Osip Antonovich Kozlovsky |

Osip Kozlovsky

Ngo-April 28, 1791, izivakashi ezingaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezintathu zeza eSigodlweni sikaTauride sikaPrince Potemkin eSt. Umphakathi ohloniphekile wedolobha elikhulu, oholwa ngu-Empress Catherine II ngokwakhe, ubuthene lapha ngesikhathi sokunqoba okuhlakaniphile komkhuzi omkhulu u-A. Suvorov empini yaseRussia-Turkish - ukuthunjwa kwenqaba yase-Izmail. Abadwebi bezakhiwo, abaculi, izimbongi, abaculi bamenyiwe ukuba bahlele lo mgubho onesizotha. UG. Derzhavin odumile wabhala, ethunywa uG. Potemkin, “izinkondlo zokucula emkhosini.” Umdidiyeli owaziwayo wasenkantolo, umFulentshi u-Le Pic, wenza imidanso. Ukwakhiwa komculo kanye nesiqondiso sekwaya ne-orchestra kwaphathiswa umculi ongaziwa u-O. Kozlovsky, owayebambe iqhaza empini yaseRussia-Turkish. “Ngokushesha nje lapho izivakashi eziphakeme zikhetha ukuhlala ezihlalweni ezilungiselelwe zona, kungazelelwe kwaduma izwi nomculo wezinsimbi, ohlanganisa abantu abangamakhulu amathathu.” Ikhwaya enkulu ne-orchestra yacula “Ukuduma kokunqoba, kunomsindo.” I-Polonaise yenza umbono onamandla. Injabulo evamile ayizange ivuswe amavesi amahle kaDerzhavin kuphela, kodwa futhi nangomculo onesizotha, okhaliphile, ogcwele umculo wenjabulo, umbhali wawo kwakungu-Osip Kozlovsky - leso sikhulu esincane, iPole ngobuzwe, esafika eSt. ukulandelwa kweNkosana uPotemkin ngokwakhe. Kusukela ngalobo busuku, igama likaKozlovsky laduma enhloko-dolobha, futhi i-polonaise yakhe ethi "Thunder of ukunqoba, umsindo" yaba iculo laseRussia isikhathi eside. Ubani lo mqambi onekhono owathola ikhaya lesibili eRussia, umbhali wamapolonaise amahle, izingoma, umculo waseshashalazini?

U-Kozlovsky wazalelwa emndenini ohloniphekile wasePoland. Umlando awuzange ulondoloze ulwazi mayelana nenkathi yokuqala, yasePoland yokuphila kwakhe. Akwaziwa ukuthi ngobani abazali bakhe. Amagama othisha bakhe bokuqala, abamnika isikole esihle sokufundela umsebenzi, awakezi kithi. Umsebenzi owusizo weKozlovsky waqala eSontweni LaseWarsaw likaSt. Jan, lapho umculi osemusha ekhonza njengomculi we-ogani kanye nomculi. Ngo-1773 wamenywa njengothisha womculo ezinganeni zenxusa lasePoland u-Andrzej Ogiński. (Umfundi wakhe uMichal Kleofas Oginsky kamuva waba umqambi owaziwayo.) Ngo-1786 uKozlovsky wajoyina ibutho laseRussia. Isikhulu esincane sabonwa nguPrince Potemkin. Ukubukeka okuthakazelisayo, ithalenta, izwi elimnandi likaKozlovsky lakhanga wonke umuntu oseduze kwakhe. Ngaleso sikhathi, umqambi owaziwayo wase-Italy u-J. Sarti, umhleli wokuzijabulisa komculo othandwa yisikhulu, wayesenkonzweni yasePotemkin. U-Kozlovsky naye wabamba iqhaza kuzo, enza izingoma zakhe nama-polonaise. Ngemva kokufa kukaPotemkin, wathola umsizi omusha kumuntu weSt. Petersburg philanthropist Count L. Naryshkin, umthandi omkhulu wezobuciko. U-Kozlovsky wahlala endlini yakhe e-Moika iminyaka eminingana. Izidumi ezivela enhloko-dolobha zazihlala lapha: izimbongi uG. Derzhavin noN. Lvov, abaculi u-I. Prach no-V. Trutovsky (abahlanganisi bokuqala bamaqoqo ezingoma zomdabu zaseRussia), uSarti, i-violinist I. Khandoshkin nabanye abaningi.

Maye! – leso yisihogo Lapho izakhiwo, ukunambitheka komhlobiso Kwajabulisa zonke izibukeli Futhi lapho, ngaphansi kokuhlabelela okumnandi kwamamyuziyemu uKozlovsky akhangwa imisindo! -

wabhala, ekhumbula kusihlwa zomculo e Naryshkin, imbongi Derzhavin. Ngo-1796, uKozlovsky washiya umhlalaphansi, futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi umculo uye waba umsebenzi wakhe oyinhloko. Kakade uyaziwa kabanzi eSt. Ama-polonaise akhe aduma emabhola asenkundleni; yonke indawo bacula “izingoma zakhe zesiRashiya” (lelo kwakuyigama lezothando elisekelwe emavesini ezimbongi zaseRussia). Eziningi zazo, njengokuthi "Ngifuna ukuba inyoni", "Isiphetho esinonya", "Bee" (Art. Derzhavin), zazithandwa kakhulu. U-Kozlovsky wayengomunye wabadali bothando lwaseRussia (ababephila ngesikhathi bambiza ngokuthi umdali wohlobo olusha lwezingoma zesiRashiya). Ngangizazi lezi zingoma kanye noM. Glinka. Ngo-1823, lapho efika eNovospasskoye, wafundisa udadewabo omncane uLyudmila ingoma ye-Kozlovsky eyayisemfashinini "I-Golden Bee, kungani ubhuza". "... Wamangala kakhulu ukuthi ngayicula kanjani ... " - u-L. Shestakova kamuva wakhumbula.

