Izwi |

lat. vox, i-French voix, i-ital. izwi, eng. izwi, German Stimme

1) Melodic. umugqa njengengxenye yomculo we-polyphonic. isebenza. Ingqikithi yale migqa iyiminyuziyamu. konke - ukuthungwa komculo. isebenza. Imvelo yokunyakaza kwamazwi inquma uhlobo olulodwa noma olunye lwezwi eliholayo. Inombolo ezinzile ye-G. futhi iyahambisana nayo, ukulingana kuyisici se-polyphonic. umculo; emculweni we-homophonic, njengomthetho, u-G. oyedwa, ngokuvamile ophezulu, ungumholi. Ezimeni lapho i-G. ehamba phambili, ethuthukiswe kakhulu futhi ehlukanisiwe, ihloselwe ukuthi yenziwe umculi oyedwa noma umdlali wezinsimbi, ibizwa ngokuthi yedwa. Wonke amanye ama-G. emculweni we-homophonic ahambisana nawo. Nokho, nazo azilingani. Ngokuvamile ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwe-main (isibopho) G. (kuhlanganise nomholi), okudlulisa okuyinhloko. izakhi zomculo. imicabango, kanye nohlangothi lwe-G, oluhambisanayo, olugcwalisayo, oluvumelanayo, lwe-to-rye olusizayo. imisebenzi. Emkhubeni wokufunda ukuvumelana esethulweni sekhwaya enamazwi amane, ukuvumelana kuhlukaniswa njengokudlulele (phezulu nangaphansi, i-soprano ne-bass) naphakathi (i-alto ne-tenor).

2) Iphathi otd. insimbi yomculo, i-orchestra noma ikhwaya. iqembu, elibhalwe kusukela kumphumela womsebenzi wokufunda nokusebenza kwawo.

3) Isisusa, iculo lengoma (yingakho inkulumo ethi “ukucula ngezwi” lengoma eyaziwayo).

4) Imisindo ehlukahlukene eyakhiwe ngosizo lwezisetshenziswa zezwi futhi isebenzela ukuxhumana phakathi kwezidalwa eziphilayo. Kubantu, lokhu kuxhumana kwenziwa ikakhulukazi ngenkulumo nokucula.

Izingxenye ezintathu zihlukaniswa emshinini wezwi: izitho zokuphefumula, ezinikeza umoya ku-glottis, i-larynx, lapho kubekwe khona izintambo zezwi (izintambo zezwi), kanye nokuzwakala. amathuluzi anohlelo lwezimbobo ze-resonator, ezisebenza ukwakha onkamisa nongwaqa. Enqubweni yokukhuluma nokucula, zonke izingxenye zemishini yezwi zisebenza ngokuxhumene. Umsindo unikezwa amandla ukuphefumula. Ekuculeni, kuyisiko ukuhlukanisa izinhlobo eziningana zokuphefumula: isifuba esinobukhulu besifuba, isisu (isisu) esine-diaphragm, kanye ne-thoracodiaphragmatic (i-costo-abdominal, exutshwe), lapho isifuba ne-diaphragm zibamba iqhaza ngokulinganayo. . Ukuhlukana kunemibandela, ngoba eqinisweni, ukuphefumula kuhlale kuxubile. Ukugoqa kwezwi kusebenza njengomthombo womsindo. Ubude bephimbo ngokuvamile buncike ohlotsheni lwezwi. Ama-Bass folds yiwo amade kunawo wonke - 24-25 mm. Ku-baritone, ubude bemigoqo buyi-22-24 mm, i-tenor - 18-21 mm, i-mezzo-soprano - 18-21 mm, i-soprano - 14-19 mm. Ubukhulu bemigqa yezwi esimweni esishubile buyi-6-8 mm. Amaphimbo ayakwazi ukuvala, ukuvuleka, ukuqina nokwelula. Njengoba imicu yemisipha ye-folds iya ukubola. Iziqondiso, imisipha yezwi ingafinyela ezingxenyeni ezihlukene. Lokhu kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuhluka komumo wama-oscillations agoqekayo, okungukuthi kuthonye ukwakheka kwethoni ephezulu ye-timbre yomsindo wokuqala. Ama-vocal folds angavalwa ngokungafanele, abekwe endaweni yesifuba noma umsindo we-falsetto, acindezelwe ngokwezinga elidingekayo ukuze athole umsindo wokuphakama okufunayo. Kodwa-ke, ukuguquguquka ngakunye kwamafolda akukwazi ukulawulwa futhi ukudlidliza kwawo kwenziwa ngokuzenzakalelayo njengenqubo yokuzilawula.

