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lat. i-augmentation; I-Augmentation yesiJalimane, i-Vergräerung; Ukwandiswa kwesiFulentshi; ital. ngokufakazela ubuqiniso

1) Indlela yokuguqula ingoma, itimu, isisusa, ucezu lomculo. umkhiqizo, umdwebo onesigqi noma umfanekiso, kanye nokumisa isikhashana ngokudlala imisindo (ikhefu) yesikhathi eside. U. uthatha ukurekhodwa okunembile kwesigqi, okuye kwaba khona ngenxa yombhalo wokuya esikhathini; ukwenzeka kwayo kubuyela emuva enkathini ye-ars nova futhi ihlotshaniswa nokuthambekela okuya ku-rhythmic. ukuzimela polyphonic. amazwi kanye nomgomo we-isorhythmia (bona i-Motet). I-U. isetshenziswa kabanzi emculweni oqinile, ikakhulukazi ngabakwa-Franco-Flemish contrapuntalists - G. Dufay (kucatshangelwa umbhali we-canon yokuqala e-U.), J. Okegem (ngokwesibonelo, ku-Missa prolationum), J. Obrecht, Josquin Ukucindezeleka. U. kalula nangokukholisayo ngokuzwa kwembula ubudlelwano besikhashana phakathi kwe-polyphonic. amavoti nesikali isilinganiso phakathi kwezigaba zefomu; njenganoma iyiphi indlela eveza ukuzithoba, uhlelo, umqondo wokuhleleka kwemisindo, i-U. inenani lokwakha futhi kulo mqondo ku-polyphonic. umculo usezingeni lokulingisa, iphuzu eliyinkimbinkimbi, ukuguqulwa nezinye izindlela zokuguqula i-polyphonic. izihloko (ngokuhlanganiswa okuvame ukusetshenziswa). Ama-contrapuntalists asendulo awazange enze ngaphandle kwe-U. kumafomu e-cantus firmus ngobuningi, ama-motets: ama-chorales azwakala kahle e-U. ku-architectonic. maqondana nokuhlanganisa umsebenzi ube uphelele, ngokomfanekiso - okuhlotshaniswa ngokwemvelo (kumongo wazo zonke izindlela zokukhuluma) nokubonakaliswa komqondo wobukhulu, umgomo, indawo yonke. Izingcweti zase-U. zokubhala okuqinile zahlanganiswa nokulingisa kanye nohlu lwezincwadi zeBhayibheli. Ukulingisa (canon), lapho kunikezwa khona ama-rispost athile ngesi-U., kanye nokulingisa (canon), lapho wonke amazwi eqala ngesikhathi esisodwa, futhi elilodwa noma amanye eya e-U., kubizwa ngokuthi i-mitation (canon) ngesi-U. Esibonelweni esingezansi, umthelela we-U. uthuthukiswa ngokugcina iphuzu eliphikisayo kumazwi aphansi nangaphezulu (bona ikholomu 666).

Isibonelo se-canon ye-mensural ye-Josquin Despres sinikezwe ku-Art. ICanon (ikholomu 692) (okungenjalo ibizwa ngokuthi i-proportional: ebhalwe umqambi emugqeni owodwa futhi ibalwe ngokweziqondiso zombhali). Kumafomu e-cantus firmus, lokhu kwakamuva kukhiqizwa kabusha ngokuphindaphindiwe ngo-U. (iphelele noma izingxenye, ngokuvamile ngokungalungile, ngezinye izikhathi ngamanothi amancane agcwalisa ukugxuma kwe-melodic; bheka isibonelo kukholamu 667).

U. - esikhundleni sokuncipha - ikhulisa, ikhiphe izwi elilodwa kupholyphonic evamile. uquqaba, iwuphakamisa ngokwezihloko. ukubaluleka. Mayelana nalokhu i-U. ithole isicelo ku-ricerkara - ifomu ekusikeni indima ehamba phambili ye-polyphonic yomuntu ngamunye yachazwa kancane kancane. izingqikithi nemiphetho ngokushesha zandulela uhlobo olubaluleke kakhulu lwesitayela samahhala - i-fugue (bheka isibonelo kukholamu 668).

