Harmony |

I-aronia yamaGreki - ukuxhumana, ukuvumelana, ukulingana

Izindlela ezicacile zomculo ezisekelwe ekuhlanganiseni amathoni abe ongwaqa nokulandelana kongwaqa. Ongwaqa bachazwa ngokuya ngemodi nethoni. G. azibonakalisi kuphela ku-polyphony, kodwa futhi ku-monophony - melody. Imiqondo eyisisekelo yesigqi yi-chord, i-modal, umsebenzi (bheka Imisebenzi Ye-Modal), ukuhola kwezwi. Isimiso se-tertian sokwakheka kwechord sibusa iminyaka eminingi. amakhulu eminyaka ku-prof. kanye noNar. umculo uhlukile. abantu. Imisebenzi ye-Fret ivela ku-harmonic. ukunyakaza (ukushintsha okulandelanayo kwamachords) ngenxa yokushintshana kwamamuse. ukuzinza nokungazinzi; imisebenzi ku-G. ibonakala ngesikhundla esithathwe amachords ngokuvumelana. I-chord emaphakathi yemodi inikeza umbono wokuzinza (i-tonic), ama-chords asele awazinzile (amaqembu abusayo nangaphansi). Ukuhola ngezwi kungabuye kubhekwe njengomphumela we-harmonics. ukunyakaza. Amazwi akha iphimbo elinikeziwe adlulela emisindweni elandelayo, njalonjalo; ukunyakaza kwamaphimbo e-chord kuyakhiwa, ngaphandle kwalokho okuholayo kwezwi, kuncike emithethweni ethile ethuthukiswe enqubweni yokusungula umculo futhi ibuyekezwe kancane.

Kunezincazelo ezintathu zegama elithi “G.”: G. njengendlela yobuciko yobuciko bomculo (I), njengento efundwayo (II), futhi njengesihloko semfundo (III).

I. Ukuqonda ubuciko. Izimfanelo zika-G., okungukuthi, indima yakhe emculweni. umsebenzi, kubalulekile ukucabangela amathuba ayo acacile (1), i-harmonic. umbala (2), ukubamba iqhaza kuka-G. ekwakhiweni kweminyuziyamu. amafomu (3), ubudlelwano buka-G. nezinye izingxenye zomculo. ulimi (4), isimo sengqondo sikaG. ngomculo. isitayela (5), izigaba ezibaluleke kakhulu zokuthuthukiswa komlando kaG. (6).

1) Ukugqama kuka-G. kufanele kuhlolwe ngokuhambisana nezinkulumo ezijwayelekile. amathuba omculo. Inkulumo ye-harmonic icacile, nakuba incike emigomeni yama-muses. ulimi, ikakhulukazi emculweni. Ukuvezwa kwemizwa okuthile kungaba ngokwemvelo kongwaqa ngabanye. Ekuqaleni kwe-opera ka-R. Wagner ethi “Tristan and Isolde” kuzwakala iculo, elinquma kakhulu uhlobo lomculo wawo wonke umsebenzi:

Le ngoma, ebizwa ngokuthi "i-Tristan", igcwele yonke inhlanganisela, ivela ezimweni ezinzima futhi iba yi-leitharmony. Imvelo yomculo wesiphetho se-symphony yesi-6 kaTchaikovsky inqunywe kusengaphambili ku-chord yokuvula:

Ukuvezwa kwenani lamaculo kucacile futhi kuzinzile ngokomlando. Ngokwesibonelo, iculo lesikhombisa elincishisiwe lalisetshenziswa ukuze lidlulise amazwibela anamandla. okuhlangenwe nakho (izingeniso ze-sonatas kaBeethoven No. 8 kanye No. 32 upiyano). Isisho siphinde sibe yisici samaculo alula. Ngokwesibonelo, ekupheleni kwesandulelo sika-Rachmaninoff, op. 23 Cha 1 (fis-moll) ukuphindaphinda okuningi kwe-tonic encane. unxantathu ujulisa umlingiswa otholakala kulo msebenzi.

2) Ekuvezweni kwe-G., izici zemisindo ezisebenzayo nezinemibala ziyahlanganiswa. i-harmonic umbala ubonakala emisindweni enjengaleyo kanye nesilinganiso semisindo (isibonelo, onxantathu abakhulu ababili ebangeni lengxenye yesithathu enkulu). Umbala ka-G. uvamise ukusebenza njengesixazululo sokubonisa uhlelo. imisebenzi. Ekuthuthukisweni kwengxenye yokuqala ye-symphony ka-Beethoven yesi-1 (“Pastoral”), kukhona ama-maj akudala akhona. abathathu; ukushintsha kwabo okuvamile, kuzonquma. ubukhulu bokhiye, i-tonics to-rykh ingatholakala kuyo yonke imisindo ye-diatonic. ububanzi bomsindo we-main tonalities ye-symphony (F-dur) imibala engavamile kakhulu ngesikhathi sika-Beethoven. amasu asetshenziselwa ukuhlanganisa izithombe zemvelo. Isithombe sokusa esigcawini sesibili se-opera kaTchaikovsky "Eugene Onegin" sithweswe umqhele we-tonic ekhanyayo. kathathu C-dur. Ekuqaleni komdlalo kaGrieg othi "Morning" (kusuka ku-Peer Gynt suite), umbono wokukhanyiselwa ufinyelelwa ngokuhamba phezulu kwezihluthulelo ezinkulu, ama-tonics ahlukaniswa komunye nomunye kuqala ngengxenye yesithathu enkulu, bese kuba yincane. eyodwa (E-dur, Gis-dur, H- dur). Ngomqondo wokuzwana. umbala ngezinye izikhathi uhlanganisa izethulo zombala womculo (bona Ukuzwa kombala).

3) G. ubamba iqhaza ekwakhiweni kweminyuziyamu. amafomu. Indlela yokwakha ye-G. ihlanganisa: a) i-chord, i-leitharmony, i-harmonic. umbala, iphuzu lesitho; b) i-harmonic. i-pulsation (isigqi sokushintsha kokuvumelana), i-harmonic. ukushintshashintsha; c) ama-cadence, ukulandelana, ukuguquguquka, ukuchezuka, izinhlelo zamathoni; d) ukuzwana, ukusebenza (ukuzinza nokungazinzi). Lezi zindlela zisetshenziswa kumculo we-homophonic kanye ne-polyphonic. inqolobane.

Itholakala kuma-modal harmonics. ukuqina kwemisebenzi nokungaqini kuhilelekile ekwakhiweni kwawo wonke amamuse. izakhiwo - kusukela esikhathini kuya kufomu le-sonata, kusukela ekusungulweni okuncane kuya ku-fugue ebanzi, kusukela kwezothando kuya ku-opera ne-oratorio. Kumafomu amathathu atholakala emisebenzini eminingi, ukungazinzi ngokuvamile kuyisici sengxenye emaphakathi yomlingiswa othuthukayo, kodwa kuhlobene. ukuzinza - ezingxenyeni ezimbi kakhulu. Ukuthuthukiswa kwamafomu e-sonata kuhlukaniswa nokungazinzi okusebenzayo. Ukushintshashintsha kokuzinza nokungazinzi kungumthombo wokunyakaza, intuthuko kuphela, kodwa futhi nobuqotho obakhayo beminyuziyamu. amafomu. Ama-cadence abandakanyeka ngokusobala ekwakhiweni kwefomu lenkathi. i-harmonica ejwayelekile. Ubudlelwano bokuphetha komusho, isb ubudlelwano phakathi kokubusayo kanye ne-tonic bube yizimpawu ezizinzile zenkathi - isisekelo seminyuziyamu eminingi. amafomu. I-Cadenzas igxile ekusebenzeni, evumelanayo. izixhumanisi zomculo.

Uhlelo lwethoni, okungukuthi, ukulandelana okunengqondo kokusebenza nokunemibala kwamathoni, kuyisimo esidingekayo ukuze kube khona iminyuziyamu. amafomu. Kukhona ukuxhumana kwethoni okukhethwe ngokuprakthiza, okuthole inani lenkambiso ku-fugue, rondo, ifomu eliyinkimbinkimbi elinezingxenye ezintathu, njll. Ukuvezwa kwezinhlelo zethoni, ikakhulukazi amafomu amakhulu, kusekelwe ekhonweni lomqambi lokusebenzisa ithoni ngobuciko. ukuxhumana phakathi “okukude” kusuka komunye nomunye iminyuziyamu. izakhiwo. Ukwenza uhlelo lwethoni lube umculo. iqiniso, umculi nomlaleli kumele bakwazi ukuqhathanisa umculo "amabanga" amakhulu. Ngezansi umdwebo wepulani yethoni yengxenye yokuqala ye-symphony yesi-1 kaTchaikovsky. Ukuzwa, ukuqonda ukuhlobana kwethoni emsebenzini onjalo omude (izinyathelo ezingu-6) vumela, okokuqala, ukuphindaphinda kwama-muses. izihloko. Kuqhamuke uChap. ukhiye (h-moll), abanye okhiye ababalulekile (isb. D-dur), func. ukusebenzisana nokwehliselwa phansi kokhiye njengemisebenzi yezinga eliphezulu (ngokufanisa nemisebenzi ekulandelaneni kwamaculo). Ukunyakaza kwethoni ku-otd. izigaba zihlelwa ubudlelwano obuphansi bokushisa; imijikelezo ehlanganisiwe noma evaliwe ivela min. tonality, ukuphindaphinda okufaka isandla ekuboneni konke.

Uhlelo lwe-Tonal lokunyakaza kokuqala kwe-symphony yesi-6 kaTchaikovsky

Ukufakwa kwalo lonke uhlelo lwethoni nakho kusizwa ngendlela ehlelekile. ukusetshenziswa kokulandelana, ukushintshashintsha okuvamile kwephimbo-ezinzile, engashintshi kanye nethoni-engazinzile, izigaba ezishintshayo, ezinye izici ezifanayo zomvuthwandaba. Uhlelo lwe-tonal lwengxenye yokuqala ye-symphony yesi-1 kaTchaikovsky lubonisa "ubumbano ngokuhlukahluka" futhi, nazo zonke izici zalo, luyayihlukanisa. izici, ihlangabezana nezakudala. izimiso. Ngokwenye yalezi zinkambiso, ukulandelana kwemisebenzi yezinga eliphezulu engazinzile kuphambene nokujwayelekile, i-cadence (S – D). Iyasebenza. ifomula yokunyakaza kwethoni yamafomu anezingxenye ezintathu (alula) kanye nefomu le-sonata lithatha ifomu T - D - S - T, ngokungafani nefomula ye-cadence evamile T - S - D - T (njengaleyo, isibonelo, i-tonal izinhlelo zezingxenye zokuqala zama-symphonies amabili okuqala kaBeethoven). Ukunyakaza kwe-tonal ngezinye izikhathi kucindezela ku-chord noma ukulandelana kwama-chords - i-harmonic. inzuzo. Esinye seziphetho zengxenye yokuqala ye-symphony yesi-6 ka-Tchaikovsky (bheka imigoqo 1-6) yakhelwe phezu kwechord yesikhombisa enciphile isikhathi eside, ihlanganisa ukukhuphuka kwangaphambilini kwe-tertz encane.

