Amandla |

I-Dynamics (kusuka ku-Greek dynamixos - ukuba namandla, ukusuka ku-dunamis - amandla) emculweni - isethi yezenzakalo ezihlobene nokubola. amazinga omsindo omkhulu, kanye nemfundiso yalezi zenzakalo. Igama elithi "D.", elaziwa kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo. ifilosofi, ebolekwe emfundisweni yemishini; ngokusobala, wethulwa okokuqala kumamyuziyamu. imfundiso kanye nokusebenza kweSwitzerland. uthisha womculo XG Negeli (1810). D. isekelwe ekusetshenzisweni kwemisindo yokubola. izinga lomsindo omkhulu, ukuphikisa kwabo okuphambene noma ukuguquka kancane kancane. Izinhlobo eziyinhloko zezimpawu eziguquguqukayo: i-forte (efushanisiwe f) - ngokuzwakalayo, ngokunamandla; upiyano (p) – buthule, buthaka; i-mezzo forte (mf) - umsindo ophakathi; i-mezzo upiyano (mp) - ithule kancane; i-fortissimo (ff) – pianissimo enomsindo kakhulu (pp) – ithule kakhulu i-forte-fortissimo (fff) – inomsindo omkhulu kakhulu; i-piano-pianissimo (ppr) - ithule kakhulu. Wonke lawa madigri omsindo ozwakalayo ahlobene, awaphelele, incazelo yawo eyingxenye yomkhakha wama-acoustics; inani eliphelele lazo zonke lincike ezintweni eziningi - ashukumisayo. amandla ensimbi (izwi) noma iqoqo lezinsimbi (amazwi), i-acoustic. izici zegumbi, ukuchazwa kokusebenza komsebenzi, njll. Ukwanda kancane kancane komsindo - crescendo (isithombe esiyingcaca

); ukuncipha kancane kancane - i-diminuendo noma i-decrescendo (

). Ushintsho olubukhali, oluzumayo kumbala oguqukayo luchazwa ngegama elithi subito. Piano subito – ushintsho kungazelelwe ukusuka phezulu ukuya ethulile, forte subito – ethule cwaka. Ukuze shades ashukumisayo zihlanganisa diff. izinhlobo zokuphimisa (bona i-Accent) ezihlotshaniswa nokwabiwa kwe-otd. imisindo nongwaqa, okuphinde kuthinte imethrikhi.

D. iyindlela ebaluleke kakhulu yomculo. izinkulumo. Njenge-chiaroscuro ekudwebeni, i-D. iyakwazi ukukhiqiza ezengqondo. kanye nomzwelo. imiphumela yamandla amakhulu, ivusa izifanekiso nezikhala. izinhlangano. I-Forte ingakha umbono wento egqamile, ejabulisayo, enkulu, upiyano - encane, edabukisayo, i-fortissimo - ebabazekayo, enamandla, ebabazekayo, futhi elethwe ngamandla amakhulu - amangalisayo, ayesabisayo. Ngokuphambene nalokho, i-pianissimo ihlotshaniswa nesisa, ngokuvamile okuyimfihlakalo. Izinguquko ekukhuphukeni nasekuweni kwe-sonority zidala umphumela "wokusondela" kanye "nokususa". Umculo othile. umkhiqizo. yakhelwe umthelela othile oguquguqukayo: i-chor. umdlalo othi "Echo" ka-O. Lasso wakhelwe ekuphikiseni komsindo omkhulu futhi othulile, "Bolero" ka-M. Ravel - ngokunyuka kancane kancane komsindo, okuholela esiphethweni. ingxenye eya emvuthwandaba omkhulu.

