Okhiye esikhaleni sokuphindaphindeka

Ngemva kweMpi Yezwe Yesibili, izazi zezizwe zamangala lapho zithola izinkundla zezindiza, amagumbi omsakazo, ngisho nezindiza ezilingana nezinga lokuphila ezakhiwe izizwe zendawo kusukela ngoqalo, ukhuni, amaqabunga, imivini nezinye izinto ezithuthukisiwe eziqhingini eziningi zoLwandlekazi iPacific.

Isixazululo sezakhiwo ezinjalo ezingavamile satholakala ngokushesha. Konke kumayelana nalokho okuthiwa ngamahlelo ezimpahla. Phakathi neMpi Yezwe II, abaseMelika bakha izinkundla zezindiza eziqhingini ukuze zinikeze amasosha. Impahla eyigugu yalethwa ezinkundleni zezindiza: izingubo, ukudla okusemathinini, amatende nezinye izinto eziwusizo, ezinye zazo ezanikezwa izakhamuzi zendawo ukuze zinikezwe izihambi, izinkonzo zokuqondisa, njll. Lapho impi iphela, nezisekelo zingenalutho, abomdabu. ngokwabo baqala ukwakha ukufana kwezindiza zezindiza ngethemba elingaqondakali lokuthi ngale ndlela bazophinde bahehe imithwalo (i-English cargo - cargo).

Yebo, ngakho konke ukufana kwezimoto zangempela, izindiza zoqalo zazingakwazi ukundiza, ukwamukela amasignali omsakazo, noma ukuletha impahla.

Ukuthi “kufana” nje akusho “kufana”.

Imodi kanye ne-tonality

Izimo ezifanayo, kodwa azifani, zitholakala emculweni.

Isibonelo, i C enkulu ebizwa ngokuthi yi-triad kanye ne-tonality. Njengomthetho, kusukela kumongo ungaqonda ukuthi kusho ukuthini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-chord ku-C omkhulu kanye nezwi ku-C omkhulu zihlobene eduze.

Kunesibonelo sobuhlakani. Ukhiye ku-C omkhulu и Imodi ye-Ionian ukusuka kuye. Uma ufunda izincwadi zokuvumelana, zigcizelela ukuthi lezi yizinhlelo zomculo ezihlukene, enye i-tonal, enye i-modal. Kodwa akucaci kahle ukuthi uyini umehluko, ngaphandle kwegama. Ngempela, empeleni, lawa amanothi ayi-7 afanayo: yenza, re, mi, fa, usawoti, la, si.

Futhi izikali zalezi zinhlelo zomculo zizwakala zifana kakhulu, ngisho noma usebenzisa amanothi e-Pythagorean kumodi ye-Ionian, namanothi emvelo okuyinhloko:

I-Natural C enkulu

Imodi ye-Ionian ukusuka kuye

Esihlokweni sokugcina, sihlaziye ngokuningiliziwe ukuthi ayini ama-frets amadala, kuhlanganise ne-Ionian. Lezi zindlela zingezohlelo lwePythagorean, okungukuthi, zakhiwe kuphela ngokuphindaphinda ngo-2 (octave) futhi ziphindaphindeka ngo-3 (duodecime). Esikhaleni sokuphindaphindeka (i-PC), imodi ye-Ionian esuka kuya izobukeka kanje (Fig. 1).

Manje ake sizame ukuthola ukuthi iyini i-tonality.

Isici sokuqala nesiyinhloko se-tonality, yiqiniso, tonic. Iyini i-tonic? Kubonakala sengathi impendulo isobala: i-tonic iyinothi eliyinhloko, isikhungo esithile, iphuzu lokubhekisela kulo lonke uhlelo.

Ake sibheke isithombe sokuqala. Kungenzeka yini ukusho ukuthi kunxande we-Ionian fret inothi kuya iyona eyinhloko? Siyavuma ukuthi akunjalo. Sakhe lesi sikwele ukusuka kuso kuya, kodwa singakwazi nje ukuyakha, isibonelo, kusuka F, bekungaba imodi yaseLydia (Fig. 2).

Ngamanye amazwi, inothi esakhe kulo isikali lishintshile, kodwa sonke isakhiwo se-harmonic sihlala sinjalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lesi sakhiwo singakhiwa kusuka kunoma yimuphi umsindo ngaphakathi kwe-rectangle (Fig. 3).

Singayithola kanjani i-tonic? Singalihlanganisa kanjani inothi endaweni eyodwa, silenze libe ngelikhulu?

Emculweni we-modal, "ukubusa" kuvame ukutholwa ngokwakhiwa kwesikhashana. Inothi "eliyinhloko" lizwakala kaningi, umsebenzi uqala noma uphela ngawo, uwela ngezinsimbi ezinamandla.