Ngo-1798, u-Kozlovsky wadala umsebenzi we-choral oyisikhumbuzo - I-Requiem, eyenziwa ngoFebhuwari 25 eSontweni LamaKatolika laseSt. Petersburg emcimbini wokungcwatshwa kwenkosi yasePoland uStanislav August Poniatowski.

Ngo-1799, uKozlovsky wathola isikhundla somhloli, futhi kusukela ngo-1803, umqondisi womculo wemidlalo yaseshashalazini. Ukujwayelana nemvelo yobuciko, nababhali bemidlalo baseRussia kwamshukumisela ukuba aphendukele ekuqambeni umculo weshashalazi. Wakhangwa isitayela esiphezulu senhlekelele yaseRussia eyabusa esiteji ekuqaleni kwekhulu lesi-8. Lapha ubengakhombisa ithalente lakhe elimangalisayo. Umculo kaKozlovsky, ogcwele ama-pathos anesibindi, waqinisa izinzwa zamaqhawe abuhlungu. Indima ebalulekile kulezi zinhlekelele kwakungeye-orchestra. Izinombolo ze-symphonic (ama-overtures, izikhathi zokuphumula), kanye namakhwaya, zaba isisekelo sokuhambisana nomculo. U-Kozlovsky udale umculo wezinhlekelele "ezizwela ubuqhawe" zika-V. Ozerov ("Oedipus e-Athens" kanye "ne-Fingal"), u-Y. Knyazhnin ("Vladisan"), A. Shakhovsky ("Deborah") kanye no-A. Gruzintsev (" I-Oedipus Rex "), enhlekeleleni yombhali wemidlalo waseFrance u-J. Racine (ngenguqulo yesiRashiya nguP. Katenin) "Esther". Umsebenzi omuhle kakhulu kaKozlovsky kulolu hlobo kwakuwumculo wenhlekelele ka-Ozerov "Fingal". Kokubili umbhali wemidlalo kanye nomqambi ngezindlela eziningi babelindele izinhlobo zedrama yothando yesikhathi esizayo kuyo. Umbala onzima weNkathi Ephakathi, izithombe ze-epic yaseScotland yasendulo (inhlekelele isekelwe esakhiweni sezingoma ze-Celtic bard edumile u-Ossian mayelana neqhawe elinesibindi u-Fingal) zifakwe ngokucacile nguKozlovsky eziqephuni ezihlukahlukene zomculo - overture, izikhathi zokuphumula, amakhwaya, izigcawu ze-ballet, i-melodrama. I-premiere yenhlekelele ethi "Fingal" yenzeka ngoDisemba 1805, XNUMX eSt. Petersburg Bolshoi Theatre. Umdlalo uhehe izethameli ngobukhazikhazi besiteji, izinkondlo zika-Ozerov ezinhle kakhulu. Abalingisi abahamba phambili abadabukisayo abadlala kuyo.

Inkonzo kaKozlovsky yaseshashalazini yasebukhosini yaqhubeka kwaze kwaba ngo-1819, lapho umqambi ehlaselwa ukugula okunzima, waphoqeleka ukuba ashiye. Emuva ngo-1815, kanye no-D. Bortnyansky nabanye abaculi abakhulu bangaleso sikhathi, uKozlovsky waba ilungu elihloniphekile le-St. Petersburg Philharmonic Society. Ulwazi oluncane olugciniwe mayelana neminyaka yokugcina yokuphila komculi. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ngo-1822-23. wavakashela ePoland nendodakazi yakhe, kodwa wayengafuni ukuhlala lapho: kwase kunesikhathi eside iPetersburg yaba idolobha lakubo. "Igama likaKozlovsky lihlotshaniswa nezinkumbulo eziningi, ezimnandi enhliziyweni yaseRussia," kubhala umlobi wencwadi yomngcwabo eSankt-Peterburgskiye Vedomosti. “Imisindo yomculo oqanjwe uKozlovsky yake yezwakala ezigodlweni zasebukhosini, emakamelweni ezicukuthwane nasezindlini ezisezingeni eliphakathi. Ubani ongazi, ongakaze ezwe ipolonaise ekhazimulayo neqembu lekhwaya: “Ukuduma kokunqoba, kuhlokoma” … amaphiko egolide” … Isizukulwane sonke sacula futhi manje sicula izingoma eziningi u-Kozlovsky, aziqambe emazwini ka-Y. Neledinsky-Meletsky. Ukungabi nezimbangi. ngaphezu kwe-Count Oginsky, ekuqanjweni kwe-polonaise nezingoma zomdabu, u-Kozlovsky wathola imvume yokwazi kanye nezingoma eziphezulu. … U-Osip Antonovich Kozlovsky wayeyindoda enomusa, enokuthula, ehlala ebudlelwaneni bobungani, futhi eshiya inkumbulo enhle. Igama lakhe lizothatha indawo yokuhlonishwa emlandweni womculo waseRussia. Bambalwa kakhulu abaqambi baseRussia ngokujwayelekile, futhi i-OA Kozlovsky imi phambili phakathi kwabo.

A. Sokolova