Scherzo |

ital. scherzo, lit. – ihlaya

1) Ngekhulu le-16-17. igama elivamile lama-canzonets anamazwi amathathu, kanye nama-woks e-monophonic. udlala ngemibhalo edlalwayo, ehlekisayo. Amasampula – avela ku-C. Monteverdi (“I-Musical scherzos” (“amahlaya”) – “Sherzi musicali, 1607), A. Brunelli (3 amaqoqo 1-5-head. scherzos, arias, canzonettes kanye madrigals -“ Scherzi, Arie, Canzonette e Madrigale”, 1613-14 kanye 1616), B. Marini (“Scherzo and canzonettes for 1 and 2 voices” – “Scherzi e canzonette a 1 e 2 voci”, 1622). Kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-17 S. futhi iba ukuqokwa kwe-instr. ucezu eduze kwe-capriccio. Ababhali bama-symphonies anjalo kwakungu-A. Troilo (“Symphony, scherzo…” – “Sinfonie, scherzi”, 1608), I. Shenk (“Musical scherzos (amahlaya)” – “Scherzi musicali” ye-viola da gamba ne-bass, 1700 ). U-S. wabuye wafakwa ku-instr. suite; njengengxenye yomsebenzi wohlobo lwe-suite, itholakala ku-JS Bach (Partita No 3 for clavier, 1728).

2) Kusuka ku-con. Ikhulu le-18 enye yezingxenye (imvamisa eyesi-3) ye-sonata-symphony. umjikelezo - ama-symphonies, i-sonatas, amakhonsathi angavamile. Ku-S. usayizi ojwayelekile ongu-3/4 noma 3/8, ijubane elisheshayo, ukushintsha kwamahhala komculo. imicabango, ukwethula isici esingalindelekile, kungazelelwe nokwenza uhlobo lwe-S oluhlobene ne-capriccio. Njenge-burlesque, u-S. uvame ukumelela ukubonakaliswa kwamahlaya emculweni - kusukela kumdlalo ojabulisayo, amahlaya kuya kokubi, ngisho nasekufanekisweni kokusendle, okubi, kobudemoni. izithombe. I-S. ivamise ukubhalwa ngendlela enezingxenye ezi-3, lapho u-S. efanele futhi ukuphindaphinda kwakho kuhlanganiswe ne-trio yokuzola kanye ne-lyrical. uhlamvu, ngezinye izikhathi - ngesimo se-rondo ene-2 ​​decomp. abathathu. Ekuqaleni kwe-sonata-symphony. umjikelezo ingxenye yesithathu kwakuyi-minuet, emisebenzini yabaqambi be-Viennese classic. esikoleni, indawo ye-minuet yathathwa kancane kancane yi-S. Yakhula ngokuqondile ku-minuet, lapho izici ze-scherzoism zavela khona futhi zaqala ukuvela kakhulu. Anjalo amaminithi we-sonata-symphonies yakamuva. imijikelezo ka-J. Haydn, eminye imijikelezo yokuqala ye-L. Beethoven (i-sonata yepiyano yoku-1). Njengegama elisho enye yezingxenye zomjikelezo, igama elithi “S.” J. Haydn waba ngowokuqala ukulisebenzisa “kuma-quartets aseRussia” (op. 33, No. 2-6, 1781), kodwa lezi s. empeleni bekungahlukanga ku-minuet. Ekuqaleni kokwakhiwa kohlobo, igama elithi S. noma i-Scherzando ngezinye izikhathi laligqokwa izingxenye zokugcina zemijikelezo, liqiniswe ngamasayizi alinganayo. Uhlobo lwakudala S. oluthuthukiswe emsebenzini ka-L. Beethoven, i-to-ry yayinokuthanda okucacile kwalolu hlobo ngaphezu kwe-minuet. Yayizimisele ukuveza. Amathuba ka-S., abanzi kakhulu uma eqhathaniswa ne-minuet, anqunyelwe ukubusa. i-sphere yezithombe "eziqinile". Izingcweti ezinkulu ze-S. njengengxenye ye-sonata-symphony. imijikelezo eNtshonalanga kamuva kwaba ngu-F. Schubert, okwathi, nokho, kanye no-S. basebenzisa i-minuet, u-F. Mendelssohn-Bartholdy, owadonsela ku-scherzoism engavamile, ikakhulukazi elula ne-airy eyakhiwe yi-fairy tale motifs, kanye no-A. Bruckner. Ngekhulu le-19 uS. wayevame ukusebenzisa izingqikithi ezibolekwe kumlando wamanye amazwe (F. Mendelssohn-Bartholdy's Scottish Symphony, 1842). S. wathola intuthuko ecebile ngesiRashiya. ama-symphonies. Uhlobo lukazwelonke Ukuqaliswa kwalolu hlobo kwanikezwa ngu-AP Borodin (S. kusukela ku-symphony yesi-2), u-PI Tchaikovsky, owafaka u-S. cishe kuwo wonke ama-symphonies nama-suites (ingxenye yesi-3 ye-symphony yesi-6 ayiqanjwanga. S. , kodwa empeleni yi-S., izici zazo ezihlanganiswe lapha nezici zemashi), u-AK Glazunov. S. ziqukethe eziningi. ama-symphonies wezikhova abaqambi - N. Ya. Myaskovsky, SS Prokofiev, DD Shostakovich nabanye.

3) Ngenkathi ye-romanticism, i-S. yazimela. umdlalo womculo, ch. ar. kwe fp. Amasampula okuqala anjalo S. aseduze ne-capricio; lolu hlobo lwe-S. lwaluvele lwadalwa ngu-F. Schubert. F. Chopin uhumushe lolu hlobo ngendlela entsha. Ku-4fp yakhe. S. egcwele idrama ephezulu futhi ngokuvamile iziqephu ezinombala omnyama zishintshana namazwi alula. Fp. S. futhi wabhala uR. Schumann, I. Brahms, waseRussia. abaqambi - MA Balakirev, PI Tchaikovsky, nabanye. Kukhona S. kanye nezinye izinsimbi zomculo ezizimele. Ngekhulu le-19 S. zadalwa futhi ngendlela yokuzimela. orc. iyadlala. Phakathi kwababhali balezo S. kukhona u-F. Mendelssohn-Bartholdy (S. ovela emculweni wamahlaya ka-W. Shakespeare A Iphupho Lobusuku BaseMidsummer), u-P. Duke (Umfundi Womthakathi S.), MP Mussorgsky, AK Lyadov nabanye.