Komi. J. Dunstable, owayesebenza eFrance (wafundisa abaculi Burgundian). 1st N.sh. eholwa ngu-J. Binchois, owakhonza enkantolo yoMbusi waseBurgundy, uPhilip the Good (umdali wengoma yothando yokulingisa enekhono) kanye noG. UDufay (naye wasebenza e-Italy naseFrance; umsunguli wesikole se-polyphonic eCambrai), owayedume ngama-ballads, ama-rondel, uquqaba, ama-motets, wathuthukisa kakhulu i-polyphony. ubuchwepheshe kanye nokuphawula komculo. 2 kanye no-3 N. sh. (next generations of composers) naz. I-Flemish. Abaphathi babo abakhulu: J. U-Okegem (wasebenza enkantolo yaseFrance) - ababephila ngesikhathi segama. "inkosi eyinhloko ye-counterpoint" yakhe ngobuchule bakhe obuphelele besu lokulingisa, elasetshenziswa futhi kumfihlakalo emangalisayo. uquqaba, nasekufikeni. ama-lyric miniatures; J. U-Obrecht (owayehlala eNetherlands, eFrance, e-Italy) - u-Op wakhe. ehlukaniswa ngesitayela esicwengekisiwe nese-virtuoso, imizwa kanye nokuvezwa komculo okumibalabala okucacile kwendikimba, esetshenziswa i-Nar. imiculo (flam., German, Italian) nomdanso. izigqi, izixuku zakhe zazidumile, zizinikele. Virgin Mary, okuthiwa. izixuku ze-parodic, ilangabi. chanson kanye ne-instr yabo. ukudlulisa umdanso; U-Josquin Despres (wasebenza emadolobheni ahlukahlukene ase-Italy naseNyakatho yeFrance) - umbhali wemisebenzi evelele yehlelo, wayaziwa kakhulu ngobuciko bakhe bokuveza okuhlangenwe nakho okuhlukahlukene okungokomoya ku-polyphonics enhle yabalingiswa abahlukahlukene. izingoma nama-motets agcwele isimo sengqondo sobuntu, wayengomunye wababhali bokuqala be-polyphonic. instr. imidlalo izovezwa. Umlingisi. 4th N. sh., esasakazekela esitezi sesi-2. Ikhulu le-16 emazweni aseYurophu, eholwa ngu-Orlando di Lasso (owayehlala e-Italy, eFrance, eNgilandi, eBavaria), edume ngokuthi "Amahubo Okuzisola", Sat. ama-motets "Indalo enhle yomculo", isonto. prod., futhi idalwe ku-Nar. ngokusekelwe ezingomeni ezigqamile zohlobo, izigcawu, ama-villanelle anemibala azoboniswa. umlingiswa, ama-madrigals ezinkondlweni zezimbongi zeRenaissance nezakudala. Abaphathi abakhulu be-N. sh. babe nabalandeli abaningi, abephula umthetho abavelele, ababemenywe ukuba basebenze ngokufa. Amadolobha aseYurophu; I-polyphonic yaseVenetian. isikole sasungulwa ngu-A. Willart, eyamaRoma ka-J. Arkadelt, F. le Bel (wayengumfundisi wasePalestrina); G. U-Isak wasebenza eFlorence, e-Innsbruck, e-Augsburg, A. UBrumel - eFerrara. E-Italy, abaqambi u-N. sh. wabeka isisekelo se-Italian lyric madrigal. Phakathi kwamanye amakhosi aziwayo kaN. sh. – A. Bunois, P. de la Rue, L. Umphathi, J. Mouton, A. de Feven, N. Gombert, J. Clemens - "hhayi ubaba", F. Verdelot, F.