Lapho i-chord eyodwa noma enye ibonakala ngokukhethekile esiqeshini, isibonelo. ngenxa yokuxhumana nomvuthwandaba noma ngenxa yendima ebalulekile emculweni. itimu, ubamba iqhaza kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni nasekwakheni iminyuziyamu. amafomu. Ukungena, noma "ngokusebenzisa", isenzo se-chord kuwo wonke umsebenzi kuyisenzakalo esihambisana nomlando futhi size sandulele i-monothematism; ingachazwa ngokuthi “i-monoharmonism” eholela ekuletheni. Indima ye-Monoharmonic idlalwe, ngokwesibonelo, ngamaculo edigri yesibili ephansi ku-sonatas kaBeethoven NoNoNo 14 (“Moonlight”), 17 and 23 (“Appassionata”). Ukuhlola isilinganiso sika-G. kanye neminyuziyamu. ifomu, umuntu kufanele acabangele indawo yendlela ethile yokubumba yejografi (ukuveza, noma ukuphindaphinda, njll.), kanye nokubamba iqhaza kwayo ekusetshenzisweni kwezimiso ezibalulekile zokubumba njengokuphindaphinda, ukushintshashintsha, ukuthuthukiswa, ukuthunyelwa, kanye qhathanisa.

4) G. usendingilizini yezinye izingxenye zomculo. ulimi futhi uhlanganyele nabo. Amanye ama-stereotypes okusebenzelana okunjalo ayasungulwa. Isibonelo, izinguquko kumabhithi aqinile amethrikhi, ama-accents avame ukuhambisana nezinguquko ze-chord; nge-tempo esheshayo, ama-harmonies ashintsha kancane kancane kune-slow one; i-timbre yezinsimbi kurejista ephansi (ukuqala kwe-symphony yesi-6 kaTchaikovsky) igcizelela ubumnyama, futhi kurejista ephezulu i-harmonic yokukhanya. umbala (ukuqala kwesingeniso se-orchestra ku-opera ethi Lohengrin kaWagner). Okubaluleke kakhulu ukuxhumana phakathi komculo nomculo, okudlala indima ehamba phambili emculweni. umkhiqizo. U-G. uba “umhumushi” ohlakaniphe kakhulu wokuqukethwe okucebile komculo. Ngokwamazwi ajulile ka-MI Glinka, u-G. uqeda ingoma. umcabango ufakazela lokho okubonakala kuthule emculweni futhi ongakwazi ukukuveza “ngezwi eligcwele” lawo. G. okufihlwe emculweni kuvezwa ukuhambisana - isibonelo, lapho abaqambi becubungula i-nar. izingoma. Ngenxa yezingoma ezihlukene, ukuvumelana okufanayo. ukuphenduka kuveza umbono ohlukile. Ingcebo evumelanayo. izinketho eziqukethwe emculweni zibonisa i-harmonic. ukushintshashintsha, ukusika kwenzeka ngokuphindaphinda kwe-melodic. izingcezwana zezinga elikhulu noma elincane, elibekwe “eduze kwe” noma “kude” (ngaphakathi kohlobo lokuhlukahluka noma nganoma iyiphi enye indlela yomculo). Ubuciko obuhle. inani le-harmonic. ukushintshashintsha (kanye nokuhlukahluka ngokujwayelekile) kunqunywa ukuthi kuba yisici sokuvuselela umculo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuhlukahluka kwe-harmonic kungenye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu. izindlela ze-self-harmonic. ukuthuthukiswa. Ngo "Turkish" kusukela ku-opera "Ruslan noLyudmila" kaGlinka, phakathi kwabanye, izinketho ezilandelayo zokuvumelanisa ingoma zitholakala:

Ukuhluka okunjalo kwe-harmonic kwakha ukubonakaliswa okubalulekile kokuhlukahluka kohlobo lwe-Glinka. I-diatonic engaguquki. umculo ungavunyelaniswa ngezindlela ezahlukene: kuphela nge-diatonic (bona i-Diatonic) noma ama-chromatic kuphela (bona i-Chromatism), noma inhlanganisela yakho kokubili; ukuvumelana kwethoni eyodwa noma ngokushintsha kokhiye, ukumodela, ngokulondolozwa noma ukuguqulwa kwemodi (okukhulu noma okuncane) kungenzeka; kungenzeka umehluko. funkt. inhlanganisela yokuzinza nokungazinzi (ama-tonic, ama-dominants nama-subdominants); izinketho zokuvumelanisa zihlanganisa izinguquko kuzikhalazo, melodic. izikhundla kanye nokuhlelwa kwama-chords, ukukhetha kwe-preim. amakhwara amathathu, amakhwara esikhombisa noma okungezona izingoma, ukusetshenziswa kwemisindo yokucula nemisindo engahlangene nemisindo, nokunye okuningi. Ngenqubo ye-harmonic. ukwehluka kwembulwa ukuceba kuzoveza. amathuba e-G., ithonya lawo emculweni, nezinye izici zomculo. ephelele.

5) G. kanye neminye iminyuziyamu. izingxenye ezihilelekile ekwakhiweni komculo. isitayela. Ungakwazi futhi ukucacisa izimpawu ze-harmonic efanele. isitayela. I-harmonica engavamile ngokwesitayela. ukuphenduka, ama-chords, izindlela zokuthuthukiswa kwe-tonal zaziwa kuphela kumongo womkhiqizo, mayelana nenhloso yawo. Ukukhumbula isitayela somlando jikelele wenkathi, ungakwazi, isibonelo, ukudweba isithombe sothando. G. ngokuphelele; kungenzeka ukugqamisa u-G. kulesi sithombe. ama-romantics, ke, isibonelo, u-R. Wagner, ke - G. wezikhathi ezahlukene zomsebenzi kaWagner, kuze kufike ku-harmonic. isitayela somunye wemisebenzi yakhe, isibonelo. "Tristan futhi Isolde". Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kukhanye kangakanani, okwangempela kwakuyi-nat. ukubonakaliswa kwe-G. (isibonelo, kuma-classics aseRussia, emculweni waseNorway - eGrieg), kunoma yikuphi, izakhiwo zayo zamazwe ngamazwe, ezijwayelekile kanye nezimiso zikhona (emkhakheni wemodi, ukusebenza, isakhiwo se-chord, njll.), ngaphandle kwalokho uG. ngokwakhe akacabangeki. Isitayela sombhali (somqambi). Ukucaciswa kukaG. kwabonakala kumagama amaningana: “Tristan chord”, “Prometheus chord” (i-leitharmony yenkondlo kaScriabin ethi “Prometheus”), “i-Prokofiev evelele”, njll. Umlando womculo awubonisi nje ushintsho, kodwa futhi nokuba khona kanyekanye kokubola. izitayela ze-harmonic.

6) Udinga okukhethekile. ukufunda ngokuvela komculo, njengoba sekuyisikhathi eside kuyindawo ekhethekile yomculo ne-musicology. Diff. Izinhlangothi zika-G. zikhula ngamanani ahlukene, zihlobene. ukuzinza kuhlukile. Isibonelo, i-evolution ku-chord ihamba kancane kune-modal-functional kanye ne-tonal sphere. G. kancane kancane inothiswa, kodwa inqubekelaphambili yayo ayivezwa ngaso sonke isikhathi ngenkinga. Kwezinye izikhathi (ngokwengxenye futhi ekhulwini lama-20), intuthuko ye-hydrogeography idinga, okokuqala, ukuthuthukiswa okusha kwezindlela ezilula. Ku-G. (kanye nanoma ibuphi ubuciko ngokujwayelekile) ukuhlanganiswa okunezithelo emsebenzini wabaqambi bakudala. isiko kanye nokuqamba okusha kweqiniso.

Umsuka ka-G. useNar. umculo. Lokhu kuyasebenza nakubantu ababengayazi i-polyphony: noma yimuphi umculo, noma iyiphi i-monophony in potency iqukethe i-G.; encazelweni ngaphansi kwezimo ezivumayo, lawa mathuba afihliwe ahunyushwa abe ngokoqobo. Nar. umsuka we-G. uvela ngokucace kakhulu engomeni yepholyfoni, isibonelo. kubantu baseRussia. Kubantu abanjalo Izingoma ziqukethe izingxenye ezibaluleke kakhulu ze-chord - ama-chords, ukuguqulwa okuveza imisebenzi ye-modal, ukuhola kwezwi. NgesiRashiya nar. ingoma iqukethe izindlela ezinkulu, ezincane nezinye zemvelo eziseduze nazo.

Inqubekelaphambili ka-G. ayinakuhlukaniswa ne-harmonic ye-homophonic. ishede lomculo (bheka. Homophony), esitatimendeni ku-rogo eYurophu. music claim-ve indima ekhethekile ingeyenkathi kusukela esitezi sesi-2. 16 kuya ku-1st floor. Ikhulu le-17 Ukukhuthazwa kwale ndlu yokugcina impahla kwalungiswa ngesikhathi seRenaissance, lapho indawo eyengeziwe yanikezwa iminyuziyamu yezwe. izinhlobo futhi kwavula amathuba abanzi okuveza umhlaba kamoya womuntu. G. uthole izikhuthazo ezintsha zentuthuko ku-instr. umculo, kuhlangene instr. futhi wok. isethulo. Ngokuphathelene ne-homophonic harmonic. irehouse edingekayo izinkomba. ukuzimela ngokuvumelana. ukuhambisana nokusebenzelana kwayo nomculo ohamba phambili. Kwavela izinhlobo ezintsha ze-self-harmonics. ukwakheka, izindlela ezintsha zokuvumelana. futhi melodic. imifanekiso. Ukucebisa kuka-G. kwaba umphumela wentshisekelo evamile yabaqambi emculweni ohlukahlukene. Idatha ye-Acoustic, ukusatshalaliswa kwamazwi ekwayeni, nezinye izimfuneko kuholele ekubonweni kwamazwi amane njengokujwayelekile kwekhorasi. Umkhuba we-bass evamile (i-basso continuo) wadlala indima ethelayo ekujuliseni umuzwa wokuzwana. Izizukulwane zabaculi abatholakala kulo mkhuba kanye nethiyori yawo. ukulawulwa yiwona kanye umongo kaG.; imfundiso ye-bass jikelele kwakuyimfundiso ye-bass. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ongqondongqondo abavelele nezazi zomculo baqala ukuthatha isikhundla maqondana nebhesi eyayizimele kakhulu emfundisweni ye-bass general (JF Rameau nabalandeli bakhe kule ndawo).