Ukusetshenziswa kwe-dynamic Shades kunqunywa int. ingqikithi kanye nomlingiswa womculo, isitayela sawo, izici zesakhiwo se-muses. isebenza. Ngokuhlukile. inkathi yobuhle. Imibandela ye-D., izidingo zemvelo yayo nezindlela zokusetshenziswa kushintshile. Omunye wemithombo yokuqala ye-D. I-echo umehluko obukhali, oqondile phakathi kwemisindo ephezulu nethambile. Kuze kube ser. 18 ku. umculo ubuphethwe nguD. forte kanye upiyano. Ukuthuthukiswa okuphezulu kakhulu kwalokhu okuguquguqukayo. umgomo owatholwa enkathini ye-Baroque ngobuciko bawo "wokuqhathanisa okuhlelwa kahle", odonsela etsheni lesikhumbuzo. i-polyphonic. ama-wok shapes. kanye ne-instr. umculo, emiphumeleni ekhanyayo ye-chiaroscuro. Ngomculo wenkathi ye-Baroque, i-D. kanye nokubonakaliswa kwayo okucashile - D. amarejista. Lolu hlobo lwe-D. kuphendule futhi kubusa iminyuziyamu. amathuluzi enkathi, ikakhulukazi amathuluzi anjenge-organ, i-harpsichord (cishe i-F yokugcina. U-Couperin wabhala ukuthi "akunakwenzeka ukwandisa noma ukunciphisa amandla emisindo", ngo-1713), futhi isitayela sokuhlobisa isikhumbuzo sinezinhlangothi eziningi. i-wok-instr. umculo wesikole saseVenice, nezinduna zakhona. isimiso se-coro spezzato - ukuphikiswa kwe-decomp. ubuthi. amaqembu nemidlalo 2 imizimba. Izindlela eziningi. instr. umculo wale nkathi - pre-classical. concerto grosso - esekelwe ebukhali, eqondile. ophikisayo i-forte nepiyano - ukudlala i-concerto ne-concertino, ngokuvamile ihlukene, ngokuvamile ihluke kakhulu hhayi kuphela ku-timbre, kodwa futhi kuvolumu yomsindo wamaqembu wezinsimbi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo emkhakheni we-solo wok. ukusebenza kakade esikhathini sokuqala se-baroque, izinguquko ezibushelelezi, kancane kancane kumthamo womsindo zatshalwa. Emkhakheni we-instr. umculo ukuya ekushintsheni ku-D onjalo. yaba nesandla ekuguqukeni okukhulu kwezomculo. ikhithi yamathuluzi, efeziwe ngo-con. 17 - cela. Ikhulu le-18, ukuvunyelwa kwe-violin, futhi kamuva nepiyano yohlobo lwesando. njengezinsimbi zomculo ezihamba ngazodwa ezihamba phambili ezinama-dynamics ahlukahlukene. amathuba, ukuthuthukiswa komculo omnandi, onwetshiwe, oguquguqukayo, onekhono ngokwengqondo. imiculo, ukunothisa i-harmonic. izimali. Ivayolini nezinsimbi zomndeni wevayolini zakha isisekelo sakudala esafufusa. (encane) i-symph. i-orchestra. Izimpawu ezihlukene ze-crescendo ne-diminuendo zitholakala phakathi kwabanye abaqambi kusukela ngekhulu le-17: D. UMazzocchi (1640), J. F. URamo (ikhulu lama-30 le-18). Kukhona inkomba ye-crescendo il forte ku-opera ethi “Artaxerxes” ka-N. U-Yommelli (1749). F. U-Geminiani waba ngowokuqala umculi. u-virtuoso, owasebenzisa ngo-1739, lapho ephinda ekhipha i-sonatas yakhe ye-violin ne-bass, op. 1 (1705), amandla akhethekile. izimpawu zokwandisa amandla omsindo (/) kanye nokuwunciphisa (); wachaza: “umsindo kufanele uqale buthule bese ukhula ngokulinganayo ube ingxenye yesikhathi (inothi), ngemva kwalokho uyehla kancane kancane ubheke ekupheleni.” Lesi sibonakaliso sokusebenza, sibhekisela ku-crescendo kunothi elilodwa, kufanele sihlukaniswe ne-crescendo yesikhashana ngaphakathi kwamamyuziyemu amakhulu. ukwakhiwa, ukusetshenziswa okwaqalwa ngabamele isikole saseMannheim. Izikhathi abangene ngazo. ukukhuphuka nokuwa okuguquguqukayo, ama-dynamics acace kakhudlwana. ama-shades ayengewona amasu okwenza izinto ezintsha kuphela, kodwa