I-Harpsichord: incazelo yensimbi, ukwakheka, umlando, umsindo, izinhlobo

Ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX, ukudlala i-harpsichord bekubhekwa njengophawu lwemikhuba ecolisisiwe, ukunambitheka okucolisisiwe, kanye nobuqhawe bobukhosi. Lapho izivakashi ezivelele zibuthene emakamelweni okuhlala onxiwankulu, umculo wawuzozwakala nakanjani. Namuhla, insimbi yomculo enezintambo zekhibhodi imelela kuphela isiko lesikhathi esidlule. Kodwa amaphuzu abhalelwe yena ngabaqambi be-harpsichord abadumile asetshenziswa abaculi besimanje njengengxenye yamakhonsathi ekamelo.

Idivayisi ye-Harpsichord

Umzimba wensimbi ubukeka njengepiyano enkulu. Ukuze kwenziwe, kwasetshenziswa izinkuni eziyigugu. Ingaphezulu lalihlotshiswe ngemihlobiso, izithombe, imidwebo, ehambisana nezitayela zefashini. Isidumbu besigxunyekwe emilenzeni. Amahabhu okuqala ayewunxande, ebekwe phezu kwetafula noma isitendi.

Idivayisi kanye nesimiso sokusebenza kufana ne-clavichord. Umehluko usebudeni bezintambo ezahlukene kanye nendlela eyinkimbinkimbi. Izintambo zazenziwa emithanjeni yezilwane, kamuva zaba yinsimbi. Ikhibhodi iqukethe okhiye abamhlophe nabamnyama. Uma icindezelwa, uphaphe lwegwababa oluxhunywe emshinini owuphushayo lushaya intambo. I-harpsichord ingaba nekhibhodi eyodwa noma amabili abekwe eyodwa ngaphezu kwenye.

Izwakala kanjani i-harpsichord?

Amakhophi okuqala ayenobubanzi obuncane bomsindo - ama-octave angu-3 kuphela. Ukushintsha okukhethekile bekunesibopho sokushintsha ivolumu nethoni. Ngekhulu le-18, ububanzi banda baba ama-octave angu-5, kwakukhona izincwadi ezimbili zekhibhodi. Umsindo we-harpsichord endala uyaqhaqhazela. Izingcezu zemizwa enamathiselwe ezilimini zasiza ukuyihlukanisa, iyenze ithule noma iphakame.

Bezama ukuthuthukisa indlela yokusebenza, ongcweti banikeze ithuluzi ngamasethi ezintambo ezimbili, ezine, eziyisishiyagalombili ngethoni ngayinye, njengesitho. Izinsimbi ezishintsha amarejista zazifakwe emaceleni eduze kwekhibhodi. Kamuva, zaba yizinyawo, njengamaphedali epiyano. Naphezu kwamandla amakhulu, umsindo wawumnandi.

Umlando wokudalwa kwe-harpsichord

Kuyaziwa ukuthi kakade ekhulwini le-15 e-Italy babedlala insimbi enomzimba omfushane, osindayo. Ubani ngempela owayisungula akwaziwa. Kungenzeka ukuthi yasungulwa eJalimane, eNgilandi, eFrance. Omdala kunawo wonke owasinda wadalwa ngo-1515 eLigivimeno.

Kunobufakazi obubhaliwe obuvela ku-1397, ngokusho kukaHerman Poll akhulume ngensimbi ye-clavicembalum ayisungula. Izinkomba eziningi zibuyela emuva ekhulwini le-15 nele-16. Khona-ke kwaqala ukusa kwama-harpsichords, okwakungase kuhluke ngobukhulu, uhlobo lomshini. Amagama nawo abehlukene:

• i-clavicembalo - e-Italy;
• i-spinet - eFrance;
• i-archichord - eNgilandi.

Igama elithi harpsichord livela egameni elithi clavis - key, key. Ngekhulu le-16, izingcweti zase-Italian Venice zahlanganyela ekwakhiweni kwensimbi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ahlinzekwa eNyakatho Yurophu yizingcweti zaseFlemish okuthiwa uRuckers wase-Antwerp.

Emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka, umanduleli wopiyano kwakuyinsimbi eyedwa eyinhloko. Wayezwakala ezinkundleni zemidlalo yeshashalazi lapho kudlalwa i-opera. Ama-Aristocrat ayekubheka njengesibopho ukuthenga i-harpsichord emakamelweni azo okuhlala, akhokhela ukuqeqeshwa okumba eqolo ukuyidlalela amalungu omkhaya. Umculo ocolisisiwe usuyingxenye ebalulekile yamabhola asenkantolo.

Ukuphela kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX kwaphawulwa ukuthandwa kopiyano, obekuzwakala kuhluke kakhulu, okukuvumela ukuthi udlale ngokushintsha amandla omsindo. Insimbi ye-harpsichord yaphuma ekukhiqizeni, umlando wayo waphela.

izinhlobonhlobo

Iqembu lama-chordophones ekhibhodi lihlanganisa izinhlobo eziningana zamathuluzi. Behlangene ngegama elilodwa, babenomehluko oyisisekelo. Usayizi wekesi ungahluka. I-harpsichord yakudala yayinobubanzi bokuzwakala kwama-octave angu-5. Kodwa ezinye izinhlobonhlobo azizange zidume kancane, zihluke komunye nomunye ngokuma komzimba, ukuhlelwa kwezintambo.

Ku-virginel, bekuyi-rectangular, i-manual yayingakwesokudla. Izintambo zazinwetshiwe zibheke okhiye. Isakhiwo esifanayo kanye nokuma kwe-hull kwakune-muselar. Enye inhlobonhlobo i-spinet. Ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX, yaduma kakhulu eNgilandi. Insimbi yayinemanuwali eyodwa, izintambo zazeluliwe ngokudayagonali. Enye yezinhlobo ezindala kunazo zonke yi-clavicitherium enomzimba obekwe phezulu.

Abaqambi abaphawulekayo nama-harpsichords

Intshisekelo yabaculi kuleli thuluzi yahlala amakhulu eminyaka. Ngalesi sikhathi, izincwadi zomculo zigcwaliswe ngemisebenzi eminingi ebhalwe abaqambi abadumile abamangalisayo. Babevame ukukhononda ngokuthi lapho bebhala amaphuzu bazithola besesimweni esicindezelayo, ngoba babengakwazi ukukhombisa izinga le-fortissimo noma i-pianissimo. Kodwa abazange benqabe ithuba lokudala umculo we-harpsichord emangalisayo ngomsindo ogqamile.

EFrance, kwamiswa ngisho nesikole sikazwelonke sokudlala insimbi yomculo. Umsunguli wayo wayengumqambi weBaroque u-J. Chambonière. Wayeyi-harpsichordist yasenkantolo yamakhosi uLouis XIII noLouis XIV. E-Italy, u-D. Scarlatti wayebhekwa ngokufanelekile njenge-virtuoso yesitayela se-harpsichord. Umlando womculo womhlaba uhlanganisa amaphuzu ahamba yedwa ngabaqambi abadumile abafana no-A. Vivaldi, VA Mozart, Henry Purcell, D. Zipoli, G. Handel.

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-1896-XNUMX, leli thuluzi lalibonakala liyinto yesikhathi esedlule. U-Arnold Dolmech waba ngowokuqala ukwenza umzamo wokumnika impilo entsha. Ngo-XNUMX, umculi womculo waphothula umsebenzi ku-harpsichord yakhe eLondon, wavula ama-workshop amasha eMelika naseFrance.

Umdlali wepiyano u-Wanda Landdowska ube ngumdlali obalulekile ekuvuselelweni kwensimbi. Wa-oda imodeli yekhonsathi endaweni yokusebenzela yaseParis, wanaka kakhulu ubuhle be-harpsichord, futhi wafunda amaphuzu amadala. E-Netherlands, uGustav Leonhardt wayebambe iqhaza ekubuyiseleni isithakazelo kumculo wangempela. Isikhathi esiningi sokuphila kwakhe, usebenze ekurekhodweni komculo wesonto lika-Bach, imisebenzi yabaqambi be-baroque ne-Viennese classics.

Engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu lesi-XNUMX, intshisekelo yezinsimbi zasendulo yanda. Bambalwa abantu abazi ukuthi indodana yomculi odumile we-opera, iNkosana AM Volkonsky yachitha isikhathi esiningi ekuvuseleleni umculo wesikhathi esidlule futhi yasungula neqembu eliyiqiniso. Namuhla ungafunda ukudlala i-harpsichord kuma-conservatories aseMoscow, eKazan, eSt.