Izimpumelelo zaseYurophu. umculo 2nd floor. Ikhulu le-16-17 esifundeni saseG. (ingasaphathwa eyehlukile okungakangeni esenzweni esibanzi) kufingqiwe ngokuyinhloko. kokulandelayo: enkulu yemvelo kanye ne-harmonic. okuncane okutholwe ngalesi sikhathi ukubusa. isikhundla; i-melodic idlale indima ebalulekile. encane, encane, kodwa enesisindo esikhulu - i-harmonic. ezinkulu. Ukuthola i-diatonic. ama-frets (Dorian, Mixolydian, njll.) abe nencazelo efanayo. Ukuhlukahluka kwamathoni kuthuthukiswe ngaphakathi kwemikhawulo yamathoni wokuhlobana okuseduze, futhi ngezikhathi ezithile, okude. Ukuxhumana kwethoni okuqhubekayo kwavezwa ngenani lezinhlobo nezinhlobo, isibonelo. ukunyakaza ngendlela evelele ekuqaleni kwemikhiqizo, okunomthelela ekuqinisweni kwe-tonic; ukusuka kwesikhashana ukuya kokubusayo ezigabeni zokugcina. Ukuguqulwa kwezinguquko kwazalwa. Ukulandelana kwazibonakalisa ngokukhuthele ekuxhunyweni kokhiye, ukubaluleka kokulawula okwakubalulekile ngokuvamile ekuthuthukisweni kwe-G. Isikhundla esiphezulu bekungese-diatonic. Ukusebenza kwayo, isib. isilinganiso se-tonic, esibusayo nesingaphansi, asizange sizwakale endaweni encane kuphela, kodwa futhi ngezinga elibanzi. Ukubonakaliswa kokuhlukahluka komsebenzi kuye kwabonwa (bona Isifanekiso. imisebenzi eguquguqukayo). Kwakhiwe imisebenzi. amaqembu, ikakhulukazi kumkhakha we-subdominant. Izimpawu ezihlala njalo zama-harmonics zasungulwa futhi zalungiswa. ama-revolutions nama-cadences: okuyiqiniso, i-plagal, ukuphazamiseka. Phakathi kwama-chords, ama-triad (amancane namancane) ayebusa, futhi kwakukhona nezinsimbi zesithupha. Ama-quartz-sext chords, ikakhulukazi ama-cadence chords, aqala ukungena ekusebenzeni. Endingilizini eseduze yezingoma zesikhombisa, iphimbo lesikhombisa lezinga lesihlanu (izwi lesikhombisa elibusayo) lagqama, amaqoqo esikhombisa edigri lesibili nelesikhombisa ayengavamile kakhulu. Okujwayelekile, izici ezisebenza njalo ekwakhekeni kongwaqa abasha - melodic. umsebenzi wamazwi wepholyfoni, imisindo engahlangene nechord, ipholyphony. I-Chromatics ingene ku-diatonic, eyenziwa ngokumelene nengemuva layo. I-Chromatic. imisindo yayivame ukuhambisana; i-harmonic Ch. isebenze njengezikhuthazo zokuvela kwe-chromaticity. hlela. ukumodemu. izinqubo, ukuchezuka ku-tonality yezinga lesi-XNUMX, i-XNUMX degree, parallel (enkulu noma encane - bona. amathoni ahambisanayo). Izingoma eziyinhloko zechromatic 2nd floor. Ikhulu le-16-17 - ama-prototypes we-double dominant, i-Neapolitan sixth chord (okuyinto, ngokuphambene negama elamukelwa ngokuvamile, yavela kudala ngaphambi kokuvela kwesikole se-Neapolitan) nayo yakhiwe mayelana nokuguquguquka. I-Chromatic. ukulandelana kwamaculo ngezinye izikhathi kwakuvela ngenxa “yokushelela” kwamazwi, isibonelo. ukuguqulwa kukanxantathu omkhulu ngumuntu omncane onegama elifanayo. Iziphetho zezingoma ezincane noma izingxenye zazo kokukodwa. ezinkulu zazivele zijwayele ngalezo zinsuku. T. o., izici zemodi enkulu-encane (bona. Okukhulu-okuncane) zakhiwa kancane kancane. Umuzwa wokuzwana okuvusiwe. umbala, izidingo ze-polyphony, inertia yokulandelana, izimo zokuphimisa zichaza ukubukeka kokungavamile, kodwa konke okuphawuleka kakhulu inhlanganisela yama-low-terts kanye ne-bol-terts yama-triad angahlobene diatonically. Emculweni, isitezi sesi-2. Ikhulu le-16-17 ukuvezwa kwama-chords njengoba enjalo kakade sekuqala ukuzwakala. Ubudlelwano obuthile buyalungiswa futhi buhlala unomphela. kanye namafomu: izimfuneko ezibaluleke kakhulu ezibaluliwe zezinhlelo zethoni ziyadalwa (ukuguquguquka kwesihluthulelo sokufana okukhulu, ukufana okukhulu), indawo yazo evamile ithathwa ngokuyinhloko. izinhlobo zama-cadence, izimpawu zokuvezwa, ukuthuthukiswa, isethulo sokugcina sika-G. I-harmonica ye-melodic ekhumbulekayo. ukulandelana kuyaphindwa, ngaleyo ndlela kwakha ifomu, kanye no-G. ithola itimu ngezinga elithile. inani. Emculweni. itimu, eyakhiwa ngalesi sikhathi, uG. ithatha indawo ebalulekile. Ama-Harmonics akhiwa futhi aphuculwe. izindlela namasu ahlanganisa izingxenye ezinkulu zomsebenzi noma ukukhiqizwa. wonke. Ngaphezu kokulandelana (incl. h “golden sequence”), ukusetshenziswa kwako okwakusenomkhawulo, kuhlanganisa org. amaphuzu e-tonic futhi abusayo, i-ostinato ku-bass (bona. I-Bass ostinato) nokunye. amazwi, ukuhlukahluka kokuvumelana. Ukuthuthukiswa kwale miphumela yomlando g. ngesikhathi sokubunjwa nokuvunyelwa kwe-harmonic ye-homophonic. warehouse konke okuphawuleka kakhulu ukuthi eziningana. emakhulwini eminyaka ngaphambi kwalokho ku-prof. umculo, i-polyphony yayisencane, futhi ongwaqa babelinganiselwe kuma-quarts kanye nesihlanu. Kamuva, kwatholakala isikhawu sesithathu futhi kwavela unxantathu, okwakuyisisekelo sangempela samaculo futhi, ngenxa yalokho, uG. Ngemiphumela yokuthuthukiswa kwe-G. ngesinqumo. isikhathi singahlulelwa, isibonelo, ngemisebenzi ye-Ya. AP Sweelinka, K. Monteverdi, J.

Yebo. P. Sweelinck. "I-Cromatic Fantasy". ukuveza

Khona lapho, ikhodi.

Isigaba esibalulekile ekuthuthukisweni okuqhubekayo komculo kwakuwumsebenzi ka-JS Bach nabanye abaqambi besikhathi sakhe. Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-G., okuhlobene eduze ne-harmonic ye-homophonic. inqolobane yomculo, futhi ikakhulukazi ngenxa ye-polyphonic. i-warehouse (bheka i-Polyphony) kanye nokulukwa kwayo ne-homophony. Umculo wama-Viennese wakudala ulethe ukukhuphuka okunamandla. Ukuchuma okusha, okugqame nakakhulu kwe-gypsum kwabonwa ngekhulu le-19. emculweni wabaqambi bothando. Lesi sikhathi saphawulwa nangempumelelo yemvelo. izikole zomculo, isibonelo. Okwakudala kwesiRashiya. Esinye sezahluko ezigqama kakhulu emlandweni ka-G. umculo. impressionism (ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20). Abaqambi balesi sikhathi sebevele badonsa kanzima bebheke kwesimanje. isiteji se-harmonic. ukuziphendukela kwemvelo. Isigaba saso sakamuva (kusukela cishe nge-10-20s yekhulu lama-20) sibonakala ngezimpumelelo zayo, ikakhulukazi ku-Sov. umculo.

Yebo. P. Sweelinck. Ukuhlukahluka kokuthi "Mein Junges Leben hat ein End". 6th ukuhluka.

Ukuthuthukiswa kokuvumelana ne-ser. Ikhulu le-17 kuya ku-ser. Ikhulu lama-20 lalishubile kakhulu.

Emkhakheni wemodi iyonke, ukuguquguquka okuphawulekayo kwe-diatonic enkulu nencane kwenzeka: zonke izingoma zesikhombisa zaqala ukusetshenziswa kabanzi, ama-non-chords kanye nama-chords ezakhiwo eziphakeme aqala ukusetshenziswa, imisebenzi eguquguqukayo yaqala ukusebenza. Imithombo yesayensi ye-diatonic ayizange iphele nanamuhla. Ukunotha kwe-modal komculo, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwe-romantics, kwanda ngenxa yokuhlanganiswa kwezinkulu nezincane zibe eponymous kanye ne-parallel ezinkulu-ezincane nezincane-ezinkulu; amathuba amancane-enkulu asetshenziswe kancane kuze kube manje. Ngekhulu le-19 ngesisekelo esisha, izinhlamvu zasendulo ze-diatonic zavuselelwa. ukukhathazeka. Balethe izinto eziningi ezintsha kuProf. umculo, wandisa amathuba amakhulu nancane. Ukuchuma kwabo kwakugqugquzelwa amathonya emvelo avela kumvelo. nar. amasiko (isibonelo, isiRashiya, isi-Ukraine nezinye izizwe zaseRussia; isiPolish, isiNorway, njll.). Kusukela esitezi sesi-2. Ukwakheka kwe-modal yekhulu le-19 okuyinkimbinkimbi nokugqamile kombala kwaqala ukusetshenziswa kabanzi, umnyombo wawo okwakuyimigqa emide yonxantathu abakhulu noma abancane kanye nokulandelana kwethoni ephelele.

I-sphere engazinzile ye-tonality yathuthukiswa kabanzi. Ama-chords akude kakhulu aqala ukubhekwa njengezakhi zesistimu ye-tonal, engaphansi kwe-tonic. I-Tonic ithole ukubusa phezu kokuchezuka hhayi kuphela kokuhlobene eduze, kodwa nakokhiye abakude.

Kuye kwenzeka izinguquko ezinkulu ebudlelwaneni bephimbo. Lokhu kungabonakala esibonelweni sezinhlelo ze-tonal zamafomu abaluleke kakhulu. Kanye ne-quarto-quint ne-terts, izilinganiso ze-tonal yesibili ne-tritone nazo zavela phambili. Ekunyakazeni kwethoni kukhona ukushintshashintsha kokusekela kwethoni nokungasekeli, izigaba eziqondile nezingapheli. Umlando we-G., kuze kube manje, uqinisekisa ukuthi izibonelo ezinhle kakhulu, ezintsha neziqinile zokusungula aziphuli ngokuvumelana nokuguquguquka, okuvula amathemba angenamkhawulo wokuzijwayeza.

Inkulu inqubekelaphambili eyenziwe emkhakheni wokuguquguquka, kumasu, ukuxhumanisa amathoni aseduze nakude - kancane kancane futhi ngokushesha (ngokungazelelwe). Ama-modulations axhuma izingxenye zefomu, ama-muses. Izihloko; ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuguquguquka nokuphambuka kwaqala ukungena ngokujulile nokujula ekuhlukaniseni, ekubunjweni nasekusetshenzisweni kwama-muses. Izihloko. UMnyango. amasu okushintshashintshashintshashintshayo aye abhekana nokuziphendukela kwemvelo okucebile. Kusukela ekuguqulweni kwe-enharmonic (bheka. Anharmonism), okwaba nokwenzeka ngemva kokusungulwa kwe-temperament efanayo, ekuqaleni ingqondo esekelwe ku-anharmonism yasetshenziswa. iculo lesikhombisa (Bach). Khona-ke ukuguquguquka kwasakazwa ngechodi yesikhombisa ehunyushwe nge-anharmonically, okungukuthi, ama-enharmonics ayinkimbinkimbi aqala ukusebenza. ukulingana kwama-chords, kwase kuvela i-enharmonic. ukuguquguquka ngokusebenzisa i-SW engavamile. triad, kanye nosizo lwezinye izingoma. Uhlobo ngalunye oluqanjwe igama luyi-enharmonic. ukuguquguquka kunomugqa okhethekile wokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Ukukhanya, ukuvezwa, umbala, indima ebaluleke kakhulu yokushintshashintsha okunjalo ekukhiqizeni. bonisa, isibonelo, i-Organ Fantasy ka-Bach ku-g-moll (isigaba ngaphambi kwe-fugue), i-Confutatis evela ku-Mozart's Requiem, i-Beethoven's Pathetique Sonata (ingxenye 1, ukuphindaphindwa kwe-Grave ekuqaleni kwentuthuko), isingeniso se-Wagner's Tristan kanye ne-Isolde ( ngaphambi kwe- coda), Ingoma kaGlinka kaMargarita (ngaphambi kokuphindwaphindwa), iRomeo kaTchaikovsky noJuliet Overture (ngaphambi kwengxenye eseceleni). Kukhona izingoma ezigcwele ama-enharmonics. ama-modulation:

R. Schuman. "Ebusuku", op. 12, no5.

Ibid.

