Usayizi womculo: izinhlobo zawo kanye nokuqokwa

Namuhla sizokhuluma ngosayizi womculo - ukubonakaliswa kwezinombolo zemitha, kanye nendlela yokubala nokuziphatha ngamamitha ahlukahlukene, kodwa okokuqala sizophinda kancane ukuthi yikuphi ukushaya kwe-pulse, imitha, ukushaya okunamandla nokubuthakathaka.

Oshicilelweni olwedlule, sike sakhuluma ngokuthi isisekelo somculo siwukugudluza okufanayo. Amabhithi e-Pulse angaba namandla futhi abe buthaka, futhi amabhithi aqinile futhi abuthaka ashintshane hhayi nje ngokungahleliwe, kodwa ngephethini ethile eqinile.

I-akhawunti yamasheya aqinile nabuthakathaka

Ukushintshanisa okuvame kakhulu ukulandelana yilokhu: 1 ukushaya okuqinile, oku-1 okubuthakathaka noma oku-1 okunamandla noku-2 okubuthakathaka. Ukuze kube lula, ukushaya kwenhliziyo kubalwa kabusha (kubalwa ngesekhondi lokuqala noma elesibili-lesithathu, njengasesifundweni somzimba). Futhi igalelo ngalinye elinamandla elokuqala. Kuye ngenani lamabhithi abuthakathaka, isibalo sigcinwa sifika kokubili, kufika kokuthathu, noma kufika kwelinye inani, kuze kufike isikhathi esinamandla futhi. Ukubala okunjalo kwamabhithi (abizwa nangokuthi amasheya) kubizwa imitha yomculo.

Ake sithi ukushaya kwenhliziyo kuyashaya ngamanothi ekota, ake sizame ukuveza isigqi saso ngomculo onesigqi esinesigqi. Emfanekisweni ongezansi, wonke ama-beats of the pulse amelelwa ngamanothi ekota. Uma ukushaya kunamandla, khona-ke ngaphansi kwenothi kukhona uphawu lokugcizelela (>), kufana nophawu lwezibalo “olukhulu kuno”.

Isikhathi esisuka kwesinye ibhithi ephansi kuya ekuqaleni kwesigqi esilandelayo somculo sibizwa ubuhlakani, ama-beats ahlukene, okungukuthi, ahlukaniswe komunye nomunye i-barline. Ngakho-ke, umugqa webha uhlala utholakala ngaphambi kokushaywa okuqinile, okusho ukuthi isilinganiso esisha ngasinye siqala ngokubala "kwabanye" (okungukuthi, kusukela ekuqaleni, ukushaya okunamandla).

Ayini amamitha nezilinganiso?

Amamitha noma izinyathelo zilula futhi ziyinkimbinkimbi. Simple – Lezi yizingxenye ezimbili nezintathu. KODWA eziyinkimbinkimbi - lezi yilezo ezihlanganisa ezimbili noma ngaphezulu ezilula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, womabili amamitha angama-homogeneous (isibonelo, okuphindwe kathathu noma kabili) namamitha ahlukahlukene (okuphindwe kabili nokukathathu kuxutshwe) angaxhunywa.

Siyini isikali somculo?

isiginesha yesikhathi isisho senani lemitha. Isiginesha yesikhathi ikala ukugcwala kwezilinganiso (ngamanye amazwi: mangaki amanothi okufanele alingane esikalini esisodwa, “ebhokisini” elilodwa). Ubukhulu buvame ukubhalwa ngendlela yezinombolo ezimbili, okuthi, njengengxenye yezibalo, zitholakala ngaphezu kwesinye, ngaphandle kwedeshi (ngaphandle kophawu lokuhlukanisa). Ungabona izibonelo zalokhu okufakiwe emfanekisweni:

Zisho ukuthini lezi zinombolo?

inombolo ephezulu uthi mayelana mangaki amabhithi asesilinganisweni, okungukuthi, mangaki okumele uwabale (kufika kokubili, kufika kokuthathu, kufika kwezine, kuze kufike kweziyisithupha, njll.). Inombolo ephezulu kufanele yiphinyiselwe lapho kufundwa njengenombolo esimweni sowesifazane kanye nesokukhetha (okungukuthi, ezimbili, ezintathu, ezine, ezinhlanu, njll.)

inombolo engezansi imibukiso ubude bebhithi ngayinye, okungukuthi, amanothi okufanele siwacabangele futhi aphawula ukuthi ishayela ngokuvamile lishaya (amanothi ekota, amanothi ayingxenye, amanothi esishiyagalombili, njll.). Inombolo ephansi lapho ufunda isiginesha yesikhathi akufanele yiphinyiselwe njengenombolo, kodwa njengegama lobude besikhathi bomculo obuhambisanayo ku-genitive case.

