Umsindo nezakhiwo zawo

Umsindo uyinto yenhloso yomzimba. Umthombo wawo yinoma yimuphi umzimba onwebekayo okwazi ukukhiqiza imishini ukudlidliza. Ngenxa yalokho, kwakheka amaza omsindo afinyelela endlebeni yomuntu emoyeni. Ibona amagagasi futhi iwaguqule abe yizinzwa ezidluliselwa ebuchosheni futhi zicutshungulwe ngama-hemispheres awo. Ngenxa yalokho, umuntu uqaphela umsindo othile.

Kunezigaba ezintathu zemisindo:

1. Umculo - ube nobude obuthile, ivolumu, isitembu nezinye izici; zibhekwa njengezihlelekile kakhulu, zihlukaniswa ingcebo eguquguqukayo futhi isitembu izakhiwo.
2. Noise – imisindo ukuphakama kwayo kungapheli. Lokhu kufaka phakathi umsindo wolwandle, ukushaywa komoya, i-creaking, ukuchofoza nokunye okuningi.
3. Izwakala ngaphandle kwephimbo eligxilile .

Ukwakha izingoma, kusetshenziswa imisindo yomculo kuphela, ngezikhathi ezithile - umsindo.

amagagasi omsindo

Lokhu kuyivelakancane kanye nokufingqa komsindo endaweni enwebekayo, noma eqhuba umsindo. Lapho a imishini Ukundindizela komzimba kwenzeke, igagasi liyaphambuka endaweni eqhuba umsindo: umoya, amanzi, igesi, noketshezi oluhlukahlukene. Ukusakazeka kwenzeka ngezinga elihlukile, elincike endaweni ethile kanye nokunwebeka kwayo. Emoyeni, le nkomba yegagasi lomsindo i-330-340 m / s, emanzini - 1450 m / s.

Igagasi lomsindo alibonakali, kodwa lizwakala kumuntu, ngoba lithinta izindlebe zakhe. Idinga okuphakathi ukuze isakazeke. Ososayensi baye bafakazela ukuthi endaweni engenalutho, okungukuthi, indawo engenawo umoya, igagasi lomsindo lingakheka, kodwa lingasakazeki.

Izamukeli zomsindo

Leli igama lamadivayisi abona amandla omsindo, alinganise izici zegagasi lomsindo (ukucindezela, ukuqina, isivinini, njll.) futhi aliguqule libe ngamanye amandla. Ukwamukela umsindo ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene, okulandelayo kusetshenziswa:

• imibhobho - endaweni yomoya ;
• ama-geophones - ukuze kubonwe imisindo yoqweqwe lomhlaba;
• ama-hydrophone – ukwamukela umsindo emanzini.

Kunezamukeli zomsindo zemvelo - izinsiza zokuzwa zabantu nezilwane - kanye nezobuchwepheshe. Lapho umzimba onwebekayo uzungeza, amaza aphumayo afinyelela ezithweni zokuzwa ngemva kwesikhathi esithile. I-eardrum idlidliza ngemvamisa efana neyomthombo womsindo. Lokhu kuzamazama kudluliselwa ku-nerve yokuzwa, futhi kuthumela imizwa ebuchosheni ukuze iqhubeke nokusebenza. Ngakho, imizwa ethile yomsindo ivela kubantu nasezilwaneni.

Izamukeli zomsindo wezobuchwepheshe ziguqula isignali ye-acoustic ibe ngekagesi. Ngenxa yalokhu, umsindo udluliselwa ebangeni elihlukene, ungarekhodwa, ukhuliswe, uhlaziywe, njll.

Izici nezici zomsindo

Ukuphakama

Lesi isici somsindo, kuye ngokuthi umzimba wenyama udlidliza kangaki. Iyunithi yayo yokulinganisa i-hertz ( Hz ): inombolo yokudlidliza kwemisindo yezikhathi kusekhondi elingu-1. Ngokuya ngemvamisa yokudlidliza, imisindo iyahlukaniswa:

• imvamisa ephansi - ngenani elincane lama-oscillations (hhayi ngaphezulu kwama-300 Hz );
• phakathi -imvamisa - imisindo ezungezayo nemvamisa yama-300-3,000 Hz ;
• imvamisa ephezulu - ngama-oscillations amaningi angaphezu kuka-3,000 Hz .