Ukushintsha kancane kancane kwanwetshwa kuwo wonke ama-chords of the subdominant, ebusayo futhi ephindwe kabili, kanye namachords of the ababusi besibili abasele. Kusukela ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 isinyathelo sesine esincishisiwe sengane encane saqala ukusetshenziswa. Yaqala ukusetshenziswa ngesikhathi esifanayo. ukuguqulwa komsindo owodwa ezindaweni ezahlukene (amaculo ashintshwe kabili), kanye nangasikhathi sinye. ukuguqulwa kwemisindo emibili ehlukene (ama-chords ashintshwe kabili):

I-Scriabin. I-symphony yesi-3.

U-Rimsky-Korsakov. "Intombi Yeqhwa". Isenzo 3.

N. Yebo. Myaskovsky. I-symphony yesi-5. Ingxenye II.

Ekuwohlokeni. amaphimbo, inani lamathoni aseceleni (ngamanye amazwi, imisindo eshumekiwe noma eshintshayo) kancane kancane liyakhula. Ku-triad kanye nokuguqulwa kwabo, okwesithupha kuthatha indawo yesihlanu noma kuhlanganiswe nayo. Khona-ke, kuma-chords wesikhombisa, ama-quarts athatha indawo yesithathu. Njengangaphambili, umthombo wokwakheka kwechord kwaba imisindo engeyona i-chord, ikakhulukazi ukubambezeleka. Isibonelo, i-nonchord evelele iyaqhubeka nokusetshenziswa mayelana nokuboshwa, kodwa kusukela ku-Beethoven, ikakhulukazi engxenyeni yesibili. Ngekhulu le-2 nangemva kwalokho, le chord nayo yasetshenziswa njengenye ezimele. Ukwakhiwa kwamachords kuyaqhubeka nokuthonywa yi-org. amaphuzu - ngenxa yama-funkts. ukungafani kwe-bass namanye amazwi. Ama-chords ayinkimbinkimbi, agcwele ukungezwani, lapho ukuguqulwa nokushintshwa kwemisindo kuhlanganiswa khona, isibonelo, "i-Prometheus chord" a (ungwaqa wesakhiwo sesine).

I-Scriabin. "Prometheus".

Ukuvela kwe-harmonica. izindlela nezindlela ezikhonjisiwe maqondana ne-enharmonic. i-modulation, itholakala nasekusetshenzisweni kwe-tonic enkulu elula. i-triad, kanye nanoma iyiphi i-chord. Okuphawulekayo ukuvela kwezinguquko, org. into, njll.

Ezingasoze zabuna zesiRashiya zemisebenzi ye-modal. Amathuba ka-G. aguqulelwa ku-Ch. ar. emoyeni wengoma yesintu (imodi eguquguqukayo, ukukhohlisa, bheka izindlela ze-Medieval). IsiRashiya. isikole sethule izici ezintsha ekusetshenzisweni kwama-diatonic side chords, ekuxhumekeni kwazo kwesibili. Izimpumelelo zaseRussia zinkulu. abaqambi kanye nasemkhakheni we-chromatics; isibonelo, ukuhlela kukhuthaze ukuvela kwamafomu e-modal ayinkimbinkimbi. Umthelela we-G. rus yasekuqaleni. Okwakudala kukhulu kakhulu: sekusakazekele emisebenzini yokudala yomhlaba wonke, kubonakala ngokucacile emculweni waseSoviet.

Ezinye izitayela zesimanje. G. zibonakaliswa ezinguqukweni ezishiwo zephrezentheshini yethoni ethile ngokungacaciswanga, “ekungcolisweni” kwamachords anemisindo engahlangene nechord, ekwandeni kwendima ye-ostinato, nasekusetshenzisweni kokufana. ukuhola kwezwi, njll. Nokho, ukubalwa kwezici akwanele ukuze kube neziphetho eziphelele. Isithombe G. yesimanje. umculo ongokoqobo awukwazi ukwakhiwa ngezibalo eziyinkimbinkimbi zokuqaphela mayelana nokulandelana kwezikhathi kodwa amaqiniso ahlukahlukene kakhulu. Esikhathini samanje Azikho izici ezinjalo ze-G. ebezingeke zilungiswe ngokomlando. Emisebenzini emisha evelele kakhulu, isibonelo. U-SS Prokofiev no-DD Shostakovich, balondolozwe futhi bathuthukisa i-modal-function. isisekelo se-G., ukuxhumana kwayo ne-Nar. ingoma; U-G. usalokhu eveza, futhi indima eyinhloko kuseyiyo ingoma. Injalo inqubo yokuthuthukiswa kwe-modal emculweni we-Shostakovich nabanye abaqambi, noma inqubo yokwandisa imingcele ye-tonality ngokude, ukuphambuka okujulile emculweni kaProkofiev. I-tonality of deviations, ikakhulukazi lezo eziyinhloko. i-tonality, ezimweni zobuningi bethulwa ngu-Prokofiev ngokucacile, ifaneleka kokubili endikimbeni nasekuthuthukisweni kwayo. Ngokomlando odumile. buyekeza isampula. Ukuchazwa kwe-tonality kwadalwa nguProkofiev kuGavotte yeClassical Symphony.

SS Prokofiev. "Classical Symphony". I-Gavotte.

Ezikhovaneni zikaG. abaqambi kubonakala izici izikhova. Culture cross-fertilization music dec. izizwe. IsiRashiya sisaqhubeka sidlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu. izikhova. umculo onamasiko awo asendulo ayigugu.

II. Ukucatshangelwa kukaG. njengento yesayensi kuhlanganisa nesimanje. imfundiso kaG. (1), ithiyori ye-modal-functional (2), ukuvela kwezimfundiso zikaG. (3).

1) Yesimanje. imfundiso kaG. iqukethe uhlelo nomlando. izingxenye. Ingxenye ehlelekile yakhelwe phezu kwezisekelo zomlando futhi ifaka idatha ekuthuthukisweni kwe-otd. izimali ze-harmonic. Emiqondweni evamile ye-G., ngaphezu kwaleyo echazwe ngenhla (ichodi-ungwaqa, ukusebenza kwe-modal, ukuhola kwezwi), nayo ingeyemibono mayelana nesilinganiso semvelo, mayelana nomculo. amasistimu (bona Isistimu) kanye nesimo somzimba esihlobene nomzimba kanye ne-acoustic. imibandela yezimo ze-harmonic. Emiqondweni eyisisekelo yongwaqa abayi-dissonance, kunezinhlangothi ezimbili - i-acoustic ne-modal. Indlela ye-modal yengqikithi kanye nombono wongwaqa kanye ne-dissonance iyashintsha, ithuthuka kanye nomculo ngokwawo. Ngokuvamile, kunokuthambekela kokuthambisa umbono we-dissonance of consonances ngokwanda kokungezwani nokuhlukahluka kwawo. Umbono wama-dissonances uhlale uncike kumongo womsebenzi: ngemva kokuhlukana okukhulu, abanamandla amancane bangalahlekelwa amandla abo kumlaleli. Kukhona umgomo phakathi kongwaqa nokuzinza, ukungezwani nokungaqini. uxhumano. Ngakho-ke, kungakhathaliseki izinguquko ekuhloleni ama-dissonances athile kanye nama-consonances, lezi zici kufanele zigcinwe, ngoba ngaphandle kwalokho ukusebenzisana kokuzinza nokungazinzi kuzophela - isimo esidingekayo sokuba khona kokuvumelana nokusebenza. Okokugcina, amandla adonsela phansi kanye nokuxazulula kungokwemiqondo eyisisekelo yamandla adonsela phansi. Abaculi bezwa ngokucacile amandla adonsela phansi emisindo engazinzile yomculo, amazwi ezingoma, wonke amaculo kanye nokuzwakala kwamandla adonsela phansi abe imisindo ezinzile. Nakuba incazelo yesayensi ephelele, ehlanganisayo yalezi zinqubo zangempela ingakanikezwa, izincazelo nezincazelo eziyingxenye ehlongozwayo (isibonelo, amandla adonsela phansi kanye nokuxazulula kwephimbo eliholayo) ziyakholisa impela. Emfundisweni mayelana ne-G. diatonic kuyaphenywa. ama-frets (okukhulu kwemvelo nokuncane, njll.), i-diatonic. ama-chords nezinhlanganisela zawo, izici ze-modal ze-chromatic ne-chromatic. ama-chords njengama-derivatives we-diatonic. Ukuchezuka nokuguqulwa kufundwa ikakhulukazi. Indawo enkulu emfundisweni ye-G. inikezwa ukuguquguquka, i-to-rye ihlukaniswa ngokuya ngo-dec. izici: isilinganiso sokhiye, izindlela zokuguquguquka (ukushintsha kancane kancane nokuzumayo), amasu wokuguquguquka. Engxenyeni ehlelekile yemfundiso ka-G., ukuxhumana okuhlukahlukene okukhulunywe ngenhla phakathi kuka-G. namamyuziyemu kuyahlaziywa. amafomu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izindlela ze-harmonic zihlukaniswa nohlu olubanzi lwezenzo, kuze kufike ekuhlanganiseni komsebenzi wonke, isibonelo, iphuzu lesitho kanye nokuhlukahluka kwe-harmonic. Izimpikiswano eziphakanyiswe ngaphambili zibonakala ezingxenyeni ezihlelekile nezomlando zemfundiso kaG.

