Alexander Tikhonovich Grechaninov |

Alexander Gretchaninov

Grechaninov. "I-Special Litany" evela ku-"Demesne Liturgy" (Fyodor Chaliapin, 1932)

Ngokuhamba kweminyaka, ngaqina ngokwengeziwe ekuqapheleni ubizo lwami lwangempela, futhi kulolu bizo ngabona umsebenzi wami wempilo ... A. Grechaninov

Kwakukhona isiRashiya esingabhubhi emvelweni yakhe, wonke umuntu owahlangana no-A. Grechaninov waphawula. Wayewuhlobo lwengqondo yangempela yaseRussia - ehloniphekile, ebomvu, egqoke izibuko, enentshebe "Chekhov"; kodwa ngaphezu kwakho konke - lokho kuhlanzeka komphefumulo okukhethekile, ukuqina kwezinkolelo zokuziphatha okwanquma impilo yakhe kanye nesikhundla sakhe sokudala, ukwethembeka emasikweni omculo waseRussia, imvelo eqotho yokuyikhonza. Ifa lokudala likaGrechaninov likhulu - cishe. Imisebenzi eyi-1000, okuhlanganisa ama-opera angu-6, i-ballet yezingane, ama-symphonies angu-5, imisebenzi emikhulu ye-symphonic engu-9, umculo wemidlalo ephawulekayo engu-7, ama-quartet ezintambo ezi-4, izingoma eziningi zezinsimbi nezizwi. Kodwa ingxenye eyigugu kakhulu yaleli gugu umculo wamakhwaya, ezothando, amakhwaya kanye nemisebenzi yopiyano yezingane. Umculo kaGrechaninov wawudumile, uF. Chaliapin, L. Sobinov wawenza ngokuzithandela. A. Nezhdanova, N. Golovanov, L. Stokovsky. Nokho, biography zokudala umqambi kwakunzima.

“Ngangingeyena owalabo ababenenhlanhla ukuphila kwabo kugcwele ama-roses. Zonke izinyathelo zomsebenzi wami wobuciko zingilahlekisele ngomzamo omangalisayo.” Umndeni womthengisi waseMoscow uGrechaninov wabikezela ukuthi umfana uzohweba. “Kwaba lapho ngineminyaka engu-14 kuphela lapho ngabona khona upiyano okokuqala… Kusukela lapho, upiyano sekungumngane wami njalo.” Efunda kanzima, uGrechaninov ngo-1881, ngasese kubazali bakhe, wangena eMoscow Conservatory, lapho afunda khona noV. Safonov, A. Arensky, S. Taneyev. Wabheka Amakhonsathi Omlando ka-A. Rubinstein kanye nokuxhumana nomculo ka-P. Tchaikovsky njengezenzakalo ezinkulu kakhulu zokuphila kwakhe kwe-conservatory. “Ngisengumfana, ngakwazi ukuba semidlalweni yokuqala ka-Eugene Onegin kanye nethi The Queen of Spades. Ukuphila kwami ​​konke, ngalondoloza umbono omkhulu ngalawa ma-opera ayenawo kimi. Ngo-1890, ngenxa yokungavumelani no-Arensky, owaphika amakhono kaGrechaninov okuqamba, kwadingeka ashiye i-Moscow Conservatory futhi aye eSt. Lapha umqambi osemusha wahlangana nokuqonda okuphelele nokusekela okunomusa kukaN. Rimsky-Korsakov, kuhlanganise nokusekelwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo, okwakubalulekile kumuntu osemusha oswele. Grechaninov iziqu Conservatory ngo-1893, ethula cantata "Samson" njengoba umsebenzi diploma, futhi ngemva konyaka waklonyeliswa umklomelo emncintiswaneni Belyaevsky for First String Quartet. (I-Quartet Yesibili neyesithathu yabe isiklonyeliswa ngemiklomelo efanayo.)

Ngo-1896, uGrechaninov wabuyela eMoscow njengomqambi owaziwayo, umbhali we-First Symphony, izingoma eziningi zothando namakhwaya. Isikhathi somsebenzi osebenzayo wokudala, wokufundisa, wezenhlalo waqala. Ngemva kokusondelana no-K. Stanislavsky, uGrechaninov udala umculo wemidlalo yaseMoscow Art Theatre. Ukuhambisana komculo womdlalo ka-A. Ostrovsky othi "The Snow Maiden" kwaphumelela ngokukhethekile. UStanislavsky ubize lo mculo omuhle kakhulu.

