György Ligeti |

György Ligeti

Umhlaba ozwakalayo we-Ligeti, ovulwe njengomlandeli, umuzwa womculo wakhe, ongacacisi ngamagama, amandla e-cosmic, eqokomisa izinhlekelele ezimbi isikhashana esisodwa noma ezimbili, unikeza okuqukethwe okujulile nokujulile emisebenzini yakhe ngisho nalapho, ekuboneni kuqala. , bakude nalokho noma umcimbi. M. Pandey

U-D. Ligeti ungomunye wabaqambi abavelele baseNtshonalanga Yurophu engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu lesi-XNUMX. Imikhosi namakhongolose, izifundo eziningi emhlabeni wonke zinikezelwe emsebenzini wakhe. U-Ligeti ungumnikazi weziqu eziningi zokuhlonishwa nemiklomelo.

Umqambi wafunda eBudapest High School of Music (1945-49). Kusukela ngo-1956 uhlala eNtshonalanga, efundisa emazweni ahlukene, kusukela ngo-1973 ubelokhu esebenza eHamburg School of Music. U-Ligeti waqala umsebenzi wakhe wokuba iBartokian eqinile enolwazi olunzulu lomculo wakudala. Wayehlala ekhokha intela kuBartok, futhi ngo-1977 wakha uhlobo oluthile lwesithombe somculo somqambi emdlalweni othi "Isikhumbuzo" (izingcezu ezintathu zamapiyano amabili).

Ngama-50s. U-Ligeti wasebenza e-Cologne electronic studio - kamuva wabiza izivivinyo zakhe zokuqala ngokuthi "i-finger gymnastics", futhi muva nje wathi: "Ngeke ngisebenze nekhompyutha." U-Ligeti ube ngumgxeki wokuqala ogunyaziwe wezinhlobo ezithile zendlela yokuqamba, evamile ngeminyaka yawo-50s. eNtshonalanga (serialism, aleatorics), ucwaningo oluzinikele emculweni ka-A. Webern, P. Boulez nabanye. Ekuqaleni kwawo-60s. U-Ligeti ukhethe indlela ezimele, ememezela ukubuya ekukhulumeni okuvulekile komculo, eqinisekisa ukubaluleka komsindo nombala. Ezingomeni ze-orchestra "non-impressionistic" "Visions" (1958-59), "Atmospheres" (1961), eyamlethela udumo emhlabeni wonke, uLigeti wathola izixazululo ze-orchestra ezinemibala enemibala esekelwe ekuqondeni kwangempela kwenqubo ye-polyphonic, okuyinto umqambi obizwa ngokuthi “micropolyphony”. Izimpande zofuzo zomqondo ka-Ligeti zisemculweni ka-C. Debussy no-R. Wagner, B. Bartok kanye no-A. Schoenberg. Umqambi uchaze i-micropolyphony kanje: “i-polyphony eqanjwe futhi yaqiniswa kumphumela, okungafanele kuzwakale, asizwa i-polyphony, kodwa lokho ekukhiqizayo ... ngizonikeza isibonelo: ingxenye encane kakhulu ye-iceberg ibonakala, iningi. kwalo kufihlwe ngaphansi kwamanzi. Kodwa ukuthi leli qhwa libukeka kanjani, lihamba kanjani, lihlanzwa kanjani imisinga ehlukahlukene olwandle - konke lokhu akusebenzi nje kuphela ekubonakaleni kwayo, kodwa futhi kuyingxenye yayo engabonakali. Kungakho ngithi: izingoma zami kanye nendlela yokuqopha azinayo imali, ziyamosha. Ngikhomba imininingwane eminingi engezwakali iyodwa. Kepha lona kanye iqiniso lokuthi le mininingwane ikhonjisiwe libalulekile embonweni jikelele ... "