Ngaphezulu kwe-larynx kunesimiso semigodi ebizwa ngokuthi "i-extension tube": i-pharyngeal cavity, i-oral, i-nasal, i-adnexal cavities yekhala. Ngenxa yokuzwakala kwalezi zimbotshana, i-timbre yomsindo iyashintsha. Imigodi ye-paranasal kanye ne-nasal cavity inomumo ozinzile ngakho-ke inomsindo oqhubekayo. I-resonance ye-oral and pharyngeal cavities iyashintsha ngenxa yomsebenzi we-articulations. amathuluzi, ahlanganisa ulimi, izindebe nolwanga oluthambile.

Imishini yezwi ikhiqiza yomibili imisindo enobude obuthile. – imisindo yephimbo (onkamisa nongwaqa abaphinyisiwe), nomsindo (ongwaqa abayizithulu) abangenawo. Ithoni nomsindo imisindo ziyahlukahluka endleleni ukwakheka kwazo. Imisindo yephimbo yakheka ngenxa yokudlidliza kokugoqa kwephimbo. Ngenxa ye-resonance ye-pharyngeal kanye nemigodi yomlomo, ukukhulisa okuthile kwenzeka. amaqembu ama-overtones - ukwakheka kwamafomu, ngokusho ukuthi indlebe ihlukanisa unkamisa owodwa komunye. Ongwaqa abangenaphimbo abanayo incazelo. ukuphakama nokumelela umsindo owenzeka lapho indiza yomoya idlula ku-diff. uhlobo lwezithiyo ezakhiwe ngokukhuluma. amathuluzi. Ukugoqa amazwi akubambi iqhaza ekwakhekeni kwawo. Lapho uphimisa ongwaqa abaphinyisiwe, zombili izindlela ziyasebenza.

Kunemibono emibili yemfundo ka-G. ku-glottis: i-myoelastic kanye ne-neurochronaxic. Ngokusho kwe-myoelastic theory, i-subglottic pressure iphusha ivalekile futhi igoqeke amazwi ashubile, umoya udabula igebe, ngenxa yalokho ukucindezela kwehle futhi imigqa ivale futhi ngenxa yokunwebeka. Bese umjikelezo uphinda. Ukudlidliza. ukushintshashintsha kubhekwa njengomphumela "womzabalazo" we-subglottic pressure kanye nokunwebeka kwemisipha yezwi eqinile. Isikhungo. isimiso sezinzwa, ngokwalo mbono, silawula kuphela amandla okucindezela kanye nezinga lokucindezeleka kwemisipha. Ngo-1950 u-R. Yusson (R. Husson) wafaka i-neurochronaxic ngokwethiyori nangokuhlola. Ithiyori yokwakheka komsindo, ngokusho kokusikwa, ukudlidliza kokugoqa kwezwi kwenziwa ngenxa yokufinyela okusheshayo, okusebenzayo kwemicu yemisipha yezwi ngaphansi kwethonya le-volley of impulses eza nemvamisa yomsindo eduze kwemoto. . umsipha we-larynx ngqo kusuka ezindaweni zobuchopho. Swing. umsebenzi wokugoqa uwumsebenzi okhethekile we-larynx. Ukuvama kokuguquguquka kwazo akuxhomekile ekuphefumuleni. Ngokombono ka-Yusson, uhlobo luka-G. lunqunywa ngokuphelele ukuthakazelisa kwenjini. inzwa ye-larynx futhi ayincikile kubude bemiphetho, njengoba bekucatshangwa ngaphambili. Ukuguqulwa kwamarejista kuchazwa ngokushintsha kokuqhutshwa kwe-nerve ephindaphindiwe. I-Neurochronax. Ithiyori ayizange yamukelwe jikelele. Yomibili le mibono ayifani. Kungenzeka ukuthi zombili izinqubo ze-myoelastic kanye ne-neurochronaxic zenziwa ku-apparatus yezwi. izindlela zokukhiqiza umsindo.