Kodwa kukhona futhi indlela evumelanayo "yokubeka phakathi" inothi.

Uma sidweba i-crosshair (Fig. 4 ngakwesobunxele), khona-ke ngokuzenzekelayo sinephuzu eliphakathi.

Ngokuvumelana, isimiso esifanayo sisetshenziswa, kodwa esikhundleni se-crosshair, ingxenye yayo kuphela isetshenziswa - noma ikhoneni eliqondiswe kwesokudla nangaphezulu, noma ikhoneni eliqondiswe kwesokunxele naphansi (Fig. 4 ngakwesokudla) . Amakhona anjalo akhiwe ku-PC futhi akuvumela ukuthi ubeke inothi phakathi nendawo. Amagama ala makhona awaziwa ngabaculi kuphela - bona Staff и encane (Umdwebo 5).

Ngokunamathisela ikona elinjalo kunoma iyiphi inothi ku-PC, sithola i-triad enkulu noma encane. Zombili lezi zakhiwo "zibeka phakathi" inothi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ziyizithombe zesibuko zomunye nomunye. Yilezi zakhiwo ezalungisa izinto ezinkulu nezincane emculweni.

Ungabona isici esisodwa esingavamile: i-triad enkulu ibizwa ngokuthi inothi, etholakala ngokuqondile eziphambanweni, kanti encane inothi elitholakala kwesokunxele (okuqokonyiswe kumbuthano kumdwebo ku-Fig. 5). Lokho ungwaqa c-yi-g, lapho umsindo ophakathi nendawo gUyabizwa C encane ngenothi kugongolo lwesokunxele. Ukuze siphendule kahle ngokwezibalo umbuzo othi kungani lokhu kunjalo, kuzodingeka siphendukele ezibalweni eziyinkimbinkimbi, ikakhulukazi, ekubalweni kwesilinganiso sikangwaqa wephimbo. Kunalokho, ake sizame ukukuchaza ngohlelo. Ngokuyinhloko, kuzo zombili imishayo - kokubili okwesihlanu nokwesithathu - siya "phezulu", ngokungafani nokuncane, lapho ukunyakaza kuzo zombili izinkomba "phansi". Ngakho-ke, umsindo ophansi ku-chord enkulu umaphakathi, futhi ezwini elincane ungokwesokunxele. Njengoba i-chord ngokwesiko ibizwa nge-bass, okungukuthi, umsindo ophansi, omncane wathola igama lakhe hhayi ngenothi eliku-crosshairs, kodwa ngenothi ku-beam kwesokunxele.

Kodwa, siyagcizelela ukuthi kukhona okunye okubalulekile lapha. I-centralization ibalulekile, lesi sakhiwo sizwa kokubili ezinkulu nezincane.

Futhi qaphela ukuthi, ngokungafani nama-frets amadala, i-tonality isebenzisa i-axis eqinile (emile), yiyona ekuvumela ukuthi "i-harmonically" ubeke inothi phakathi nendawo.

Kodwa kungakhathaliseki ukuthi lawa ma-chords mahle kangakanani, kunamanothi ama-3 kuphela kuwo, futhi awukwazi ukuqamba okuningi kusuka kumanothi ama-3. Yiziphi izingqinamba ze-tonality? Futhi futhi sizoyicabangela ngokombono wokuvumelana, okungukuthi, ku-PC.

• Okokuqala, njengoba sikwazile ukubeka inothi endaweni eyodwa, ngeke sifune ukulahlekelwa yilokhu kuhlanganisa. Lokhu kusho ukuthi kuyafiseleka ukwakha okuthile eduze kwaleli nothi ngendlela elinganayo.
• Okwesibili, sisebenzise amakhona e-chord. Lesi isakhiwo esisha ngokuyisisekelo, esasingekho ohlelweni lwePythagorean. Kungaba kuhle ukuziphinda ukuze umlaleli aqonde ukuthi azivelanga ngenhlanhla, ukuthi lokhu kuyisici esibaluleke kakhulu kithi.

Kusukela kulokhu okucatshangelwayo okubili, indlela yokwakha isihluthulelo ilandelayo: sidinga ukuphinda amakhona akhethiwe ngokulinganayo ngokuphathelene nenothi "eliphakathi", futhi kuyinto efiselekayo ukwenza lokhu eduze kwayo ngangokunokwenzeka (Fig. 6).

Yilokhu ukuphindaphinda kwamakhona kubonakala esimweni esikhulu. Ikhona elimaphakathi libizwa tonic, kwesobunxele - okungaphansi, futhi ilungelo okudlangile kulo,. Amanothi ayisikhombisa asetshenziswe kulawa makhona anikeza isikali sokhiye ohambelanayo. Futhi isakhiwo sigcizelela ukuhlanganisa ndawonye esikuzuzile ku-chord. Qhathanisa uMfanekiso 6 noMfanekiso 1 - lapha umfanekiso ocacile wokuthi i-tonality ihluke kanjani kumodi.