2) Yesimanje. lado-func. ithiyori, enesiko elide nelijulile, iyaqhubeka nokuthuthuka kanye nomculo. ubuciko. Ukuqina kwalo mbono kuchazwa ukwethembeka kwayo, incazelo efanele yezakhiwo ezibaluleke kakhulu ze-classical. nomculo wesimanje. Umsebenzi. ithiyori, evela ebudlelwaneni bokuzinza kwe-modal nokungazinzi, ikhombisa ukuvumelana, ukuhleleka kwama-harmonics ahlukahlukene. kusho, logic of harmonics. ukunyakaza. I-Harmonic. ukubonakaliswa kokuzinza kwe-modal nokungazinzi maqondana nokukhulu nokuncane kugxilwe ngokuyinhloko ku-tonic, evelele futhi engaphansi. Izinguquko ekuzinzeni nasekungazinzini nazo zitholakala ekushintsheni kokungaguquguquki (ukuhlala isikhathi eside kukhiye onikeziwe ngaphandle kokuthi c.-l. ukuchezuka kuyo) kanye nokuguquguquka; ekushintshanisweni kwephrezentheshini yephimbo-ecacile kanye nephimbo-okungenasiphelo. Ukuhumusha okunjalo okunwetshiwe kokusebenza emculweni kuyisici somculo wesimanje. imfundiso kaG. Lokhu kuhlanganisa nokuhlanganisa kabanzi mayelana nama-funkts. amaqembu ezingoma kanye nokwenzeka kwe-func. esikhundleni, mayelana nemisebenzi enezinga eliphezulu, mayelana nemisebenzi eyisisekelo neguquguqukayo. Umsebenzi. amaqembu akhiwa kuphela ngaphakathi kwemisebenzi emibili engazinzile. Lokhu kulandela kusukela kungqikithi yemodi futhi kuqinisekiswa inani lokubhekwa: ngokulandelana kwe-decomp. ama-chords alo msebenzi. amaqembu (isibonelo, izinyathelo ze-VI-IV-II), umuzwa womunye (kulokhu, umsebenzi we-subdompant) ugcinwa; lapho, ngemva kwe-tonic, ie e. Isiteji I, noma yimuphi omunye uyavela. ingoma, kuhl. h VI noma III izinyathelo, kukhona ushintsho imisebenzi; ukuguqulwa kwesinyathelo esingu-V siye ku-VI ku-cadence ephazamisekile kusho ukubambezeleka kwemvume, hhayi ukushintshwa kwayo; umphakathi womsindo ngokwawo awukhi i-funkt. amaqembu: imisindo emibili evamile ngayinye inezinyathelo ze-I kanye ne-VI, I no-III, kodwa futhi izinyathelo ze-VII ne-II - abameleli "abadlulele" bango-dec. imisebenzi engazinzile. amaqembu. Imisebenzi ene-oda eliphezulu kufanele iqondwe njenge-funkt. ubudlelwano phakathi kwamathoni. Kukhona i-subdominant, i-dominant ne-tonic. ukuguquguquka. Zishintshwa ngenxa yokuguquguquka futhi zihlelwe ngokulandelana okuthile ezinhlelweni zethoni. Umsebenzi we-modal we-chord, indawo yayo ekuvumelaneni - i-tonicity noma i-non-tonicity itholakala kuma-muses ayo. “imvelo”, ukushintshanisa amaculo akha i-harmonic. ukuphenduka, ukuhlukaniswa okujwayelekile kakhulu lapho maqondana ne-tonic kanye ne-dominant kanje: ukuzinza - ukungazinzi (T - D); ukungazinzi - ukuzinza (D - T); ukuzinza - ukuzinza (T - D - T); ukungazinzi - ukungazinzi (D - T - D). I-logic yokulandelana kwezimpande zemisebenzi T – S – D – T, egomela ithoni, ifakazelwa ngokujulile ngu-X. U-Riemann: isibonelo, ngokulandelana kuka-C ezinkulu kanye no-F abakhulu, imisebenzi yabo ye-modal kanye ne-tonality akukakacaci, kodwa ukubukeka kwesithathu, u-G major triad kucacisa ngokushesha incazelo yethoni ye-chord ngayinye; ukungazinzi okuqoqiwe kuholela ekuzinzeni - i-C enkulu ye-triad, ebonwa njenge-tonic. Kwesinye isikhathi emsebenzini uhlaziya i-G. ukunaka okufanele akukhokhelwa kumbala we-modal, imvelaphi yomsindo, ukwakheka kwe-chord, ukujikeleza kwayo, indawo, njll. njll., kanye ne-melodic. izinqubo ezivela ekuhambeni kuka-G. Lokhu kushiyeka, nokho, kunqunywa ukusetshenziswa okuncane, okungekhona kwesayensi kwemisebenzi ye-modal. ithiyori, hhayi ingqikithi yayo. Ekunyakazeni kwemisebenzi ye-modal, ukuzinza nokungazinzi kusebenze komunye nomunye. Ngokususwa ngokweqile kokuzinza, ukungazinzi nakho kuba buthaka. I-hypertrophy yayo ngesisekelo sobunzima obukhulu, obungenamkhawulo G. kuholela ekulahlekelweni kokusebenza futhi, ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuvumelana kanye ne-tonality. Ukuvela kokukhathazeka - i-atonalism (i-atonality) isho ukwakheka kwe-disharmony (i-antiharmony). U-Rimsky-Korsakov wabhala: "I-Harmony kanye ne-counterpoint, emele inhlanganisela enkulu yokuhlukahluka okukhulu nobunkimbinkimbi, ngokungangabazeki inemingcele yayo, ukuwela esizithola sisendaweni yokungezwani kanye ne-cacophony, endaweni yezingozi, kokubili kanyekanye futhi ngokulandelana” (N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov, Ekukhohliseni kokuzwa, uPoln. Sobr. eqe., vol.

3) Ukuvela kwemfundiso kaG. kwandulelwa isikhathi eside. isikhathi sokuvela kwethiyori yomculo, eyadalwa emhlabeni wasendulo. Imfundiso kaG. empeleni yaqala ukwakheka kanyekanye nokufezeka kwendima ka-G. ekudaleni umculo. Omunye wabasunguli balemfundiso kwakunguJ. Tsarlino. Encwadini yakhe eyisisekelo ethi "Foundations of Harmony" ("Istituzioni harmoniche", 1558), ukhuluma ngencazelo yezinhlamvu ezinkulu nezincane, amathoni abo aphezulu. Womabili ama-chords athola ukulungiswa kwesayensi yemvelo. Umbono ojulile owenziwa imibono kaTsarlino ufakazelwa impikiswano eyayibazungezile (V. Galilei) kanye nesifiso sabantu ababephila ngaleso sikhathi ukuyithuthukisa futhi idume.

Okwethiyori ka-G. esikhathini samanje. ukuqonda ukubaluleka okubalulekile kwathola imisebenzi kaRameau, ikakhulukazi ukapteni wakhe. "Phatha Ngokuvumelana" (1722). Kakade esihlokweni sencwadi kubonisiwe ukuthi le mfundiso isekelwe ezimisweni zemvelo. Isiqalo sokufundisa kukaRameau umzimba ozwakalayo. Esikalini semvelo, esinikezwe imvelo ngokwayo futhi iqukethe i-mazh. u-triad, uRameau ubona imvelo. isisekelo G. Maj. unxantathu usebenza njengesibonelo sesakhiwo se-tertian samaculo. Ekushintsheni kokucula, uRameau waqala ukubona imisebenzi yabo, eqokomisa i-harmonic. isikhungo nongwaqa baso abangaphansi (tonic, dominant, subdominant). U-Rameau ugomela umqondo wokhiye abakhulu nabancane. Ekhomba ama-cadences abaluleke kakhulu (izinyathelo ze-D - T, VI, njll.), wacabangela ukuthi kungenzeka ukuwakha ngokufanisa nawo kwamanye ama-diatonic. izinyathelo. Lokhu ngokuyikho kakade sekuhlanganise indlela ebanzi nevumelana nezimo ekusebenzeni, kuze kufike emcabangweni wemisebenzi eguquguqukayo. Kulandela ukucabanga kukaRameau ukuthi okubusayo kukhiqizwa i-tonic nokuthi ku-cadenza VI okuvelele kubuyela emthonjeni wako. Umqondo wesisekelo owasungulwa nguRamo. I-bass yayihlotshaniswa nokuqwashisa ngokuzwana. ukusebenza futhi, kube nomthelela ekujuleni kwemibono ngakho. Isisekelo. amabhesi, okokuqala, izisekelo ze-tonics, ama-dominants nama-subdominants; esimweni sokuguquguquka kwamachords (umqondo obuye wethulwe okokuqala nguRameau), isisekelo. i-bass ifakiwe. Umqondo wokuguqulwa kwamaculo ungavela ngenxa yendawo esungulwe u-Rameau mayelana nobunikazi bemisindo yegama elifanayo dec. ama-octaves Phakathi kwamaculo, uRameau wehlukanisa phakathi kongwaqa kanye nama-dissonances futhi wakhomba ukubaluleka kwawokuqala. Ufake isandla ekucacisweni kwemibono mayelana nezinguquko ezikhiye, mayelana nokuguquguquka ekuchazeni okusebenzayo (ukuguqulwa kwenani le-tonic), kukhuthaze isimo sengqondo esifanayo, okunothisa ukuguquguquka. amakhono. Ngokuvamile, uRameau wasungula i-preim. umbono we-harmonic ku-polyphony. Ithiyori ye-Classic Rameau, ehlanganisa impumelelo yomculo emakhulwini eminyaka, ibonise ngokuqondile iminyuziyamu. ubuciko 1st floor. Ikhulu le-18 - isibonelo sethiyori. umqondo, wona owaba nomthelela omuhle kumamuses. ukuzijwayeza.

Ukukhula okusheshayo kwenani lemisebenzi ku-gypsum ngekhulu le-19. kwakubangelwa kakhulu izidingo zokuqeqeshwa: kusho. ukwanda kwenani lama-muses. izikhungo zemfundo, ukuthuthukiswa kuka-prof. imfundo yomculo kanye nokwandiswa kwemisebenzi yawo. I-Treatise SS Katel (1802), eyamukelwa yi-Paris Conservatory njengeyinhloko. ubuholi, iminyaka eminingi bunqume uhlobo lwethiyori evamile. imibono kanye nezindlela zokufundisa G. One of the original. Ukuqamba okusha kukaKatel kwakuwumqondo wamanqamu amakhulu namancane abusayo angewona amaculo njengongwaqa aqukethe inani labanye ongwaqa (onxantathu abakhulu nabancane, unxantathu wengqondo, ukucula kwesikhombisa okuvelele, njll.). Lokhu kuhlanganisa kuphawuleka nakakhulu ngoba ama-nonchords avelele ayengavamile ngaleso sikhathi futhi, kunoma yikuphi, ayebhekwa njengamaculo esikhombisa anokubambezeleka. Ukubaluleka okukhethekile kwencwadi kaKatel yesiRashiya. umculo u-BV Asafiev ubona ukuphila kwakhe eqinisweni lokuthi ngo-Z. Den waba nomthelela ku-Glinka. Kwamanye amazwe Ezincwadini zomculo onesigqi, kuyadingeka ukuthi kuqhutshekwe kugqanyiswe umsebenzi we-FJ Fetis (1844), owajulisa ukuqonda kwemodi nethoni; igama elithi “tonality” laqala ukungeniswa kulo. UFetis wayenguthisha we-FO Gevart. Uhlelo lwakamuva lokubuka nge-G. lwamukelwa ngokujulile futhi lwathuthukiswa ngu-GL Catoire. Incwadi ka-FE Richter (1853) yazuza udumo olukhulu. Ukunyatheliswa kabusha kwayo nakho kuvela ekhulwini lama-20; yahunyushelwa ezilimini eziningi, kuhlanganise nesiRashiya (1868). UTchaikovsky unikeze ukuhlolwa okuphezulu kwencwadi ka-Richter futhi wayisebenzisa ekulungiseleleni umhlahlandlela wakhe wegramafoni. Le ncwadi ihlanganisa uhla olubanzi lwezindlela ze-diatonic ne-chromatic zegramophone, amasu ahola izwi, futhi yahlela umkhuba wokubhala kwe-harmonic.

Isinyathelo esikhulu kunazo zonke ekuthuthukisweni kwemfundiso ka-G. senziwa isazi semfundiso yenkolo samazwe ngamazwe sasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 - ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Ikhulu le-19 X. Riemann. Kuye kungokufanelekile okukhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwama-funkts. ithiyori G. Wethula igama elithi “function” ku-musicology. Ezinzuzweni ze-funkt yesimanje. umqondo, owathola umculo omusha nokudala. izikhuthazo, bathola ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhlinzeko ezithela kakhulu ze-Riemann. Phakathi kwazo kukhona: umqondo we-funkt. amaqembu amaculo kanye nokushintshwa kwawo phakathi kwamaqembu; isimiso somsebenzi. ukuhlobana kwezihluthulelo nokuqonda ukuguquguquka ngokombono wemisebenzi ye-tonic, ebusayo kanye nengaphansi; ukubheka isigqi ngokujwayelekile kanye nokuguquguquka kwezinguquko ikakhulukazi njengezici ezijulile zokubunjwa; ukuhlaziya i-harmonic logic. ukuthuthukiswa kwe-cadence. U-Riemann wenze okuningi emkhakheni wolwazi lwe-acoustic nolwazi olufanele lomculo omkhulu (uhlulekile ukuzuza impumelelo efanayo ekuqinisekiseni ingane). Ube neqhaza elibalulekile ocwaningweni lwenkinga kangwaqa kanye ne-dissonance, enikeza indlela ebanzi futhi evumelana nezimo ekucwaningeni kwayo. Ngamafuphi, ucwaningo luka-Riemann emkhakheni we-geology lwagxilisa futhi lwathuthukisa imibono ejulile ka-Rameau, futhi lwabonisa impumelelo yenani lezazi zemfundiso-nkolo zekhulu lama-90. Ukuheha ukunaka komfundi waseRussia emisebenzini kaRiemann kube nomthelela ekubukeni ngasekupheleni kwawo-19. Izinguqulo zekhulu le-1889 (zaphinda zashicilelwa), ikakhulukazi izincwadi zakhe zokuguquguquka njengesisekelo sefomu lomculo nokusebenza ngokuvumelana (emisebenzini yethoni yamaculo). Incwadi ethandwayo ka-E. Prout (XNUMX) kanye nochungechunge lwezinye iziqondiso zemfundo zalo mbhali lubonise isiteji esisha kuthiyori yomculo, ephawulwe ukuthuthukiswa nokuhleleka kokusebenza okujwayelekile mayelana no-G. Lokhu kwenza i-Prout ihlobane noRiemann.