Ubude besikhathi

Ukunquma lesi sici somsindo, kuyadingeka ukukala ubude besikhathi sokudlidliza komzimba okhipha umsindo. Umsindo womculo usukela ku-0.015-0.02 s. kufika emaminithini ambalwa. Umsindo omude kakhulu ukhiqizwa yi-organ pedal.

ivolumu

Ngenye indlela, lesi sici sibizwa ngokuthi amandla omsindo, okunqunywa i-amplitude ye-oscillations: inkulu, inomsindo omkhulu futhi ngokuphambene nalokho. Ukuphakama kukalwa ngama-decibel (dB). Kuthiyori yomculo, ukuhlukaniswa kusetshenziselwa ukukhombisa amandla omsindo okudingeka ngawo ukukhiqiza kabusha ukwakheka:

• eqinile;
• upiyano;
• i-mezzo forte;
• upiyano we-mezzo;
• i-fortissimo;
• pianissimo;
• i-forte-fortissimo;
• upiyano-piyanissimo, njll.

Esinye isici sihlobene eduze nokuzwakala komsindo ekusebenzeni komculo - ama-dynamics. Ngenxa yama-shades ashukumisayo, unganikeza ukubunjwa isimo esithile.

Zitholakala ngekhono lomdlali, izakhiwo ze-acoustic zekamelo nezinsimbi zomculo.

Ezinye izici

Ukulinganisa

Lesi isici esithinta ivolumu yomsindo. I-amplitude iwuhhafu womehluko phakathi kwamanani aphezulu kanye nobuncane bokuminyana.

Ukwakheka kwe-Spectral

I-spectrum ukusatshalaliswa kwegagasi lomsindo phakathi imvamisa m ibe ukudlidliza kwe-harmonic. Indlebe yomuntu izwa umsindo kuye ngamaza omsindo akha igagasi lomsindo. Zinquma ukuphakama kwezwi: amaza aphezulu anikeza amathoni aphezulu futhi ngokuphambene nalokho. Umsindo womculo unamathoni amaningana:

1. Okuyisisekelo – ithoni ehambelana nobuncane befrikhwensi kwisamba sefrikhwensi esethiwe yomsindo othile.
2. Ingoma iphimbo elihambisana nazo zonke ezinye imvamisa . Kukhona ama-harmonic overtones nge imvamisa okungamaphindwaphindwa efrikhwensi eyisisekelo.

Imisindo yomculo enethoni efanayo eyisisekelo ihlukaniswa ngezabo isitembu . Kunqunywa ama-amplitudes kanye imvamisa kwama-overtones, kanye nokwanda kwe-amplitude ekuqaleni nasekupheleni komsindo.

ngegalelo

Leli igama elinikezwe amandla adluliswa yigagasi lomsindo isikhathi esithile kunoma iyiphi indawo. Esinye isici sincike ngokuqondile ekuqineni - umsindo omkhulu. Kunqunywa i-amplitude ye-oscillation kumaza omsindo. Ngokuphathelene nombono wezitho zokuzwa zomuntu, umkhawulo wokuzwa uyahlukaniswa - ubukhulu obuncane obutholakalayo bokubona komuntu. Umkhawulo lapho indlebe engakwazi ukubona ubukhulu begagasi lomsindo ngaphandle kobuhlungu ubizwa ngokuthi i-threshold yobuhlungu.

Kuphinde kuncike kumafrikhwensi omsindo.

Isibindi

Uma kungenjalo kubizwa ngokuthi umbala womsindo. I isitembu kuthonywa izici eziningana: idivayisi yomthombo womsindo, impahla, ubukhulu kanye nesimo. I-timbre izinguquko ngenxa yemiphumela ehlukahlukene yomculo. Ngokwenza umculo, le ndawo ithinta ukuvezwa komsebenzi. I-timbre inikeza umculo umsindo wesici.