JS Bach, efingqa okuhlangenwe nakho kwabaseYurophu. i-polyphony, evame ukusetshenziswa ngu-W., isibonelo. ngobuningi ku-h-moll - ku-Credo (No 12) kanye ne-Confiteor ((No 19), i-5-head double fugue ku-chorale: ingqikithi yesibili (isilinganiso 2), ukuxhumana kwezindikimba (isilinganiso 17), ukuxhumana kwezindikimba ama-chorale basses (isilinganiso 32), ukuxhumana kwezindikimba nekhorale ku-U. kuma-tenor (isilinganiso 73)). Ngemva kokufinyelela ukuphelela okuphezulu kakhulu kuma-cantatas, inkanuko, ukujwayela kwezitho ze-chorales ka-Bach, amafomu aku-cantus firmus empeleni anyamalala ekusebenzeni komqambi; kamuva i-U. yathola izinhlobonhlobo zezicelo ku-non-polyphonic. umculo, kuyilapho uqhubeka nokuba isici se-fugue. Ukuqokwa okwamukelwe kwetimu ye-fugue ku-W. -. U. utholakala ngezikhathi ezithile ekudalulweni (Contrapunctus VII kusukela ku-Bach's The Art of Fugue; i-Fugue Es-dur ka-Shchedrin's No. 92).

J. Animuccia. U-Christe eleyson ovela kunqwaba ye-Conditor aimme syderum.

Ngokuvamile ithola indawo ku-stretta (ezilinganisweni ezingu-62 nezingu-77 ze-dis-moll fugue kusukela kuvolumu yoku-1 ye-Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier; ezilinganisweni ezingu-62 no-66 ze-As-dur fugue op. 87 ka-Shostakovich), ehlanganisa ezinye izindlela zokuguqulwa ( esikalini 14 se-c-moll fugue sisuka kuvolumu yesi-2 ye-Well-Tempered Clavier, indikimba ise-U., ekujikelezeni nasekunyakazeni okuvamile; ezilinganisweni 90 kanye 96 ze-Des-dur i-fugue

I-Cantus firmus kumisa ka-G. Dufay e-L'homme armé. Ukuqala kokuziphatha kunikezwa, amazwi aphikisanayo awatholakali: a - umbono oyinhloko; b – anda ngemisindo eyengeziwe; c, d, e - izinketho zokukhulisa; f – ukunciphisa. op. 87 kaShostakovich, indikimba ngokunyakaza okuvamile futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo itimu e-U., ngesilinganiso esingu-150, indikimba kanye ne-U. yayo ephindwe kabili nekathathu). W. ithuthukisa okuyinhloko. izoveza. ikhwalithi ye-stretta ukugxila kwe-thematism, ukucebile kwe-semantic, okuphawulekayo ikakhulukazi kuma-fugues ane-symphony. ukuthuthukiswa (i-stretta esigabeni sokuthuthukiswa kwenkondlo ye-symphonic "Prometheus" ka-Liszt; i-virtuoso stretta evela ku-cantata