Ngo-1903, umqambi wenza i-debut yakhe e-Bolshoi Theatre nge-opera Dobrynya Nikitich, ngokuhlanganyela kuka-F. Chaliapin no-A. Nezhdanova. I-opera ithole ukugunyazwa ngumphakathi nabagxeki. "Ngikubheka njengegalelo elihle emculweni we-opera waseRussia," u-Rimsky-Korsakov wabhalela umbhali. Phakathi nale minyaka, uGrechaninov wasebenza kakhulu ezinhlotsheni zomculo ongcwele, ezibeka umgomo wokuwusondeza "umoya wesintu" ngangokunokwenzeka. Futhi ukufundisa esikoleni sodade baseGnessin (kusukela ngo-1903) kwaba yisikhuthazo sokuqamba imidlalo yezingane. “Ngiyazithanda izingane… Ngezingane, ngangihlale ngizizwa ngilingana nazo,” kusho uGrechaninov, echaza indlela awenza ngayo umculo wezingane kalula. Ezinganeni, wabhala imijikelezo eminingi yamakwaya, okuhlanganisa “Ai, doo-doo!”, “Cockerel”, “Brook”, “Ladushki”, njll.; amaqoqo epiyano “I-albhamu Yezingane”, “Ubuhlalu”, “Izinganekwane”, “Ama-Spikers”, “Emfeni Oluhlaza”. Ama-opera i-Elochkin's Dream (1911), i-Teremok, i-Cat, iQhude ne-Fox (1921) yakhelwe ngokukhethekile ukudlala kwezingane. Zonke lezi zingoma zimnandi, ziyathakazelisa ngolimi lomculo.

Ngo-1903, uGrechaninov waba nengxenye enhlanganweni ye-Musical Section ye-Ethnographic Society e-Moscow University, ngo-1904 wabamba iqhaza ekwakhiweni kwe-People's Conservatory. Lo msebenzi oshukumisayo ocwaningweni nasekucutshungulweni kwezingoma zomdabu - isiRashiya, iBashkir, isiBelarusian.

UGrechaninov wethula umsebenzi onamandla ngesikhathi soguquko luka-1905. Kanye nomgxeki womculo u-Y. Engel, wayengumsunguli we "Declaration of Moscow Musicians", waqoqa izimali zemindeni yabasebenzi abafile. Emngcwabeni ka-E. Bauman, okwaholela ekubonisweni okudumile, wabhala "I-Funeral March". Izincwadi zale minyaka zigcwele ukugxeka okulimazayo kukahulumeni wama-tsarist. “Ishwa lekhaya! Yeka isisekelo esiqinile abazakhele bona ebumnyameni nasekungazini kwabantu…” Ukusabela komphakathi okwafika ngemuva kokunqotshwa koguquko kwabonakala ngezinga elithile emsebenzini kaGrechaninov: emijikelezweni yezwi “Izimbali Zobubi” (1909) ), “Dead Leaves” (1910), kuyi-opera ethi “Dade Beatrice” eyalandela uM. Maeterlinck (1910), kuba nemizwa engenathemba.

Eminyakeni yokuqala yombuso wamaSoviet, uGrechaninov wabamba iqhaza ngentshiseko empilweni yomculo: wahlela amakhonsathi nezinkulumo zabasebenzi, wahola iqembu labahlabeleli lezingane, wafundisa amakhwaya esikoleni somculo, wenza amakhonsathi, wahlela izingoma zomdabu, waqamba ingoma. okuningi. Nokho, ngo-1925 umqambi waya phesheya futhi akazange abuyele ezweni lakubo. Kuze kube ngu-1939, wayehlala eParis, lapho anikeza khona amakhonsathi, wadala inqwaba yemisebenzi (i-symphonies yesine, yesihlanu, izixuku ezi-2, i-sonatas engu-3 yezinsimbi ezahlukene, i-ballet yezingane "Forest Idyll", njll.), lapho ahlala khona. uthembekile emasikweni e-Russian classical, ephikisana nomsebenzi wakhe ne-Western musical avant-garde. Ngo-1929, uGrechaninov, kanye nomculi uN. Koshyts, bavakashela eNew York ngempumelelo enkulu futhi ngo-1939 bathuthela e-United States. Yonke iminyaka ehlala phesheya, uGrechaninov wabhekana nokulangazelela izwe lakubo, elwela njalo ukuxhumana nezwe lamaSoviet, ikakhulukazi phakathi neMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe. Wanikezela inkondlo ye-symphonic ethi "To Victory" (1943), amanothi ayo ayithumela eSoviet Union, kanye ne-"Elegiac Poem in Memory of Heroes" (1944) ezenzakalweni zempi.

Ngo-Okthoba 24, 1944, usuku lokuzalwa luka-Grechaninov lweminyaka engu-80 lwagujwa ngokuzithoba eHholo Elikhulu laseMoscow Conservatory, futhi kwadlalwa nomculo wakhe. Lokhu kwamkhuthaza kakhulu umqambi, kwabangela ukwanda okusha kwamandla okudala.

Kuze kube yizinsuku zokugcina, uGrechaninov wayephupha ngokubuyela ezweni lakubo, kodwa lokhu kwakungahloselwe ukuba kugcwaliseke. Cishe eyisithulu futhi eyimpumputhe, empofu kakhulu futhi enesizungu, washonela kwelinye izwe eneminyaka engu-92.

O. Averyanova