Phakathi kwezincwadi zethiyori zasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 imfundiso yokuvumelana ka-R. Louis kanye no-L. Thuil (1907) iyagqama - incwadi esondelene nomkhuba wesimanje wesayensi nokufundisa: ababhali babeka umbono owandisiwe mayelana ne-tonality, cwaninga. ezinkingeni ezinjalo eziyinkimbinkimbi zokuzwana, njenge-anharmonism, futhi iphakamisa imibuzo mayelana ne-diatonic frets ekhethekile, njll., edlula ububanzi bemisebenzi yendabuko ngezihloko ze-G. U-Louis no-Tuile badweba izibonelo eziyinkimbinkimbi zomculo ka-Wagner, u-R. Strauss, nabanye abaqambi besimanje ukuze bathole imifanekiso.

Indawo ebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kolwazi ngo-G. ithathwe isifundo sika-E. Kurt sokuvumelana kwe-Romantics (1920). U-Kurt ugxile ekuvumelaneni kukaR. Wagner, okungukuthi "Tristan no-Isolde", okubhekwa njengokubalulekile. amaphuzu ekuthuthukisweni kobude bemodi nethoni. Imibono kaKurt, efakazelwa ngokuningiliziwe, iseduze nesimanje. Amathiyori ka-G.: isibonelo, imicabango mayelana nemelodi. Izisusa zika-G., ukubaluleka kokwethulwa kwethoni, ubudlelwano phakathi kokusebenza nombala, incazelo enwetshiwe yephimbo, kanye nokuguqulwa, ukulandelana, njll. Naphezu kobuqili bokuqaphelisisa komculo ka-Kurt, incwadi yakhe yabonisa ifilosofi nemibono enengqondo. amaphutha kanye nokungqubuzana kwemibono yomculo neyomlando .

Eminyakeni yama-20s. imisebenzi G. Sh. Kwavela uKöklen, okwakuhlanganisa nomlando. umdwebo we-geology kusukela ekuqaleni kwawo ekuqaleni kweNkathi Ephakathi kuze kube manje. U-Koeklen wasabela ngokugcwele esidingweni somlando. ulwazi lukaG. Lokhu kuthambekela, okwathinta uKurt, kuphinde kwembulwe ezifundweni eziningi ezizimele, isibonelo. emisebenzini emayelana nokwakheka nokuvela kwamachords - ezincwadini zikaG. Haydon ku-cadence quarter-sextakcord (1933) kanye no-P. Hamburger ku-otd. ama-subdominant and double dominant chords (1955), kanye nakumfundi ophawuliwe ka-A. Casella, okhombisa umlando. ukuthuthukiswa kwe-cadence (1919). Kufanele kuqashelwe ngokukhethekile izifundo zengqalasizinda zakamuva zencwadi ka-Y. Khominsky yomlando ka-H. kanye ne-counterpoint (1958-62).

A. Schoenberg, owama emsebenzini wakhe siqu mayelana nezikhundla ze-atonality, kwezesayensi yakhe kanye ne-pedagogical. isebenza, ngenxa yezizathu eziningi (isb., ukuzithiba kwezemfundo) yanamathela kumgomo wethoni. Imfundiso yakhe nge-geology (1911) futhi kamuva yasebenza kule ndawo (40-50s) yakha izinkinga eziningi ze-geology ngomoya wamasiko abuyekeziwe kodwa azinzile. Izincwadi zesayensi nezemfundo zikaP. Hindemith, ezinikezelwe ku-G. (30-40s), nazo zisuka emcabangweni wethoni. okuyisisekelo somculo, nakuba umqondo wephimbo uhunyushwa kuzo ngokubanzi kakhulu nangendlela engavamile. Imisebenzi yetiyetha yesimanje eyenqaba imodi nokuguquguquka kwezwi ayikwazi, empeleni, ukusebenzisa ulwazi luka-G., ngoba u-G., njengesimo esingokomlando, ayinakuhlukaniswa nemodi yephimbo. Okunjalo, ngokwesibonelo, kuyimisebenzi ye-dodecaphony, serial, njll.

Ukuthuthukiswa komculo-theory. umcabango eRussia wawuhlobene eduze nokudala. kanye nomkhuba wokufundisa. Ababhali bokuqala basho. Imisebenzi yaseRussia ku-gypsum kwakungu-PI Tchaikovsky no-NA Rimsky-Korsakov. Ezikhobeni u-AN Alexandrov, uMR Gnesin, nabanye banaka kakhulu isayensi yokwakheka komhlaba.

Ukuze kwakhiwe isayensi nethiyori. Izitatimende zabaqambi eziqukethwe, isibonelo, ku-Rimsky-Korsakov's Chronicle of My Musical Life, naku-autobiographies nezindatshana ze-N. Ya. UMyaskovsky, SS Prokofiev, noDD Shostakovich, bayathela. Bakhuluma ngokuxhumana kuka-G. nomculo. ifomu, mayelana nokubonakaliswa ku-G. yobuciko. umqondo wezinto eziqanjiwe, mayelana nobungqabavu bobuciko. namaqiniso. izimiso, mayelana nabantu, nat. izimpande zolimi lomculo, njll. Imibuzo ka-G. ithintwa ku-epistolary heritage yesiRashiya. abaqambi (isibonelo, ezincwadini zika-PI Tchaikovsky no-HA Rimsky-Korsakov mayelana nencwadi ye-G. yokugcina). Kusukela emisebenzini ye-pre-revolutionary. Izindatshana ze-Russian Valuable by GA Laroche (60-70s of the 19th century) zikhethwa ngabagxeki ngokuya ngesihloko. Wasivikela isidingo sokutadisha umculo wokuqala wesikhathi sangaphambi kwe-Bach, waqinisekisa umlando. sondela ku-G. Emisebenzini kaLaroche ngokuphikelela (nakuba ngandlela-thile ohlangothini olulodwa) umqondo we-melodic. umsuka kaG. Lokhu kusondeza uLaroche kuTchaikovsky nakwabanye ababhali besimanje. Imiqondo yesayensi ye-G., isibonelo. noKurt no-Asafiev. I-AN Serov inemisebenzi ehlobene ngokuqondile nokuvumelana, isibonelo. isihloko esifundisayo ngesihloko samaculo. U-VV Stasov (1858) wabonisa indima evelele emculweni wekhulu le-19. izindlela ezikhethekile ze-diatonic (zesonto.) ezifaka isandla engcebweni yayo yobuciko. Okubalulekile emfundisweni ka-G. kwavezwa nguye (kumlando ka-MI Glinka) umbono omuhle ngendlela emangalisayo. iziza zineqhaza emlandweni. Inqubekelaphambili G. NgesiRashiya okuyingxenye yakudala. abagxeki bomculo - uSerov, uStasov noLaroche uhlaziya iminyuziyamu. isebenza, ikakhulukazi u-L. Beethoven, F. Chopin, MI Glinka kanye no-PI Tchaikovsky, kuningi okuphawuliwe okubalulekile ku-G.

Isikhathi sika-prof. ukufunda G. ngesiRashiya. izikhungo zemfundo in Russian. izincwadi ziqala ngezincwadi zikaTchaikovsky (1872) kanye noRimsky-Korsakov. Incwadi eyaziwa kakhulu kaRimsky-Korsakov ("Isifundo Esisebenzayo Sokuvumelana", 1886) yandulelwa inguqulo yayo yangaphambili ("Textbook of Harmony", eyanyatheliswa ngendlela ye-lithographic ngo-1884-85 futhi yanyatheliswa kabusha emisebenzini eqoqwe). ERussia, lezi zincwadi zaphawula ukuqala kwemfundiso kaG. ngomqondo ofanele wegama. Zombili lezi zincwadi zasabela ezicelweni zikaRus. ama-conservatories.

Incwadi kaTchaikovsky igxile ekuholeni kwezwi. Ubuhle bukaG., ngokusho kukaTchaikovsky, buncike kumculo. izimfanelo zamazwi anyakazayo. Ngaphansi kwalesi simo, imiphumela ebalulekile yobuciko ingafinyelelwa ngama-harmonics alula. kusho. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ocwaningweni lokuguquguquka, u-Tchaikovsky unikeza indima eyinhloko ekuholeni kwezwi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uTchaikovsky uvela ngokucacile emibonweni ye-modal-functional, nakuba yena (kanye noRimsky-Korsakov) akasebenzisi inkulumo ethi "umsebenzi". U-Tchaikovsky, eqinisweni, wasondela emcabangweni wemisebenzi esezingeni eliphezulu: uthola umsebenzi. ukuncika kwe-chord ye-tonic, ebusayo kanye ne-subdominant kusukela ekuxhumekeni kokuhambisanayo. okhiye abasesilinganisweni se-quarto-fifth.

Incwadi yokuvumelana kaRimsky-Korsakov iye yasakazwa kabanzi eRussia futhi yathandwa kakhulu phesheya. Ziyaqhubeka nokusetshenziswa ezikhungweni ze-USSR. Encwadini kaRimsky-Korsakov, impumelelo yesayensi yahlanganiswa nokulandelana okuyisibonelo kokwethulwa, ukufaneleka kwayo okuqinile, ukukhethwa phakathi kwama-harmonics. izindlela ezijwayelekile kakhulu, ezidingekayo. I-oda eyasungulwa ngu-Rimsky-Korsakov ukuze afunde kahle izisekelo zohlelo lolimi, okwakhiwa kakhulu uhlobo lwemibono yesayensi emhlabeni we-harmonics. izimali, zamukelwa kabanzi futhi zagcina ukubaluleka kwazo. Impumelelo enkulu yesayensi yencwadi yokufunda kwakuyithiyori yokuhlobana (ukuhambisana) kwezikhiye: "Ukuvala ama-tunings, noma ukuba sezingeni loku-1 lokuhambisana nokushunwa okunikiwe, kubhekwa njengamashuni ayisi-6, ama-tonic triad akhona kulokhu kulungiswa" (HA Rimsky-Korsakov, I-Practical Harmony Textbook, Iqoqo eliphelele lemisebenzi, vol. IV, M., 1960, p. 309). Lokhu kuhlanganisa, okusebenzayo, kube nomthelela emculweni womhlaba. isayensi.

Abantu abanomqondo ofanayo nabalandeli bakaTchaikovsky noRimsky-Korsakov emculweni wethiyori. endaweni, ekuqeqeshweni kukaG. kwakukhona abaculi abafana no-AS Arensky, J. Vitol, RM Glier, NA Hubert, VA Zolotarev, AA Ilyinsky, MM Ippolitov-Ivanov, PP Keneman, PD Krylov, NM Ladukhin, AK Lyadov, NS Morozov , AI Puzyrevsky, LM Rudolf, NF Solovyov, NA Sokolov, HH Sokolovsky , MO Steinberg, PF Yuon nabanye.