Khipha. impumelelo N. sh. kwakungenxa yobuciko obuphezulu. ikhono labadali bayo, ababevela ezweni lamasiko athuthukile, elachuma ngenxa yabantu baseYurophu abavamile. ubudlelwano bezohwebo namasiko; lapha, ngokokuqala ngqa eYurophu, abaqambi bathola u-prof. imfundo ngamamitha. Ukuthuthukiswa nokusatshalaliswa kwe-N. sh. futhi kube nesandla ekuthuthukisweni kokuqanjwa komculo kanye nokuvela kwenothisi yomculo. Usuku oluhle lwe-N. sh. i-polyphony ihlehlela emuva esikhathini sokuqhakaza kwe-Netherlands. ukudweba (isikole sobuciko esihle kakhulu ngokulinganayo), ezobuciko ezisetshenziswayo, ezokwakha, ifilosofi nezibalo. Ekudaleni amapholigoni esikhumbuzo. izingoma zaseNetherlands. amakhosi athembele ezimfundisweni zefilosofi zeNeoplatonists, kanye nokubala okuqinile, i-DOS. ngezibalo ezijulile. ulwazi (abaculi abaningi beRenaissance, okuhlanganisa no-Dunstable kanye, ngokunokwenzeka, no-Okegem no-Obrecht, babengochwepheshe bezibalo, izazi zefilosofi, izazi zezinkanyezi kanye nezazi zezinkanyezi ngasikhathi sinye). Uhlelo lwemithetho ye-polyphony eyakhiwe yibo ku-wok. izinhlobo zokubhala okuqinile, okusekelwe ku-cantus firmus eyodwa (ezenkolo noma ngokuvamile abantu abaningi) kanye nokuguqulwa kwayo, kwenziwa isimiso "sobunye ngokuhlukahluka" (ngokombono wezwe wenkathi). Ezakhiweni zama-motets nezixuku, ekukhethweni kwe-cantus firmus nokugubha kwayo, kuboniswe uphawu oluthile. Ukucabanga okungokomfanekiso kwenkathi, izibalo zayo. ubuhlakani babonakala ikakhulukazi ekusatshalalisweni kwama-canon ayimfihlakalo (ubuchule bekhono lobuchwephesha bokuphikisana phakathi kwama-epigones we-N. sh. ngezinye izikhathi babulingana nomdlalo ophusile onezinhlanganisela ezinhle zokwephula).

Ubuciko. okuzuzwe abaqambi abakhulu be-N. sh., izimiso zomculo we-polyphonic ezivunywe yibona. ukuqanjwa sekuphenduke indawo yonke ekuthuthukisweni okulandelayo kwe-decomp. izitayela zokubhala mahhala, esezisekelwe kobunye ubuhle. izimiso, futhi zaziyisisekelo sokuchuma okwengeziwe kulo lonke elaseYurophu. umculo, i-wok kanye ne-instr., hhayi kuphela i-polyphonic, kodwa futhi i-homophonic (bheka i-Homophony), kanye namasu abo okuguqula, ukuguqulwa, ukulingisa, njll, bangena ku-dodecaphony. Njengomkhuba wesitayela, u-N. sh. ngokuyisisekelo yaqeda inkathi yokubusa eYurophu. umculo wesonto isiko. (Catholic) wok.-choir. izinhlobo futhi kubonakala kuzo ezefilosofi nezenkolo. worldview (kamuva yaziveza emculweni wamaProthestani wok-instr., isiqongo sawo okwakuwumsebenzi ka-JS Bach).

References: Bulychev V., Umculo wesitayela esiqinile kanye nenkathi yakudala ..., M., 1909; Kiesewetter B., Die Verdienste der Niederländer um die Tonkunst, W., 1828; Wolff H., Die Musik der alten Niederländer, Lpz., 1956; Backers, S., Nederlandsche componisten van 1400 tot op onzen tijd, s'-Gravenhage, 1942, 1950; Borren Ch. van den, Dufay kanye nesikole sakhe, encwadini ethi The new Oxford history of music, v. 3, L. – NY – Toronto, 1960; Bridgman N., Iminyaka ka-Ockeghem noJosquin, ibid.; bheka futhi ibhayibheli. ku-Art. Umculo we-Dutch, iMisa, i-Counterpoint, i-Polyphony, isitayela esiqinile.

I-LG Berger