Izibonelo zamagama osayizi abalungile: amakota amabili, amakota amathathu, isishiyagalombili, amakota amane, isishiyagalombili, imizuzwana emithathu (ingxenye - nakhu okuhlukile emthethweni), amakota amahlanu, njll.

Isiginesha yesikhathi esilula

Amasayizi omculo alula akhiwa ngemitha elula, okungukuthi, lawa masayizi azoba kabili noma kathathu. Izibonelo zamasayizi alula: isibili sesibili, ikota emibili, isishiyagalombili, ishumi nesithupha, isibili sesithathu, ikota yesithathu, isithathu sesishiyagalombili, isithathu seshumi nesithupha, njll.

Usayizi 2/4 "amakota amabili" - lena isiginesha yesikhathi lapho kukhona amabhithi amabili futhi ibhithi ngayinye ilingana nekota yenothi. Amaphuzu agcinwa “kanye nambili-kanye.” Lokhu kusho ukuthi amanothi ekota amabili abekwe esilinganisweni ngasinye (akusekho futhi kungabi ngaphansi). Kodwa la manothi ekota, noma kunalokho isamba sawo, "anganikwa amaphuzu" ngobude obuhlukile. Isibonelo, elinye lamasheya noma kokubili ngesikhathi esisodwa lingahlukaniswa libe yisishiyagalombili noma ishumi nesithupha (lingaba ngezinhlanganisela ezahlukene), lingahlukaniswa libe ngamathathu kanye nama-quintuplets. Ungakwazi futhi, ngokuphambene nalokho, ungahlukanisi, kodwa uhlanganise izingxenye ezimbili kwezine zibe ingxenye eyodwa, ungafaka amanothi ngamachashazi usebenzisa izimpawu ezikhulisa ubude bamanothi.

Kungaba nezinketho eziningi zephethini yesigqi esilinganisweni samakota amabili. Ake sibone ezinye zazo.

Usayizi 3/4 "amakota amathathu" – inamabhithi amathathu, futhi ngalinye lilingana nekota yenothi. Amaphuzu "owodwa-kanye, amabili-futhi, amathathu-kanye." Isamba samakota amathathu singadayilwa ngezindlela ezahlukene. Uma, isibonelo, uhlanganisa wonke amanothi ekota amathathu abe inothi elilodwa, uthola inothi elinguhhafu elinechashazi - lena inothi elide kakhulu elingabhalwa ngesilinganiso esinesignesha yesikhathi esinikeziwe. Bona ezinye izinketho zokugcwalisa isigqi zalesi siginesha yesikhathi.

Usayizi 3/8 "izintathu ezintathu" - kubonakala sengathi izingxenye ezintathu kwezine engxenyeni yayo emithathu, kuphela lapha ubude besigqi ngasinye lapha siyingxenye yesishiyagalombili, hhayi ikota. Isikolo sithi “one-two-three”. Isishiyagalombili isikhathi esiyinhloko, kodwa singahlukaniswa sibe seshumi nesithupha uma kunesidingo, noma sihlanganiswe sibe yikota (uma izingxenye ezimbili zesishiyagalombili zixhunywe) noma ikota enechashazi (izingxenye ezintathu zesishiyagalombili zixhunywe ngesikhathi esisodwa). Izinhlobonhlobo ezijwayelekile zokugcwalisa isigqi:

Amasignesha esikhathi somculo ayinkimbinkimbi

Amamitha ayinkimbinkimbi atholakala kakhulu emculweni amakota amane kanye nesithupha sesishiyagalombili. Ngamunye wabo uqukethe ezimbili ezilula.

Usayizi 4/4 "amakota amane" – iqukethe amabhithi amane, futhi ubude bebhithi ngayinye iyikota eyodwa inothi. Lo sayizi wakhiwe kusukela kumanani amabili alula osayizi 2/4, okusho ukuthi unama-accents amabili - engxenyeni yokuqala neyesithathu. Ingxenye yokuqala ibizwa eqinile, kanti eyesithathu, ehambisana nokuqala kosayizi wesibili olula, ibizwa ngokuthi kunamandla uma kuqhathaniswaelibuthakathaka kunamandla. Ukwengeza, sazise lokho Isignesha yesikhathi esingu-4/4 kwesinye isikhathi ibuye ikhonjiswe ngophawu olufana nohlamvu C (umbuthano ovulekile).