Manje ngacabanga ngesakhiwo esikhulu, lapho imininingwane eminingi ingabonakali. Kodwa-ke, badlala indima ngokujwayelekile, ekudaleni umbono jikelele. Izingoma zikaLigeti ezimile zisekelwe ezinguqukweni zokuminyana kwento yomsindo, ukushintshashintsha kwevolumu emibalabala, izindiza, amabala noquqaba, ekuguquguqukeni phakathi kwemiphumela yomsindo nomsindo: ngokusho komqambi, "imibono yokuqala yayimayelana nama-labyrinths anamagatsha agcwele umsindo nomsindo opholile." Ukungena kancane kancane nokuzumayo, ukuguqulwa kwendawo kuba yisici esiyinhloko ekuhlelweni komculo (isikhathi - ukugcwala noma ukukhanya, ukuminyana noma ukuncipha, ukunyakaza noma isivinini sokugeleza kwawo kuncike ngokuqondile ekushintsheni "kuma-labyrinths omculo". Ezinye izingoma ze-Ligeti yeminyaka yama-60s nayo ihlotshaniswa neminyaka enemibala enemibala: izingxenye ezihlukene ze-Requiem yakhe (1963-65), i-orchestral ethi "Lontano" (1967), ephikisa imibono ethile "yothando namuhla." Zembula ukwanda kobudlelwane, okuhambisana nomngcele. ku-synesthesia, etholakala ku-master.

Isigaba esilandelayo emsebenzini ka-Ligeti siphawule ukushintshela ku-dynamics kancane kancane. Uchungechunge lokusesha luxhumene nomculo ongaphumuli ngokuphelele ku-Adventures and New Adventures (1962-65) - izingoma zabacula ngabodwana kanye nokuhlanganisa izinsimbi. Lokhu okuhlangenwe nakho enkundleni yemidlalo yeshashalazi engenangqondo kwavula indlela yezinhlobo zesintu eziyinhloko. Impumelelo ebaluleke kakhulu yale nkathi kwakuyi-Requiem, ehlanganisa imibono yokuqamba okumile nokuguquguqukayo kanye nedramaturgy.

Engxenyeni yesibili yama-60s. I-Ligeti iqala ukusebenza “nge-polyphony ecashe kakhulu futhi entekenteke”, idonsela ekubeni lula nokusondelana kokukhuluma. Lesi sikhathi sihlanganisa Amagatsha e-orchestra yeyunithi yezinhlamvu noma abadlali abangabodwana abangu-12 (1968-69), Imiculo ye-orchestra (1971), i-Chamber Concerto (1969-70), i-Double Concerto yomtshingo, i-oboe ne-orchestra (1972). Ngalesi sikhathi, umqambi wayehlabeke umxhwele ngomculo kaC. Ives, ngaphansi kombono wokuthi umsebenzi we-orchestra "San Francisco Polyphony" (1973-74) wabhalwa. U-Ligeti ucabanga kakhulu futhi ngokuzithandela ukhuluma ngezinkinga ze-polystylistics kanye ne-collage yomculo. Inqubo yekholaji iphenduka ingaziwa kuye - uLigeti ngokwakhe ukhetha "imibono, hhayi izingcaphuno, izinkomba, hhayi izingcaphuno." Umphumela walokhu kusesha i-opera ethi The Great Dead Man (1978), eyadlalwa ngempumelelo eStockholm, eHamburg, eBologna, eParis naseLondon.

Imisebenzi yama-80s ithola izinkomba ezahlukene: I-Trio yevayolini, uphondo nopiyano (1982) – uhlobo lokuzinikela ku-I. Brahms, oluxhumene ngokungaqondile nendikimba yothando Amaphupho amathathu emavesini ka-F. Hölderlin wekhwaya exubile enamazwi ayishumi nesithupha a cappella (1982), ukwethembeka emasikweni omculo waseHungary kusekelwa "i-Hungarian etudes" emavesini kaCh. UVeresh wekhwaya exubile enamazwi ayishumi nesithupha i-cappella (1982).

Ukubukeka okusha kopiyano kukhonjiswa ngama-piano etudes (Incwajana YokuQala YokuQala - 1985, i-Etudes No. 7 kanye No. 8 - 1988), ephikisa imibono ehlukene - kusukela ku-piyano egxilile kuya emculweni wase-Afrika, kanye ne-Piano Concerto (1985-88).

Umcabango wokudala we-Ligeti ukondliwa umculo wezinkathi eziningi namasiko. Ukuhlotshaniswa okungenakugwenywa, ukuhlangana kwemibono nemibono ekude kuyisisekelo seziqalo zakhe, okuhlanganisa ukukhohlakala okungelona iqiniso nokwenyama.

M. Lobanova