Mayelana nemisindo engezwakali

Ngokuphathelene nokubonwa kwendlebe yomuntu, ama-ultrasounds (anemvamisa engaphezu kuka-20,000 Hz ) nama-infrasound (ngaphansi kuka-16 kHz) ahlukaniswa. Abizwa ngokuthi awazwakali, ngoba izitho zokuzwa zabantu aziboni. Ama-Ultrasound nama-infrasound azwakala kwezinye izilwane; zilotshwa ngezinsimbi.

Isici segagasi le-infrasonic yikhono lokudlula endaweni ehlukile, njengoba umkhathi, amanzi noma uqweqwe lomhlaba lumunca kahle. Ngakho-ke, isakazeka amabanga amade. Imithombo yamagagasi emvelweni ukuzamazama komhlaba, imimoya enamandla, ukuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo. Ngenxa yemishini ekhethekile ethwebula amagagasi anjalo, kungenzeka ukubikezela ukuvela kwe-tsunami futhi unqume umsuka wokuzamazama komhlaba. Kukhona nemithombo ye-infrasound eyenziwe ngumuntu: izinjini zomoya, izinjini, ukuqhuma okungaphansi komhlaba nangaphansi, ukudubula kwezibhamu.

Amagagasi e-Ultrasonic anempahla eyingqayizivele: akha imishayo eqondisiwe njengokukhanya. Aphathwa kahle uketshezi kanye nezinto eziqinile, kabi ngamagesi. Ayanda imvamisa ye-ultrasound, lapho isakazeka kakhulu. Emvelweni, kubonakala ngesikhathi sokuduma kwezulu, ngomsindo wempophoma, imvula, umoya.

Ezinye izilwane zizikhiqiza ngokwazo - amalulwane, imikhomo, amahlengethwa namagundane.

Imisindo empilweni yomuntu

Indlebe yomuntu izwela kakhulu ngenxa yokunwebeka kwe-eardrum. Ukuphakama kokubona kokuzwa kwabantu kuwela eminyakeni emincane, lapho lesi sici sesitho sokuzwa singakalahleki futhi umuntu uzwa imisindo nge-frequency ye-20 kHz. Lapho sebekhulile, abantu, kungakhathaliseki ubulili, babona amagagasi omsindo amabi kakhulu: bezwa kuphela imvamisa engekho ngaphezu kwe-12-14 kHz.

Amaqiniso Okuthakazelisayo

1. Uma umkhawulo ongaphezulu wamafrikhwensi abonwa indlebe yomuntu ungama-20,000 Hz , bese kuthi ophansi abe ngu-16 Hz . Ama-Infrasound, lapho i- imvamisa yi ngaphansi kuka-16 Hz , kanye nama-ultrasounds (ngaphezu kuka-20,000 Hz ), izitho zokuzwa zomuntu aziboni.
2. I-WHO isungule ukuthi umuntu angalalela ngokuphepha noma yimuphi umsindo ngevolumu engeqile ku-85 dB amahora ayi-8.
3. Ukuze uthole umbono womsindo ngendlebe yomuntu, kuyadingeka ukuthi uhlale okungenani imizuzwana engu-0.015.
4. I-Ultrasound ayikwazi ukuzwakala, kodwa ingazwakala. Uma ufaka isandla sakho oketshezini oluqhuba i-ultrasound, khona-ke kuzoba nobuhlungu obubukhali. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-ultrasound iyakwazi ukucekela phansi insimbi, ihlanze umoya futhi ibhubhise amangqamuzana aphilayo.

Esikhundleni sokuphumayo

Umsindo uyisisekelo sanoma yiluphi ucezu lomculo. Izakhiwo zomsindo, izici zayo zenza kube nokwenzeka ukudala izingoma ezihlukahlukene. Kuye ngephimbo, ubude besikhathi, ivolumu, i-amplitude noma isitembu , kunemisindo ehlukahlukene. Ukudala imisebenzi, ikakhulukazi imisindo yomculo isetshenziswa, lapho iphimbo linqunywa khona.