U-SI Taneev uphinde wafinyelela ekuchazeni okubalulekile mayelana nezinhlamvu ezigcina ukubaluleka kwazo okugcwele esingenisweni socwaningo lwakhe lwe-counterpoint yokubhala okuqinile (1909). Uveza ukuthi mazh.-min. isistimu yethoni “… ihlanganisa imigqa yamachords azungeze iphimbo elilodwa lethoni elimaphakathi, ivumela izingoma ezimaphakathi zokukodwa ukuthi zishintshe phakathi nocezu (ukuchezuka nokushintshashintsha kwezwi) futhi iqoqe zonke izinkinobho ezincane eduze kweyomkhulu, futhi ukhiye womnyango owodwa uthinta ukhiye. kwesinye, ukuqala kwesiqephu kuthinta isiphetho saso” ( S. Taneev, Mobile counterpoint of strict writing, M., 1959, p. 8). Umkhondo ukhomba ekuguqukeni kwemodi, ukusebenza. Isikhundla sika-S. Taneyev: "Isistimu ye-tonal yanda kancane kancane futhi yajula ngokusabalalisa umbuthano wokuvumelana kwamathoni, okuhlanganisa inhlanganisela emisha eyengeziwe kuwo nokusungula ukuxhumana kwe-tonal phakathi kokuvumelana kwezinhlelo ezikude" (ibid., p. 9). Lawa magama aqukethe imicabango mayelana nokuthuthukiswa kukaG. owandulela uTaneyev kanye nenkathi yakhe, futhi izindlela zenqubekelaphambili yazo zichazwe. Kodwa i-Taneyev iphinde idonsele ukunakekela ezinkambisweni ezilimazayo, ekhomba ukuthi "... ukubhujiswa kwe-tonality kuholela ekuwohlokeni kwefomu lomculo" (ibid.).

Kusho. isigaba emlandweni wesayensi ye-G., ephethwe ngokuphelele ngu-Sov. inkathi, yimisebenzi kaGL Catoire (1924-25). UCatuar wadala eyokuqala kuSov. I-Union of theory course G., ifinyeze isiRashiya. kanye nolwazi lwamazwe ngamazwe lwesayensi. Ihlotshaniswa nezimfundiso zikaGevaart, izifundo zikaCatoire ziphawuleka ngokuthuthuka kwazo okuthakazelisayo nokubanzi kwezinkinga ezibalulekile. Ukuba nomculo. izwakala ngokwesihlanu, i-Catoire, kuye ngenani lezinyathelo zesihlanu, ithola amasistimu amathathu: i-diatonic, i-main-minor, i-chromatic. Uhlelo ngalunye luhlanganisa uhla lwezingoma ezitholakala kulo, ekwakhekeni lapho kugcizelelwa khona umgomo we-melodic. ukuxhumana. UCatoire uthatha umbono oqhubekayo wethonili, njengoba kufakazelwa, isibonelo, ngokuphatha kwakhe ukuchezuka (“ukuchezuka kwethoni emaphakathi”). Ngendlela entsha, yathuthukisa ngokujulile imfundiso yokuguquguquka, uCatoire ayihlukanisa kakhulu ibe ukuguquguquka ngephimbo elivamile nangosizo lwe-anharmonism. Emzamweni wokuqonda ama-harmonics ayinkimbinkimbi. kusho, uCatoire ukhomba, ikakhulukazi, indima yamathoni esibili ekuveleni kongwaqa abathile. Indaba yokulandelana, ukuxhumana kwabo ne-org. isigaba.

Isifundo sokuvumelana esisebenzayo ezingxenyeni ezimbili zethimba lothisha uMosk. i-conservatory II Dubovsky, SV Evseev, VV Sokolov kanye no-IV Sposobina (1934-1935) ithatha indawo evelele eSoviet. umculo-thiyeri. isayensi kanye ne-pedagogy; efomini elibuyekeziwe ngababhali, yaziwa ngokuthi “I-Textbook of Harmony”, ephinde yanyatheliswa izikhathi eziningi. Zonke izikhundla zisekelwa ubuciko. amasampula, ch. ar. kusukela kumculo wakudala. Ukuxhumana nokuzijwayeza ubuciko ngale ndlela kwakungakaze kutholwe ezincwadini zemfundo zasekhaya noma zangaphandle. Imibuzo mayelana nemisindo engeyona i-chord, ukuguqulwa, ukusebenzisana kwe-diatonic enkulu nencane, yahlanganiswa ngokuningiliziwe nangezindlela eziningi ngendlela entsha. itholakala kumculo waseRussia. Ngokokuqala ngqa, imibuzo yama-harmonics yahlelwa. isethulo (ukwakheka). Kuyo yomibili imisebenzi, i-brigade yaseMoscow. ukuqhubeka kwesayensi ye-conservatory namasiko ezincwadi zakudala zesiRashiya kanye nemisebenzi engcono kakhulu yangaphandle kuyabonakala. Omunye wababhali bomsebenzi "we-brigade" - IV Sposobin udale okukhethekile. izifundo zaseyunivesithi kaG. (1933-54), ezibonakala esikhovaneni sokuqala esahlanganiswa futhi sanyatheliswa nguye. uhlelo (1946); Okubaluleke kakhulu nokusha kwaba ukwethulwa kwengxenye yomlando waseGeorgia—kusukela lapho ivela khona kuze kube manje. Phakathi kwezimpumelelo zomnyango ze-Sposobin emkhakheni wohlelo lolimi ziphinde zihlukaniseke: ithiyori entsha yokuhlobana kwezikhiye, eyakhelwe phezu komsebenzi we-fret. izimiso, ukuthuthukiswa komqondo wemisebenzi yezinga eliphezulu, uhlelo olusha oluguquguqukayo emkhakheni we-anharmonism, ukuthethelelwa kweqembu elikhethekile lezindlela ("izindlela eziyinhloko"), ukuthuthukiswa okuningiliziwe kwendaba ye-diatonic ekhethekile. . (Omdala) uyahlupha.

Yu.N. U-Tyulin (1937) waba umbhali womqondo omusha ovumelanayo we-gypsum. Yathuthukiswa futhi yanwetshwa, ikakhulukazi, emsebenzini wethiyori. izisekelo ze-G., ezenziwa nguye ngokuhlanganyela no-NG Privano (1956). Umqondo kaTyulin, ngokusekelwe ezimpumelelweni ezinhle kakhulu zama-baba. kanye nesayensi yomhlaba, ikhombisa ukumbozwa okuphelele kwama-harmonics. problematics, ukunothiswa kwethiyori ka-G. ngemiqondo namatemu amasha (isibonelo, imiqondo yephimbo lokucula, ukuguquguquka kwemelodi-harmonic, njll.), umlando obanzi womculo. isisekelo. I-generalizations enkulu yesayensi ye-Tyulin ihlanganisa ithiyori yemisebenzi eguquguqukayo; eduze kwamasiko akudala e-musicology, le thiyori ingasetshenziswa emculweni. ifomu lilonke. Ngokwalo mbono, imisebenzi ye-chord itholakala ngokuqondile. ubudlelwano babo ne-tonic. ingoma. Ekwakhekeni kwemisebenzi eguquguqukayo, i-c.-l. i-triad engazinzile ye-ladotonality (enkulu noma encane) ithola ithonikhi yangasese, yendawo. okusho, ukwakha isikhungo esisha se-fret of gravity. Umdwebo wezinto eziguquguqukayo (ngokwamanye amagama - umsebenzi wendawo) ungase ucabange kabusha ubudlelwano bezinyathelo ze-VI-II-III zokuyinhloko yemvelo:

Ithiyori yemisebenzi eguquguqukayo ichaza ukwakheka komkhiqizo. amavesi kuma-diatonic frets akhethekile kanye nokuchezuka kwe-diatonic, kugxilisa ukunaka ekungacaci kahle kwamaculo. Le thiyori ikhombisa ukusebenzisana kwezingxenye zeminyuziyamu. ulimi – imitha, isigqi kanye no-G.: ukudwebela okungeyona i-tonic. (kusuka endaweni yokubuka imisebenzi eyinhloko) ye-chord enebhithi eqinile yesilinganiso, ubude besikhathi obukhudlwana buthanda ukubonwa kwayo njengethoni yendawo. U-Sposobin no-Tyulin baphakathi kwezibalo ezivelele ezihola izikole zezikhova. ama-theorists.

Enye yezingoma ezidume kakhulu zaseSoviet. ososayensi u-BL Yavorsky, bezama ukuqonda imisebenzi ka-AN Skryabin, NA Rimsky-Korsakov, F. Liszt, K. Debussy, eziyinkimbinkimbi ngokwemigomo ye-G., bafunde yonke inkimbinkimbi yama-harmonics ngendlela yokuqala kakhulu. izinkinga. Uhlelo lwe-Yavorsky lwethiyori luhlanganisa, ngomqondo obanzi, hhayi kuphela imibuzo ye-G., kodwa futhi nezinkinga zomculo. ifomu, isigqi, imitha. Imibono ka-Yavorsky ichazwe emisebenzini yakhe, eyavela ku-10-40s, nayo ibonakala emisebenzini yabafundi bakhe, isibonelo. SV Protopopova (1930). Emkhakheni weG. Yavorsky ukunaka kwakhangwa uCh. ar. ukukhathazeka; Igama elidumile lomqondo wakhe yithiyori yesigqi se-modal. U-Yavorsky wabeka phambili inkolelo-mbono yezinombolo zezindlela (ngokunembile, ukwakheka kwe-modal) okusetshenziswe emisebenzini yabaqambi abashiwo, isibonelo. imodi encishisiwe, imodi ekhulisiwe, imodi yeketango, njll. Ubunye bethiyori ka-Yavorsky bulandela entweni eyinhloko ye-modal eyamukelwa nguye - i-tritone. Ngenxa yemisebenzi ka-Yavorsky, imisebenzi ethile ebalulekile yomculo-yethiyori yanda. imiqondo kanye namagama (nakuba u-Yavorsky evame ukuwahumusha hhayi ngomqondo owamukelekayo), isibonelo, umqondo wokuzinza nokungazinzi emculweni. Imibono ka-Yavorsky iholele ngokuphindaphindiwe ekungqubuzaneni kwemibono, okushubile kakhulu ngeminyaka yama-20s. Naphezu kokuphikisana, ukufundisa kukaYavorsky kwaba nomthelela omkhulu futhi ojulile kusayensi yomculo yaseSoviet neyangaphandle.

U-BV Asafiev, usosayensi omkhulu womculo waseSoviet, wacebisa isayensi yomculo onesigqi ngokuyinhloko ngethiyori yakhe yephimbo. Imicabango ka-Asafiev ngo-G. igxile esifundweni sakhe esibaluleke kakhulu somculo. ifomu, ingxenye yesi-2 yalo enikezelwe ku-preim. imibuzo yephimbo (1930-47). Ukwakhiwa kwe-G., kanye nezinye izingxenye zeminyuziyamu. ulimi, ngokusho Asafiev, kudinga lokusungula kusukela abaqambi. ukuzwela ephimbo. imvelo, amaphimbo abusayo. U-Asafiev wafunda umsuka nokuvela komculo onesigqi ku-harmonic yawo (eqondile, bheka mpo) kanye ne-melodic (evundlile, bheka evundlile) izici. Kuye, i-G. iwuhlelo "lwe-resonators - amplifiers of tones of the mode" kanye "ne-lava epholile ye-Gothic polyphony" (B. Asafiev, Ifomu Lomculo Njengenqubo, incwadi yesi-2, Intonation, M.-L., 1947, ikhasi 147 kanye nele-16). I-Asafiev igcizelele kakhulu i-melodic. izimpande nezici ze-G., ikakhulukazi kumculo omnandi we-G. Rus. ezakudala. Ezitatimendeni zika-Asafiev mayelana nethiyori esebenzayo, kugqama ukugxekwa kohlelo lwayo olunohlangothi olulodwa. U-Asafiev ngokwakhe ushiye izibonelo eziningi zokuhlaziywa okuhle kokusebenza kukaG.