A. Gabrieli. I-Reachercar (i-stretta in magnification).

"Ngemva kokufunda ihubo" Taneyev, No 3, inombolo 6; isilinganiso 331 siyitimu e-U. futhi isilinganiso esingu-298 siyitimu e-U. ngetimu ekuhambeni okuvamile kukhodi yomsebenzi wesi-2. I-sonatas kaMyaskovsky; isibonelo sokwethulwa kwetimu e-U. emvuthwandaba - ngaphandle kwe-stretta - i-fugue evela ku-1st suite ye-P. I. Tchaikovsky). Stretta - main. uhlobo lwe-canon e-W., nakuba ngezinye izikhathi lutholakala ngaphandle kwe-stretta (ukuqala kwe-scherzo ye-symphony yokuqala ka-Shostakovich; ukuqala kwengxenye yokuqala ye-quartet yomqambi waseLatvia u-R. Kalson; njengemininingwane yokuthungwa emigoqweni engu-29-30 kusukela kuNombolo 1 we-Lunar Pierrot” ka-Schoenberg), okuhlanganisa njengesiqephu esiphelele (inguquko IV evela “ku-Canonical Variations on a Christmas Carol”, BWV 769, No 6 kokuthi “Musical Offering ” kanye noCanon I kweka-Bach ethi “Art of Fugue” – amacanon angapheli e-U. nasekujikelezweni; Cha. 21 kusukela kuLyadov's Canons; Isandulelo sikaStanchinsky Ges-dur; Cha. 14 kusukela ku-Shchedrin's Polyphonic Notebook). Ku-non-polyphonic U. umculo ngokuvamile uyindlela yomculo. ukugcwaliswa kwengoma. izingqikithi (linganisa u-62 ekuhambeni kwesi-5 kwe-Brahms' German Requiem; imigoqo 8-10 ukusuka kuNombolo 9 ye-All-Night Vigil ka-Rachmaninov; ekhonsathini yakhe yesibili yopiyano, impinda yengxenye eseceleni yomnyakazo wokuqala; isilinganiso sesi-2 ngemva kwenombolo 1 emgudwini wokuqala we-symphony ka-Hindemith ethi “The Painter Mathis”; imigoqo emibili ukuya kunombolo 4 ku-Berg's Violin Concerto). S. S. U-Prokofiev wasebenzisa i-U. ngesabelo sobuqili obujabulisayo (ingoma ethi "Chatterbox" - Allegro As-dur; "Peter and the Wolf" - inombolo 44). Umphumela ophambene ufinyelelwa esigcawini sesithathu sesenzo sesithathu se-opera ka-Berg i-Wozzeck, lapho isigqi se-polka (linganisa u-3, “ukusungulwa kwesigqi esisodwa”) ngesi-U. isebenza njengethuluzi lokubonisa ukuveza isimo sokukhohlisa seqhawe (ikakhulukazi, izilinganiso 3 , 122, stretta ngesilinganiso 145). U. ayivamisile ukusetshenziswa njengethuluzi lokuthuthukisa (imigoqo engu-187, engu-180 engxenyeni yama-363 ​​ye-symphony ka-Scriabin yama-371; ingxenye yoku-1 ye-symphony yesi-3 kaMyaskovsky, izinombolo 4 no-5, kanye nesilinganiso sama-87 ngaphambi kwenombolo 89 no-4 - isilinganiso se-15. ngemuva kwenombolo efanayo ekunyakazeni koku-1 kwe-symphony "ukwehla" kwentuthuko ye-harmonic ngosizo luka-W.; ukunyakaza kokuqala kwe-symphony yokuqala kaShostakovich, izinombolo 1-1; ukusebenza kwengxenye eseceleni ekuthuthukiseni umnyakazo we-5 wepiyano. I-Sonata No 1 ka-Prokofiev), ngokuvamile emvuthwandaba wendawo noma jikelele - onesizotha (ingxenye yesi-7 ye-quartet yesine, izinombolo 4 no-6, ingxenye ye-193 ye-piano quintet, inombolo yesi-195, i-Taneyev), emangalisayo (ingxenye engu-4 ye-symphony yesi-220 nguShostakovich, izinombolo 4 kanye no-1) noma okudabukisayo (ingxenye yama-28 ye-symphony yokuqala ka-Myaskovsky, inombolo yesi-34; ibid. izinombolo 48-52 engxenyeni 53: leitmotif, Za ira, Dies irae, main ingxenye 4- th ingxenye). NgesiRashiya ephethe umculo ku-W. isebenza njengendlela yokuhlanganisa i-epic. izinsalela (ingxenye eyinhloko ku-reprise ngokuphindwe kabili, ku-coda ku-U.