G. kungaba inkulumo, ukucula nokuhleba. Izwi lisetshenziswa ngezindlela ezahlukene enkulumweni nasekuhlabeleleni. Lapho ekhuluma, u-G. onkamisa uslayida phezulu noma phansi esikalini somsindo, enze uhlobo oluthile lwemelodi yenkulumo, futhi amagama aphumelela elinye nelinye ngesivinini esimaphakathi samasekhondi angu-0,2. Izinguquko kuphimbo namandla emisindo zenza inkulumo izwakale, idale iziphimiso futhi ibambe iqhaza ekudluliselweni kwencazelo. Ekuculeni ukuphakama, ubude bohlamvu ngalunye bunqunywa ngokuqinile, futhi amandla e-dynamics angaphansi komqondo wokuthuthukiswa kwama-muses. imishwana. Inkulumo ehlebayo ihlukile enkulumweni evamile nokuhlabelela ngoba phakathi kwayo izintambo zezwi azidlidlizi, futhi umthombo womsindo umsindo ovela lapho umoya udlula emiphimbeni evulekile yephimbo kanye noqwanga lwe-glottis.

Hlukanisa ukucula G. isethi futhi ayimisiwe, yasekhaya. Ngaphansi kokwakhiwa kwe-G. kuqondwa inqubo yokujwayela nokuthuthukiswa kwayo ku-prof. sebenzisa. Izwi elikhululiwe libhekene nokukhanya, ubuhle, amandla nokuzinza komsindo, ububanzi obubanzi, ukuguquguquka, ukungakhathali; izwi elibekiwe lisetshenziswa abahlabeleli, abaculi, izikhulumi, njll. umuntu uyakwazi ukucula okubizwa. "yasekhaya" G. Nokho, umculi. U-G. uhlangana kancane. U-G onjalo ubonakala ngokucula okuyisici. izimfanelo: ethize. i-timbre, amandla anele, ukulingana nobubanzi bebanga. Lezi zimfanelo zemvelo zincike ku-anatomical kanye ne-physiological. izici zomzimba, ikakhulukazi kusukela kusakhiwo se-larynx kanye nomthethosisekelo we-neuro-endocrine. Umculi ongalethiwe. G. ngo-prof. ukusetshenziswa kudinga ukusethwa, okumele kuhlangabezane nencazelo ethile. umkhakha wokusetshenziswa kwayo (i-opera, ukucula kwegumbi, ukucula ngesitayela somdabu, ubuciko obuhlukahlukene, njll.). Idlalwa ku-opera-conc. indlela kaProf. izwi kufanele libe nengoma enhle, eyakhiwe kahle. i-timbre, ibanga lama-octave amabili abushelelezi, amandla anele. Umculi kumele athuthukise inqubo yokushelela kanye ne-cantilena, afinyelele umsindo wemvelo nozwakalayo wegama. Kwabanye abantu, lezi zimfanelo zingokwemvelo. Abanjalo babizwa ngokuthi bakhululwe emvelweni.

Izwi eliculayo libonakala ngobude, ububanzi (ivolumu), amandla, kanye ne-timbre (umbala). Iphimbo lisekela ukuhlukaniswa kwamazwi. Isamba sevolumu yamaphimbo ezingoma - cishe ama-octave angu-4,5: ukusuka ku-do-re ye-octave enkulu (amanothi aphansi we-bass octaves - 64-72 Hz) ukuya ku-F-sol ye-octave yesithathu (1365-1536 Hz), ngezinye izikhathi phezulu (amanothi aphezulu e-coloratura sopranos) . Ububanzi buka-G. buncike kokusebenza komzimba. izici zemishini yezwi. Kungaba kokubili ububanzi uma kuqhathaniswa futhi kube mncane. Isilinganiso sobubanzi bengoma engalethiwe. G. omdala ulingana ne-octave eyodwa nengxenye. Okwephrof. ukusebenza kudinga ububanzi be-G. obungama-octave angu-2. Amandla ka-G. ancike emandleni ezingxenye zomoya odabula i-glottis, isb. ngokulandelana ku-amplitude ye-oscillations yezinhlayiya zomoya. Ukuma kwemigodi ye-oropharyngeal kanye nezinga lokuvula umlomo kunethonya elikhulu emandleni ezwi. Lapho umlomo uvuleka kakhulu, i-G. ikhipha kangcono emkhathini. I-Operatic G. ifinyelela amandla angama-decibel angu-120 ebangeni elingamamitha angu-1 ukusuka emlonyeni. Amandla okuphokophele ezwi anele ukusho phezulu kwawo endlebeni yomlaleli. Umsindo we-G. ubonwa njengophezulu uma uqukethe amathoni amaningi aphezulu wokuhleleka okungu-3000 Hz – amaza, lapho indlebe ezwela kakhulu kuwo. Ngakho-ke, ukuphakama akuxhunywanga kuphela ngamandla omsindo, kodwa futhi ne-timbre. I-timbre incike ekubunjweni kwethoni ephezulu yemisindo yezwi. Ama-overtones ahambisana nephimbo eliyisisekelo aphakama ku-glottis; isethi yabo incike kuhlobo lokudlidliza kanye nemvelo yokuvalwa kokugoqa kwezwi. Ngenxa ye-resonance yemigodi ye-trachea, i-larynx, i-pharynx kanye nomlomo, amanye ama-overtones ayanda. Lokhu kushintsha ithoni ngokufanele.