Omele i-Acoustic. iziqondiso ocwaningweni G. kwaba NA Garbuzov. Kukaputeni wakhe. zabasebenzi (1928-1932) zakha umqondo wokuzwakala. ukutholwa kongwaqa bemodali kwabambalwa. izizathu; ama-overtones akhiqizwa hhayi ngomunye, kodwa ngabaningana. imisindo yoqobo, yakha ongwaqa. Ithiyori kaGarbuzov ibuyela embonweni ovezwe emuva enkathini kaRameau, futhi ngendlela yokuqala iqhubeka nenye yamasiko e-musicology. Ngama-40-50s. inqwaba yemisebenzi kaGarbuzov mayelana nemvelo yendawo yama-muses ishicilelwe. ukuzwa, okungukuthi, umbono wephimbo, itempo nesigqi, umsindo omkhulu, i-timbre nephimbo. izilinganiso ngaphakathi kwenani elithile. ububanzi; le khwalithi yomsindo igcinwa ukuze ibonwe kuyo yonke indawo ehambisanayo. Lezi zinhlinzeko, ezinokuqonda okukhulu kanye nokusebenzayo. izithakazelo, zafakazelwa ngokuhlolwa nguGarbuzov.

Ucwaningo lwe-Acoustic lukhuthaze ucwaningo emkhakheni wezikali zomculo, isimo sengqondo, futhi lwaphinde lwagqugquzela ukusesha emkhakheni wokwakhiwa kwezinsimbi. Lokhu kubonakale emisebenzini ye-AS Ogolevets. Imisebenzi yakhe emikhulu yomculo nethiyori yabangela ingxoxo ejulile yesayensi (1947); inqwaba yezinhlinzeko zombhali iye yaba ngaphansi kokugxekwa okuhlukahlukene.

Ezikhovaneni ezivelele. ososayensi nezizukulwane zothisha - ochwepheshe bezifo zabesifazane nabo bangabakwa-Sh. S. Aslanishvili, FI Aerova, SS Grigoriev, II Dubovsky, SV Evseev, VN Zelinsky, Yu. G. Kon, SE Maksimov, AF Mutli, TF Muller, NG Privano, VN Rukavishnikov, PB Ryazanov, VV Sokolov, AA Stepanov, VA Taranushchenko, MD Tits, IA Tyutmanov, Yu. N. Kholopov, VM Tsendrovsky, NS Chumakov, MA Etinger nabanye. Izibalo eziqanjwe kanye nezinye ziyaqhubeka nokuthuthukisa ngempumelelo amasiko angcono kakhulu, athuthukayo ocwaningo luka-G.

Lapho ufunda i-G. yesimanje ngokuhambisana nesimiso se-historicism, kuyadingeka ukucabangela umlando wayo. ukuthuthukiswa emculweni kanye nomlando wezimfundiso mayelana no-G. Kuyadingeka ukuhlukanisa izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokulandelana kwezikhathi zesimanje. izitayela zomculo. Kudingeka ukutadisha hhayi kuphela uprofesa ohlukahlukene. izinhlobo zomculo, kodwa futhi Nar. ubuhlakani. Okudingeka kakhulu ukuxhumana nayo yonke iminyango yethiyori. kanye ne-musicology yomlando kanye nokufanisa impumelelo engcono kakhulu phesheya. umculo wezomculo. Empumelelweni yokufunda ulimi lwesimanje e-USSR. umculo ufakazelwa yimisebenzi enikelwe ezimisweni zomlando zesimanje G. (ngokwesibonelo, indatshana kaTyulin, 1963), izici zayo ze-modal kanye nethoni (ngokwesibonelo, inani lezindatshana zika-AN Dolzhansky kumculo kaShostakovich, 40-50s. ), izifundo ze-monographic. uhlobo (incwadi kaYu. N. Kholopov mayelana ne-SS Prokofiev, 1967). Uhlobo lwe-Monographic esifundweni se-geology, esathuthuka ku-Sov. I-Union kusukela kuma-40s, ibonakala ezinkingeni zamaqoqo amaningi ngesitayela se-SS Prokofiev no-DD Shostakovich (1962-63), emculweni wekhulu lama-20. ngokujwayelekile (1967). Encwadini mayelana nokuvumelana kwesimanje u-SS Skrebkov (1965) wagcizelela inkinga yetimu. Amanani e-G. ahlobene ne-tonality, otd. ongwaqa, umculo (ngokusekelwe endimeni yawo ehamba phambili), ukuthungwa; Lolu hlu lwemibuzo lufundwa ngasekupheleni kukaScriabin, Debussy, Prokofiev, Shostakovich. Izingxoxo zomphakathi ezazibonisa ukuthuthukiswa kwesayensi e-USSR zabonakala ziwusizo kumbono kaG. Emakhasini wephephabhuku i-Sov. umculo” kwaba nezingxoxo ze-polytonality (1956-58) kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zezinkinga zesimanje. G. (1962-64).

Ngokuba ulwazi lwe-G. lubaluleke kakhulu futhi luyithiyori. imisebenzi enikelwe hhayi kuphela harmonica. izinkinga, kuhlanganise nemisebenzi yasendulo yaseRussia. musicology, imisebenzi eminingi ka-BV Asafiev, izincwadi zokufunda kanye uch. izibonelelo zomculo-theory. izinto nokwakheka, isibonelo. I-LA Mazel no-VA Zuckerman - ngokusho kokuhlaziywa komculo. isebenza (1967), I. Ya. U-Ryzhkin no-LA Mazel - emlandweni womculo-wethiyori. izimfundiso (1934-39), SS Skrebkova - ku-polyphony (1956), SV Evseeva - ngesiRashiya. polyphony (1960), Vl. V. Protopopova - emlandweni we-polyphony (1962-65), MR Gnessin - ngokusebenza. izingoma (ukuqamba umculo, 1962); isebenza ngomculo, isib. ucwaningo lwayo jikelele ngu-LA Mazel (1952), isifundo somculo kaRimsky-Korsakov ngu-SS Grigoriev (1961); ama-monographs emisebenzi, isib. mayelana nefantasy f-moll Chopin - LA Mazel (1937), mayelana "Kamarinskaya" Glinka - VA Zukkerman (1957), mayelana "Ivan Susanin" Glinka - Vl. V. Protopopov (1961), mayelana nama-opera aphuzile nguRimsky-Korsakov - MR Gnesin (1945-1956), LV Danilevich (1958), DB Kabalevsky (1953).

III. Umqondo kaG. njenge-akhawunti. isihloko sihlanganisa okulandelayo. imibuzo: imfundo ka-G. yomculo kanye nendawo ekuqeqesheni abaculi (1), amafomu nezindlela zokufundisa kuka-G. (2).

1) Esimisweni sezikhova. uphrof. umculo Ukunakwa okukhulu kunikezwa imfundo ka-G kuwo wonke amazinga emfundo: emculweni wezingane. izikole zeminyaka eyishumi nanye, emculweni. izikole namanyuvesi. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zokuqeqeshwa kuka-G. - spec. kanye nezifundo ezijwayelekile. Owokuqala uhloselwe ukuqeqesha abaqambi, osolwazi kanye nezazi zomlando womculo (izazi zomculo), lezi zamuva ziqeqeshelwa abaculi abaculayo. Ukuqhubeka kusungulwe emfundweni ka-G. kusukela emazingeni aphansi emfundo kuya kwabadala. Kodwa-ke, imfundo yaseyunivesithi inikeza, ngaphezu kokutadisha izihloko ezintsha, kanye nokujula kolwazi olutholwe ngaphambili, okuqinisekisa ukuqoqwa kuka-prof. ikhono. Ukulandelana kokufundisa u-G. sekukonke kubonakala ku-akhawunti. amapulani, izinhlelo kanye nezidingo zokwamukelwa ukuze bangene ku-akhawunti. izikhungo ezigunyazwe nguhulumeni. imizimba. Esibonelweni semfundiso kaG., izimfanelo ezinhle ziyabonakala. kanye namanani. impumelelo ezuzwe ngabaculi. imfundo e-USSR. Ukufundisa kuka-G. kwenziwa kucatshangelwa i-modal kanye nephimbo. izici ezingavamile zezikhova zomculo. abantu. Ingxenye eyinhloko ye-akhawunti isikhathi esisebenzayo sisetshenziswa. amakilasi. Kusukela ngeminyaka yama-30s. ku-G. izinkulumo ziyanikezwa, ezimelelwe kakhulu esikoleni esiphakeme esikhethekile. izifundo. Ekufundiseni kwe-G., izimiso ezijwayelekile zokufundisa umculo e-USSR zibonakaliswa: ukuqondiswa kokusungula. umkhuba, ubuhlobo uch. izifundo ohlelweni lokufunda. Ukuxhumanisa ukuqeqeshwa kuka-G., isibonelo, ngokuqeqeshwa kwe-solfeggio kwenziwa kuzo zombili izifundo kuzo zonke izikole. izikhungo. Impumelelo ekufundiseni umsebenzi wokufundisa umculo. ukuzwa (bheka. Indlebe yomculo) kanye nasekufundiseni G. kufinyelelwa ekusebenzelaneni okunezithelo.

2) Ngemizamo yezikhova. Othisha basungule indlela ecebile, eguquguqukayo yokufundisa i-G., ifinyelela kuzo zontathu izinhlobo ezisebenzayo ezamukelwayo. isebenza:

a) Emisebenzini ebhaliwe, isisombululo se-harmonics sihlanganisiwe. imisebenzi kanye nazo zonke izinhlobo zokusungula. ukuhlola: ukuqamba izandulela, izinhlobonhlobo (eyedwa kanye nendikimba ebekwe uthisha), njll. Imisebenzi enjalo, enikezwa ngokuyinhloko ochwepheshe bomculo (izazi zemfundiso yenkolo nosomlando), inomthelela ekuhlanganeni komculo nethiyori. ukufunda ngomkhuba wokusungula. Umkhuba ofanayo ungalandelelwa emsebenzini wemisebenzi ngokusho kuka-G.

b) I-Harmonic. ukuhlaziya umculo (kuhlanganise nezilotshiwe) kufanele uzijwayeze ukunemba amafomula, adonsele ukunaka imininingwane yokuqanjwa komculo futhi, ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuhlola ukuqanjwa komculo njengobuciko. kusho ukufeza indima yayo phakathi kwamanye amamyuziyamu. izimali. Ukuhlaziywa kwe-harmonic kuyasetshenziswa kwezinye izifundo, ithiyori. nomlando, isibonelo. ngesikhathi sokuhlaziya umculo. imisebenzi (bheka Ukuhlaziya Umculo).

c) Ekuwohlokeni. izivivinyo zokuqeqesha ngokusho kuka-G. ku-fp. ku-pedagogy yesimanje, futhi, kukhona indlela efanelekile yokuzijwayeza. Lezo, ngokwesibonelo, ziyizabelo zokuqaliswa kwe-fp. ama-modulations achaziwe. i-tempo, ubukhulu kanye nokuma (imvamisa kusimo senkathi).

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VO Berkov