Izinhlobo Ezingajwayelekile Ze-U. Ukusetshenziswa Emculweni Omusha Wekhulu Leminyaka Lama-20 kunqunywa ukuthambekela kwawo okujwayelekile ekuxazululeni nasekubaleni. Emculweni we-dodecaphone, i-U ingaba umzuzu wokuhlela ekwethulweni kwezinto ze-serial.

A. Webern. Concerto op 24, 1st movement. Ukwenyuka nokuncipha kokuqhubeka kwesigqi.

inkululeko ye-harmonic yenza inhlanganisela eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ne-W. kungenzeka, isibonelo. ukuqaliswa ngempumelelo kwesihloko e-U. ku-polyphony. Ku-canon kabili ye-Stravinsky (ngokusekelwe kwisitayela se-Venetians G. no-A. Gabrieli), i-proposte yesi-2 i-U. engalungile yokuqala (bheka isibonelo kumakholomu 670 kanye no-671). U. kanye nokunciphisa yizici ezibaluleke kakhulu zesigqi se-virtuoso. amasu O. Messiaen. Encwadini. "Isu lolimi lwami lomculo" ukhomba okungewona amasiko abo. amafomu maqondana nesakhiwo sesigqi. izibalo kanye polyrhythms. kanye ne-polymetric polyphonic ratio. amavoti (bheka isibonelo kukholamu 671). Mayelana nomqondo we-U. esilinganisweni se-polyphonic. amazwi, uMesiya uhlola ngesigqi. ama-canons (iphethini yomculo ayilingiswa), lapho i-risposta ishintshwa khona ngechashazi ngemva kwenothi (“Izinkonzo zokukhulekela ezintathu ezincane zobukhona bukaNkulunkulu”, ingxenye yokuqala, i-risposta e-U. isikhathi esisodwa nesigamu), kanye nenhlanganisela izibalo (ngokuvamile ostinato) ezino-U ezahlukene kanye nokwehliswa (ngezinye izikhathi ingxenye, enganembile, ekuhambeni okusemaceleni; bheka isibonelo kukholamu 1).

IF Stravinsky. I-Canticum sacrum, ingxenye 3, imigoqo 219-236. Izingxenye zochungechunge eziphindaphinda ikhwaya azifakiwe. P, I, R, IR - izinketho zochungechunge.

O. Messiaen. ICanon. Isibonelo No 56 engxenyeni yesi-2 yencwadi ethi “The Technique of My Musical Language”.

2) Ekubhalweni kokuya esikhathini, ukukhushulwa ukwanda kobude besikhathi senothi ngesigamu, okuboniswa ichashazi ngemva kwenothi. Ibizwa nangokuthi indlela yokurekhoda lapho amanothi adlalwa khona ngokunyuka okuphindwe kabili noma kathathu kobude besikhathi: 2/1 (proportio dupla), 3/1 (proportio tripla).

O. Messiaen. Epouvante. Isibonelo No 50 engxenyeni yesibili yencwadi ethi “The Technique of My Musical Language”.

References: Dmitriev A., Polyphony njengengxenye yokubunjwa, L., 1962; Tyulin Yu., Art of counterpoint, M., 1964; Z Kholopov Yu., Ezinhlelweni ezintathu zakwamanye amazwe zokuvumelana, ku: Music and Modernity, vol. 4, M., 1966; Kholopova V., Imibuzo yesigqi emsebenzini wabaqambi bengxenye yokuqala yekhulu le-1971, uM., 1978; Ukubhekwa kwethiyori ngomlando womculo, Sat. Art., M., 1978; Izinkinga zesigqi somculo, Sat. Art., M., 2; Riemann H., Handbuch der Musikgeschichte, Bd 1907, Lpz., 1500; Feininger L., Die Frühgeschichte des Kanons bis Josquin des Prez (um 1937), Emsdetten e-Westf., 1; Messiaen O., Technique de mon langage musical, v. 2-1953, P., XNUMX. Bheka futhi lit. ku-Art. mensural notation.

VP Frayonov