I-Timbre iyikhwalithi echazayo yokucula. G. I-timbre yomculi omuhle. I-G. ibonakala ngokukhanya, i-metallicity, ikhono lokugijimela ehholo (indiza) futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ukujikeleza, umsindo "wenyama". I-Metallicity nokundiza kungenxa yokuba khona kwama-overtones athuthukisiwe esifundeni esingu-2600-3000 Hz, okuthiwa. ingoma ephezulu. amafomu. "Inyama" kanye nokujikeleza kuhlotshaniswa nokukhuphuka kwama-overtones esifundeni se-500 Hz - okuthiwa. ingoma ephansi. amafomu. Ukulingana komculi. i-timbre incike ekhonweni lokulondoloza lezi zakhiwo kubo bonke onkamisa nakubo bonke ububanzi. Ukucula G. kumnandi endlebeni uma kune-pulsation ephinyiselwe nemvamisa ye-5-6 oscillations ngomzuzwana - okuthiwa i-vibrato. I-Vibrato itshela u-G. umlingiswa ogelezayo futhi ibonwa njengengxenye ebalulekile ye-timbre.

Kumculi ongaqeqeshiwe, i-timbre ye-G. iyashintsha kuso sonke isikali somsindo, ngoba. G. inesakhiwo serejista. Irejista iqondwa njengenani lemisindo ezwakala ngokufanayo, i-to-rye yenziwa nge-uniform physiological. indlela. Uma indoda icelwa ukuba icule uchungechunge lwemisindo ekhuphukayo, khona-ke endaweni ethile izozwa ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukukhipha imisindo ngendlela efanayo. Kuphela ngokushintsha indlela yokwakheka komsindo ku-falsetto, okungukuthi i-fistula, uzokwazi ukuthatha iziqongo ezimbalwa eziphakeme. Owesilisa G. unamarejista ama-2: isifuba ne-falsetto, kanti owesifazane 3: isifuba, isifuba (phakathi) nekhanda. Ekuhlanganeni kwamarejista kulele imisindo engakhululekile, okuthiwa. amanothi enguquko. Amarejista anqunywa ngokushintsha kwemvelo yomsebenzi wezintambo zezwi. Imisindo yerejista yesifuba izwakala kakhulu esifubeni, futhi imisindo yerejista yekhanda izwakala ekhanda (yingakho amagama abo). Kumarejista omculi u-G. adlala indima enkulu, enikeza umsindo othize. umbala. I-opera yesimanjemanje. ukucula kudinga ukulingana kwe-timbre komsindo wezwi kulo lonke uhla. Lokhu kufezwa ngokwakhiwa kwerejista exubile. Yakhiwa ohlotsheni oluxubile lomsebenzi wezithungu, ku-Krom esifubeni nokunyakaza kwe-falsetto kuhlangene. Lokho. kwakhiwa i-timbre, lapho isifuba nekhanda imisindo izwakala kanyekanye. Kumsindo wabesifazane we-G. oxubile (oxubile) ungokwemvelo phakathi nobubanzi. Kwabaningi besilisa G. lobu ubuciko. irejista eyakhiwe ngokwesisekelo njll. "imboza" ingxenye engaphezulu yobubanzi. Ukuphimisa okuxubile nokuzwakala kwesifuba kusetshenziswa ezingxenyeni zamazwi aphansi abesifazane (okubizwa ngokuthi amanothi esifuba). Ukuphimisa okuxubile (okuxubile) okunobukhulu be-falsetto (okuthiwa i-leaned falsetto) kusetshenziswa kumanothi aphezulu ngokwedlulele we-G.