futhi ne-organic. izici zesitayela somculo wabo. UMannheimers ufake i-dynamics entsha. isimiso - i-forte y ayifinyelelwanga ngokukhulisa inani lamazwi (indlela eyasetshenziswa kabanzi ngaphambili), kodwa ngokukhulisa umsindo wayo yonke i-orc. ndawonye. Bathole ukuthi upiyano lenza kangcono uma kukhona abaculi abanohlonze ekuculweni. Ngakho, i-orchestra yakhululwa ku-static futhi yakwazi ukwenza izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokucula ezishukumisayo. "ama-modulations". I-crescendo yesikhashana, exhumanisa i-forte nepiyano ndawonye kube okuguquguqukayo okukodwa. wonke, kwakusho isimiso esisha emculweni, siqhumisa iminyuziyamu endala. amafomu asekelwe ekuqhathaniseni D. kanye noD. amarejista. Isitatimende sakudala. ifomu le-sonata (sonata allegro), ukwethulwa kwezimiso ezintsha ze-thematic. ukuthuthukiswa kuholele ekusetshenzisweni kokuguquguquka okuningiliziwe, okucashile. ama-shades, asuselwe kakade “kokugqama phakathi kohlaka lwetimu emincane kakhulu. imfundo” (X. Riemann). Isimangalo "sokuqhathanisa okuhlelwe kahle" sinikeze indawo yesimangalo "sokushintsha kancane kancane". Lezi zimiso ezimbili eziyinhloko eziguquguqukayo zithole i-organic yazo. inhlanganisela emculweni we-L. I-Beethoven enokwehluka kwayo okunamandla (indlela eyintandokazi yepiyano ye-subito - ukukhuphuka komsindo kuphazamiseka kungazelelwe, kunikeze upiyano ithuba) futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo izinguquko kancane kancane zisuka ku-dynamic eyodwa. umthunzi komunye. Kamuva zathuthukiswa abaqambi bothando, ikakhulukazi uG. Berlioz. Okwe-orc. imisebenzi yakamuva ibonakala ngenhlanganisela yezinto eziguquguqukayo ezihlukahlukene. imiphumela echazwe. ama-instrument timbres, esivumela ukuthi sikhulume ngohlobo "lwe-dynamic. amapende” (indlela kamuva eyathuthukiswa kabanzi i-Impressionists). Kamuva, i-polydynamics nayo yathuthukiswa - umehluko kumdlalo wokuhlanganisa we-dynamic. shades at otd. izinsimbi noma i-orchestra. amaqembu, okwenza umphumela wokuguquguquka okuhle. i-polyphony (okujwayelekile kwe-G. Mahler). D. idlala indima enkulu kwezobuciko bemidlalo. Umqondo wesilinganiso somculo. I-sonority ingenye yezimo eziyinhloko zobuciko. ukubulawa. Ukwephulwa kwawo kungahlanekezela okuqukethwe komculo. Njengoba ixhunywe ngokungenakuhlukaniswa ne-agogics, ukuphimisela kanye nemisho, D. kakhulu kunqunywa umuntu ngamunye. enza. isitayela, umlingiswa wokuhumusha, ubuhle. umenzi we-orientation. izikole. Ezinye zibonakala ngezimiso ze-undulating D., i-fractional dynamic.

Ngokunyakaza okuhlukahlukene kwe-avant-garde kwekhulu lama-20. ukusetshenziswa kwezinsiza ezinamandla kunezinguquko ezinkulu. Emculweni we-athonal, ukuhlukana nokuvumelana nokuzijabulisa. ubudlelwane, ukuxhumana okuseduze kwe-D. nengqondo ye-harmonic. intuthuko ilahlekile. Abaculi be-Avant-garde baphinde baguqule umphumela oguqukayo. ukungezwani, lapho, ngokwesibonelo, kwichord eqhubekayo, insimbi ngayinye ishintsha amandla ayo omsindo ngendlela ehlukile (K. Stockhausen, Zeitmasse). Kumculo we-polyserial oguqukayo. ama-shades angaphansi ngokuphelele ochungechungeni, umsindo ngamunye uhlotshaniswa nezinga elithile lomsindo.

References: I-Mostras KG, i-Dynamics ku-violin art, M., 1956; Kogan GM, Umsebenzi womdlali wepiyano, M., 1963, 1969, p. 161-64; Pazovsky AM, Amanothi omqhubi, M., 1966, p. 287-310, M., 1968.

I-IM Yampolsky