Yilokhu okuzwakala kwesikali esikhulu, ngokujika kwe-TSDT ekugcineni.

Umncane uzokwakhiwa ncamashi ngokwesimiso esifanayo, ikhoneni kuphela elizoba nemisebe hhayi phezulu, kodwa phansi (Fig. 7).

Njengoba ubona, isimiso sokwakha sifana ncamashi nesikhulu: amakhona amathathu (i-subdominant, tonic kanye ne-dominant), etholakala ngokulinganayo maqondana nephakathi.

Singakha isakhiwo esifanayo hhayi ngenothi kuya, kodwa kunoma yimuphi omunye. Sithola ukhiye omkhulu noma omncane kuyo.

Ngokwesibonelo, ake sakhe ithoni usemncane. Sakha ikhona elincane ukusuka eyakho, bese wengeza amakhona amabili ngakwesokudla nangakwesobunxele, sithola lesi sithombe (Fig. 8).

Isithombe sibonisa ngokushesha ukuthi yimaphi amanothi akha ukhiye, zingaki izimpawu ezikukhiye kukhiye, yiziphi amanothi afakwe eqenjini le-tonic, elinamandla, angaphansi kwe-subdominant.

Ngendlela, embuzweni wezingozi ezibalulekile. Ku-PC, sibonise wonke amanothi njengama-sharps, kodwa uma efunwa, kunjalo, angabhalwa njengama-enharmonic alingana namafulethi. Yiziphi izimpawu ezizoba kukhiye?

Lokhu kunganqunywa kalula. Uma inothi elingenalo elibukhali selivele lifakiwe kukhiye, awukwazi ukusebenzisa okubukhali - sibhala phansi i-enharmonic eneflethi esikhundleni salokho.

Kulula ukukuqonda lokhu ngezibonelo. emagumbini amathathu usemncane (fig.8) hhayi inothi c, akukho nothi f abekho, ngakho-ke, singabeka izimpawu ezibalulekile kubo ngokuphepha. Okubalulekile ngale ndlela sizoba namanothi Ukhona и fis, futhi i-tonality izoba bukhali.

В C encane (Fig. 7) futhi inothi g futhi inothi d isivele ikhona "ngesimo sayo esihlanzekile", ngakho-ke, ngeke isebenze ukuwasebenzisa ngama-sharps noma. Isiphetho: kulokhu, sishintsha amanothi anama-sharps kumanothi anamafulethi. Ukhiye C encane uzothula.

Izinhlobo Ezinkulu nezincane

Abaculi bayazi ukuthi ngaphezu kwemvelo kukhona izinhlobo ezikhethekile ezinkulu nezincane: melodic and harmonic. Kuvamise ukuba nzima ukukhumbula kahle ukuthi yiziphi izinyathelo zokuphakamisa noma ukwehliswa kokhiye abanjalo.

Konke kuba lula kakhulu uma uqonda ukwakheka kwalezi zihluthulelo, futhi ngenxa yalokhu sibadweba ku-PC (Fig. 9).

Ukuze sakhe lezi zinhlobo ezinkulu nezincane, simane siguqule ikhona kwesokunxele nesokudla kusuka kokukhulu kuya kokuncane noma okuphambene nalokho. Okungukuthi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi i-tonality izoba enkulu noma encane inqunywa ekhoneni eliphakathi, kodwa okudlulele kakhulu kunquma ukubukeka kwayo.

Ku-harmonic enkulu, ikhona kwesokunxele (i-subdominant) ishintshela kokuncane. Ku-harmonic encane, ikhona elingakwesokudla (elibusayo) lishintsha libe elikhulu.

Kokhiye be-melodic, womabili amakhona - kokubili kwesokudla nesobunxele - ashintshela kokuphambene nephakathi.

Yiqiniso, singakha zonke izinhlobo ezinkulu nezincane kunoma iyiphi inothi, isakhiwo sabo se-harmonic, okungukuthi, indlela ababukeka ngayo ku-PC, ngeke ishintshe.

Umfundi olalelayo cishe uzozibuza: singakha okhiye ngezinye izindlela? Kuthiwani uma ushintsha ukuma kwamakhona? Noma i-symmetry yabo? Futhi ingabe kufanele silinganisele ezinhlelweni “zesimethrikhi”?

Sizophendula le mibuzo esihlokweni esilandelayo.

Umbhali - Roman Oleinikov

Umbhali uzwakalisa ukubonga kwakhe kumqambi u-Ivan Soshinsky ngosizo lwakhe ekudaleni izinto ezilalelwayo.