Kuyo yonke impilo G. yomuntu udlula izindlela. izinguquko. Kusukela eneminyaka engu-2, ingane iqala ukukhuluma kahle, futhi kusukela eminyakeni engu-3-2, ithola ikhono lokucula. Ngaphambi kokuthomba, amazwi abafana namantombazane awahlukani. Ububanzi be-G. busuka kumathoni angu-2 lapho beneminyaka engu-13 bukhuphuka ngeminyaka engu-10 ukuya ku-octave eyodwa nengxenye. Iziginci zezingane zine-timbre ekhethekile "yesiliva", zizwakala zimnene, kodwa zihlukaniswa ngamandla nokunotha kwe-timbre. I-Pevch. G. izingane zisetshenziswa uCh. ar. kucula ikhwaya. Izingane ezicula yedwa ziyivelakancane. High izingane G. – soprano (emantombazaneni) kanye treble (kubafana). I-G. yezingane eziphansi - i-viola (kubafana). Kuze kube yiminyaka eyi-17, i-harmonics yezingane izwakala ncamashi kulo lonke uhla, futhi kamuva umehluko emsindweni wamanothi aphezulu naphansi uqala ukuzwakala, okuhlotshaniswa nokwakhiwa kwamarejista. Ngesikhathi sokuthomba, i-G. yabafana iyancipha nge-octave futhi ithola umbala wesilisa. Lesi senzo soguquko sibhekisela ezicini zobulili zesibili futhi kubangelwa ukuhlelwa kabusha komzimba ngaphansi kwethonya lesistimu ye-endocrine. Uma i-larynx yamantombazane phakathi nalesi sikhathi ikhula ngokulinganayo kuzo zonke izinhlangothi, khona-ke i-larynx yabafana ihamba phambili izikhathi ezingaphezu kwesigamu nengxenye, yakha i-apula lika-Adamu. Lokhu kushintsha ngokuphawulekayo iphimbo nengoma. izimfanelo G. umfana. Ukuze kugcinwe abaculi abavelele. G. abafana e-Italy 18-50 eminyaka. kwasetshenziswa ukuthenwa. I-Pevch. Izakhiwo zika-G. zamantombazane zisala ngemva kokuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo. Iphimbo lomuntu omdala lihlala lingashintshile kuze kube yiminyaka engama-60-XNUMX, lapho, ngenxa yokubuna komzimba, ubuthakathaka, ubuthakathaka be-timbre, nokulahlekelwa kwamanothi aphezulu obubanzi kuphawulwe kuwo.

G. zihlukaniswa ngokuya nge-timbre yomsindo nokuphakama kwemisindo esetshenzisiwe. Kuwo wonke amakhulu eminyaka ekhona, uProf. ecula mayelana nenkinga ye-wok. ukuhlukaniswa kweqembu G. sekudlule izindlela. izinguquko. Ezinhlotsheni ezi-4 zamazwi eziyinhloko ezisekhona kumakhwaya (iphimbo labesifazane eliphakeme neliphansi, amazwi abesilisa aphakeme naphansi), amazwi aphakathi nendawo (i-mezzo-soprano ne-baritone) agqama, kwase kwakheka izinhlobo ezincane. Ngokusho okwamukelwe okwamanje. Ngesikhathi sokuhlukaniswa, amazwi abesifazane alandelayo ahlukaniswa: high - coloratura soprano, lyric-coloratura soprano, lyric. i-soprano, i-lyric-dramatic soprano, i-dramatic soprano; phakathi - i-mezzo-soprano kanye ne-low - contralto. Emadodeni, amazwi aphezulu ahlukaniswa – i-altino tenor, i-lyric tenor, i-lyric-dramatic tenor, ne-dramatic tenor; i-middle G. - i-lyric baritone, i-lyrical-dramatic ne-dramatic baritone; i-G ephansi - i-bass iphezulu, noma i-melodious (cantante), futhi iphansi. Emakhwaya, ama-bass octave ayahlukaniswa, akwazi ukuthatha yonke imisindo ye-octave enkulu. Kukhona ama-G., athatha indawo emaphakathi phakathi kwalawo asohlwini lwalolu hlelo lokuhlukanisa. Uhlobo luka-G. luncike enanini le-anatomical kanye ne-physiological. izici zomzimba, ngobukhulu kanye nokuqina kwezintambo zezwi nezinye izingxenye ze-vocal apparatus, ohlotsheni lomthethosisekelo we-neuro-endocrine, uhlotshaniswa nesimo sengqondo. Empeleni, uhlobo luka-G. lusungulwa izici eziningi, okuyizona eziyinhloko: imvelo ye-timbre, ububanzi, ikhono lokumelana ne-tessitura, indawo yamanothi enguquko, kanye nokuthakazelisa kokunyakaza. . I-nerve ye-larynx (chronaxia), i-anatomical. izimpawu.

