U-André Grétry |

U-Andre Gretry

Umqambi we-opera waseFrance wekhulu lama-60. U-A. Gretry - owayephila ngesikhathi kanye nofakazi weNguquko YaseFrance - wayengumuntu obaluleke kakhulu endlini ye-opera yaseFrance ngesikhathi Sokukhanyiselwa. Ukushuba kwesimo sezombangazwe, lapho kulungiselelwa isiyaluyalu soguquko, lapho imibono nokuthanda kungqubuzana emzabalazweni obukhali, akuzange kudlule i-opera: ngisho nalapha kwagqashuka izimpi, amaqembu abalandeli bomqambi oyedwa noma omunye, kwavela uhlobo noma isiqondiso. Ama-opera ka-Gretry (c. XNUMX) ahlukene kakhulu ngezihloko kanye nohlobo, kodwa i-comic opera, uhlobo lwentando yeningi lwethiyetha yomculo, ithatha indawo ebaluleke kakhulu emsebenzini wakhe. Amaqhawe ayo kwakungewona onkulunkulu basendulo namaqhawe (njengasenhlekeleleni ye-lyrical, eyayiphelelwe yisikhathi ngaleso sikhathi), kodwa abantu abavamile futhi ngokuvamile abameleli bendawo yesithathu).

UGretry wazalelwa emndenini womculi. Kusukela eneminyaka engu-9, umfana ufunda esikoleni se-parochial, uqala ukuqamba umculo. Lapho eneminyaka engu-17, wayesevele engumbhali wemisebenzi eminingana engokomoya (uquqaba, ama-motets). Kodwa akuzona lezi zinhlobo ezizoba yizo eziyinhloko ekuphileni kwakhe okuqhubekayo kokudala. Emuva e-Liege, ngesikhathi sokuvakasha kweqembu lase-Italy, esengumfana oneminyaka eyishumi nantathu ubudala, waqala ukubona imidlalo ye-opera buffa. Kamuva, ethuthuka eRoma iminyaka engu-5, wakwazi ukujwayelana nemisebenzi engcono kakhulu yalolu hlobo. Ekhuthazwe wumculo ka-G. Pergolesi, N. Piccinni, B. Galuppi, ngo-1765 u-Gretry udale i-opera yakhe yokuqala, i-The Grape Picker. Wabe esethola udumo oluphezulu lokuqokwa njengelungu le-Bologna Philharmonic Academy. Okubalulekile empumelelweni yesikhathi esizayo eParis kwaba umhlangano noVoltaire eGeneva (1766). Ibhalwe kuhlelo lukaVoltaire, i-opera Huron (1768) - eyokuqala komqambi waseParisian - yamlethela udumo nokuqashelwa.

Njengoba isazi-mlando somculo u-G. Abert saphawula, u-Gretry “wayenomqondo oguquguquka kakhulu nomdlandla, futhi phakathi kwabaculi baseParis bangaleso sikhathi wayenendlebe ezwela kakhulu ezimfunweni eziningi ezintsha uRousseau kanye nama-Encyclopedist azibeke phambili ngaphambi kwesiteji sokudlala …” UGretry wenza i-opera yamahlaya yesiFulentshi yahluka ngokukhethekile endabeni yezihloko: i-opera i-Huron yenza (ngomoya kaRousseau) impilo yamaNdiya aseMelika engathintwa impucuko; amanye ama-opera, njengokuthi “Lucille”, aveza ingqikithi yokungalingani kwezenhlalo futhi asondele ku-opera-seria. U-Gretry wayesondelene kakhulu nehlaya elinozwela, “elikhalayo,” elinikeza abantu abavamile imizwa ejulile neqotho. Unama-opera (noma kancane) ahlekisayo, acwebezela ngobumnandi, ama-opera emoyeni ka-G. Rossini: “Izikhohlakali ezimbili”, “Isithombe Esikhulumayo”. UGretry wayezithanda kakhulu izindaba ezinhle, eziyinganekwane (“uZemira no-Azor”). I-exoticism, imibala enemibala kanye nokubukeka komculo kule midlalo kuvula indlela ye-opera yothando.

U-Gretry udale ama-opera akhe ahamba phambili ngeminyaka yawo-80s. (ngosuku olwandulela uguquko) ngokubambisana nombhali wemidlalo yeshashalazi uM. Seden. Lezi yi-opera yomlando "uRichard the Lionheart" (umculo ovela kuwo wawusetshenziswa uP. Tchaikovsky ku-"Queen of Spades"), "Raul the Bluebeard". U-Gretry uzuza udumo lwase-pan-European. Kusukela ngo-1787 waba umhloli wemidlalo yaseshashalazini ye-Comedie Italienne; ikakhulukazi kuye, kwasungulwa isikhundla somhloli wasebukhosini womculo. Izenzakalo zango-1789 zavula ikhasi elisha emisebenzini kaGretri, owaba omunye wabadali bomculo omusha, wezinguquko. Izingoma namahubo akhe kwakuzwakala phakathi nemikhosi enesizotha, ephithizelayo eyayibanjelwe ezigcawini zaseParis. Inguquko yenza izimfuno ezintsha kumdlalo weshashalazi. Inzondo yombuso wobukhosi owaketulwa kwaholela ekuvinjweni yiKomidi Lokuphepha Komphakathi lemidlalo yakhe ewuchungechunge efana nethi “Richard the Lionheart” kanye “noPeter the Great”. U-Gretry udala imisebenzi ehlangabezana nomoya wezikhathi, eveza isifiso senkululeko: “William Tshela”, “Umashiqela uDionysius”, “Okhethiwe WeRiphabhulikhi, noma uMkhosi Wobuhle”. Kuvela uhlobo olusha - lokho okubizwa ngokuthi "i-opera yezinto ezesabisayo nensindiso" (lapho izimo ezibucayi zaxazululwa khona nge-denouement ephumelelayo) - ubuciko bamathoni aqinile nomthelela weshashalazi ogqamile, ofana nomdwebo we-classicist kaDavide. U-Gretry ube ngomunye wabokuqala ukudala ama-opera kulolu hlobo (Lisabeth, Eliska, noma Uthando Lukamama). I-Salvation Opera ibe nomthelela omkhulu ku-opera ka-Beethoven kuphela, i-Fidelio.

Phakathi neminyaka yoMbuso WaseNapoleon, umsebenzi womqambi kaGretry ngokuvamile wenqaba, kodwa waphendukela emsebenzini wokubhala futhi wanyathelisa i-Memoirs, noma i-Essays on Music, lapho ezwakalisa ukuqonda kwakhe ngezinkinga zobuciko futhi washiya ulwazi oluningi oluthakazelisayo mayelana nesikhathi sakhe futhi. ngaye.

Ngo-1795, u-Gretry wakhethwa njenge-academician (ilungu le-Institute of France) futhi waqokwa omunye wabahloli be-Paris Conservatory. Wachitha iminyaka yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe eMontmorency (eduze kwaseParis). Okubaluleke kancane emsebenzini kaGretry umculo wezinsimbi (i-symphony, ikhonsathi yomtshingo, ama-quartets), kanye nama-opera ohlotsheni lwezigigaba ezibuhlungu ezihlokweni zasendulo (u-Andromache, uCephalus no-Prokris). Amandla ethalente lika-Gretry alele ekuzweni okuzwelayo kokushintshashintsha kwesikhathi, kwalokho okwakujabulisa futhi kwathinta abantu ngezikhathi ezithile emlandweni.

K. Zenkin