Usayizi 6/8 "isithupha sesishiyagalombili" - lesi isilinganiso se-3-beat, sakhiwe ngezigqi ezimbili ezilula ezintathu, ukushaya kwenhliziyo kuhamba ngamanothi esishiyagalombili. Isigqi esinamandla singesokuqala kuso, futhi isigqi esinamandla ngokwesine (ukuqala kwesiginesha yesikhathi esilula sesibili ngu-8/XNUMX).

Ngokungeziwe kulawa masayizi avamile ayinkimbinkimbi, umculi angase ahlangane nabanye abafana nabo: 4/8, 6/4, 9/8, 12/8. Zonke lezi zilinganiso eziyinkimbinkimbi zakhiwe ngokuvumelana nesimiso esifanayo. Isibonelo, isignesha yesikhathi 9/8 yizilinganiso ezintathu zika-3/8 ezihlanganiswe ndawonye, ​​​​u-12/8 yizinyathelo ezine ezilula ezixhunyiwe ezifanayo.

osayizi abaxubile

Amasayizi ayinkimbinkimbi ahlanganisiwe akhiwa uma engafani, kodwa alula ahlukene axhunywe ndawonye, ​​isibonelo, ingxenye emibili enezingxenye ezintathu. Ezinhlobonhlobo zobukhulu obuxubene, ezine zigqamile, ezidonsa amehlo kaningi kunabanye. Lawa ngo-5/4 no-5/8, kanye no-7/4 no-7/8. Ngezikhathi ezithile, umculi angase ahlangane imitha 11/4, kodwa lokhu akuvamile kakhulu (ngokwesibonelo, ku-chorus yokugcina "Ukukhanya namandla" kusukela ku-opera ethi "The Snow Maiden" ngu-NA Rimsky-Korsakov).

Osayizi 5/4 kanye no-5/8 (“amakota amahlanu” kanye “nezinhlanu eziyisishiyagalombili”) - ama-beats amahlanu, asekelwe esimisweni esifanayo, kuphela esimweni esisodwa i-pulsation ihamba ngezikhathi zekota, kanti enye - ngama-XNUMX. Njengoba lezi zilinganiso ziyinkimbinkimbi, ziqukethe ezimbili ezilula - izingxenye ezimbili nezintathu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlobonhlobo zalezi zisayizi zingenzeka, kuye ngokuhleleka kwezilula.

Isibonelo, uma u-5/4 ehamba kuqala ku-2/4, bese kuba ngu-3/4, khona-ke isigqi esinamandla siwela ngesigqi sesithathu. Kodwa uma ngesilinganiso esifanayo izingxenye ezintathu zisethwa kuqala, futhi ngemva kwezingxenye ezimbili, khona-ke kulokhu ukushaya okunamandla kuzobe sekuvele kuwela ngesigqi sesine, ngaleyo ndlela i-accent eyodwa izogudluzwa, futhi lokhu kuzoshintsha yonke into yangaphakathi. inhlangano enesigqi esilinganisweni.

Ukuze umenzi azi ukuthi iyiphi inguqulo yesiginesha yesikhathi esixubile okuzodingeka abhekane nayo, kumanothi, eduze kwesignesha yesikhathi esimisiwe, ngokuvamile iboniswa kubakaki ukuthi yimaphi amamitha alula akhiwe ngayo. Ngokwesamba esiveziwe sosayizi, kuvame ukucaca ukuthi yini eza kuqala - 2/4 noma 3/4. Isibonelo: 5/4 (2/4 + 3/4) noma 5/4 (3/4 + 2/4). Okufanayo kuyasebenza nakusayizi 5/8.

Osayizi 7/4 no-7/8 – zakhiwe ngezinto ezintathu ezilula, eyodwa yazo iyingxenye emithathu, kanti ezimbili ezisele zinezingxenye ezimbili. Isignesha yesikhathi esinjalo ingabonakala kaningi ezinhlelweni zezingoma zomdabu zaseRussia, kwesinye isikhathi futhi emculweni wezinsimbi ngabaqambi abaningi baseRussia.

Izinhlobonhlobo zokwengezwa kwesilinganiso sebhithi eyisikhombisa ziyehluka endaweni yemitha eshaya kathathu (kaningi itholakala ekuqaleni noma ekugcineni kwebha, kancane kancane phakathi).

Sihlaziye izikali zomculo eziyinhloko. Njenganoma yiliphi ibhizinisi, kwakubalulekile ukuqonda isimiso lapha, khona-ke lapho uhlangana nobukhulu obungavamile, ngeke ulahleke. Kodwa-ke, uma kusekhona izinto ongakacabangi, bhala imibuzo yakho kumazwana. Mhlawumbe bazosiza ekuthuthukiseni kakhulu le nto.