I-Pevch. U-G. ubonakala ngokugcwele emisindweni yonkamisa, lapho kuculwa khona ngempela. Kodwa-ke, ukucula ngonkamisa owodwa ngaphandle kwamagama kusetshenziswa kuphela ekuzilolongeni, kuphimbo nalapho kwenziwa imiculo. imihlobiso ye-wok. isebenza. Njengomthetho, umculo namagama kufanele kuhlanganiswe ngokulinganayo ekuculeni. Ikhono “lokukhuluma” ekuculeni, okungukuthi, ukulandela izimiso zolimi, ngokukhululeka, ngokumsulwa nangokujwayelekile ukuphimisa ubunkondlo. umbhalo uyisimo esibalulekile ku-prof. ukucula. Ukuqondakala kombhalo ngesikhathi sokucula kunqunywa ukucaca nomsebenzi wokuphimisa ongwaqa, okumele kuphazamise okwesikhashana nje umsindo Wonkamisa baka-G. abakha i-wok. iculo, kumele liphinyiselwe ngokulondolozwa kwengoma eyodwa. i-timbre, enikeza umsindo wezwi ukulingana okukhethekile. Ubumnandi buka-G., ikhono lakhe “lokugeleza” lincike ekwakhekeni kwezwi okulungile nokuhola kwezwi: ikhono lokusebenzisa indlela ye-legato, ukugcina isimo esizinzile kumsindo ngamunye. ukudlidliza.

Ithonya elinqumayo ekuboniseni nasekuthuthukisweni kokucula. G. uhumusha okuthiwa. iphimbo (ukuba lula kokucula) kolimi kanye nemelodi. impahla. Hlukanisa phakathi kwezilimi zezwi nezingezona ezezwi. Okwawok. Izilimi zibonakala ngonkamisa abaningi, abaphinyiswa ngokugcwele, ngokucacile, kalula, ngaphandle kokuzwakala kwekhala, izithulu, i-guttural noma imisindo ejulile; abajwayele ukuba nokuphimisela ongwaqa okunzima, kanye nobuningi babo, abanawo ongwaqa abanomphimbo. Ulimi lwezwi isiNtaliyane. Iculo lizwakala ngokushelela, ukuntula ukugxuma, ukuzola yilabo, ukusetshenziswa kwengxenye ephakathi nendawo, ukunyakaza kancane kancane, ukuthuthukiswa okunengqondo, kalula ukuqonda kokuzwa.

I-Pevch. G. zitholakala ngoDisemba. amaqembu ezizwe awavamile ngokufanayo. Ekusabalaliseni amazwi, ngaphandle kwephimbo lolimi ne-nat. izingoma zomculo zithonywa izici ezinjengokuthanda umculo kanye nezinga lokuba khona kwawo phakathi kwabantu, izici zezwe. izindlela zokucula, ikakhulukazi ngokwengqondo. i-warehouse kanye nesimo sezulu, impilo, njll. I-Italy ne-Ukraine zidume nge-G.

References: 1) Mazel L., O melody, M., 1952; Skrebkov S., Incwadi ye-polyphony, M., 1965; Tyulin Yu. kanye no-Rivano I., Izisekelo Zethiyori ZeHarmony, M., 1965; 4) Zhinkin NN, Izindlela zokukhuluma, M., 1958; Fant G., ithiyori ye-Acoustic yokwakheka kwenkulumo, trans. kusukela esiNgisini, M., 1964; Morozov VP, Izimfihlo zokukhuluma ngezwi, L., 1967; I-Dmitriev LV, Izisekelo zendlela yokukhuluma, M., 1968; Mitrinovich-Modrzeevska A., I-Pathophysiology yokukhuluma, izwi nokuzwa, i-trans. kusukela ngesiPolish, eWarsaw, ngo-1965; Ermolaev VG, Lebedeva HF, Morozov VP, Umhlahlandlela we-phoniatrics, L., 1970; Tarneaud J., Seeman M., La voix et la parole, P., 1950; Luchsinger R., Arnold GE, Lehrbuch der Stimme und Sprachheilkunde, W., 1959; Husson R., La voix chante, P., 1960.

FG Arzamanov, LB Dmitriev