Ubuhle, umculo |

I-aesthetics yomculo isiyalo esifunda imininingwane ethile yomculo njengendlela yobuciko futhi iyisigaba sobuhle befilosofi (imfundiso yokulinganisa kwezinzwa-ngokomfanekiso, i-ideological-emotional of reality ngumuntu kanye nobuciko njengendlela ephakeme kakhulu yokufanisa okunjalo). E. m. njengesiyalo esikhethekile besikhona kusukela ekugcineni. Ikhulu le-18 Igama elithi “E. m." yaqala ukusetshenziswa ngu-KFD Schubart (1784) ngemva kokwethulwa ngu-A. Baumgarten (1750) kwegama elithi “aesthetics” (elisuka kwelesiGreek elithi aistntixos – sensual) ukuze aqoke ingxenye ekhethekile yefilosofi. Eduze kwegama elithi “ifilosofi yomculo”. Isihloko sika-E.m. iwulimi lwemithetho evamile yokulinganisa imizwa-engokomfanekiso yeqiniso, imithetho ekhethekile yobuciko. ubuciko kanye namaphethini omculo ngamunye (okhonkolo). icala. Ngakho-ke, izigaba ze-E. m. zakhiwe ngokohlobo lokucaciswa kobuhle obujwayelekile. imiqondo (isibonelo, isithombe somculo), noma siqondane nemiqondo yomculo ehlanganisa umculo ojwayelekile wefilosofi nophathekayo. amanani (isb ukuvumelana). Indlela kaMarxist-Leninist E. m. ngokwe-dialectically ihlanganisa okuvamile (izisekelo zemethothologi ye-dialectical materialism kanye nomlando), ikakhulukazi (izinhlinzeko zethiyori zefilosofi yobuciko ye-Marxist-Leninist), kanye nomuntu (izindlela zomculo nokubhekwa). E. m. ixhunywe nobuhle obujwayelekile ngethiyori yezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobo zobuciko, okungenye yezigaba zamuva. ubuhlakani (i-artistic morphology) futhi ihlanganisa kuhlobo oluthile (ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwedatha yomculo) yakha ezinye izigaba zayo, okungukuthi, imfundiso yomlando, yezokuhlalisana kwabantu, i-epistemological, i-ontological. kanye nemithetho ye-axiological yamacala. Isihloko sokufunda sika-E. m. iwulimi lwendlela ejwayelekile, ekhethekile kanye namaphethini angawodwana omculo nomlando. inqubo; kwezenhlalo isimo somculo. ubuhlakani; ubuciko. ulwazi (reflection) lweqiniso emculweni; ukuqoshwa okubalulekile komculo. imisebenzi; amanani kanye nokuhlolwa komculo. icala.

I-dialectic yomlando ojwayelekile nowomuntu ngamunye. amaphethini omculo. icala. Amaphethini athile omlando womculo. izimangalo zihlobene ngokofuzo nangokunengqondo nemithetho evamile yokuthuthukiswa komkhuba wezinto ezibonakalayo, kuyilapho ngesikhathi esifanayo zinokuzimela okuthile. Ukwehlukaniswa komculo ku-syncretic isimangalo esihlotshaniswa nombono wezinzwa ongahlukanisiwe womuntu kwanqunywa ukuhlukaniswa komsebenzi, lapho amakhono omuntu ayekhethekile futhi, ngokufanele, "into yokuzwa" kanye " into yeso” kwakhiwa ( K. Marx ). Ukuthuthukiswa kwemiphakathi. imisebenzi evela kubasebenzi abangakhethekile nabagxile ekusetshenzisweni ngokusebenzisa ukuhlukaniswa nokwabiwa kwayo izimele. izinhlobo zomsebenzi wokomoya owenzela indawo yonke kanye nomsebenzi wamahhala ngaphansi kwezimo zamakhomanisi. ukwakheka (K. Marx and F. Engels, Soch., vol. 3, pp. 442-443) emlandweni womculo (ikakhulukazi amasiko aseYurophu) uthola umlingisi othize. ukubukeka: kusukela kuhlamvu lwe-“amateur” (RI Gruber) lokwenziwa komculo wasendulo kanye nokungabikho kokwehlukaniswa komqambi-umculi-umlaleli ngokuhlukaniswa kwabaculi nabalaleli, ukuthuthukiswa kwezindinganiso zomqambi kanye nokuhlukaniswa kokuqamba nokusebenza. (kusukela ngekhulu le-11, kodwa i-XG Eggebrecht) ekudalweni ngokubambisana komqambi - umculi - umlaleli enqubweni yokudala - ukuhumusha - umbono womculo oyingqayizivele ngamunye. umkhiqizo. (kusukela ngekhulu le-17-18, ngokusho kukaG. Besseler). Inguquko yomphakathi njengendlela yokudlulela esigabeni esisha semiphakathi. ukukhiqizwa emlandweni womculo kubangela ukuvuselelwa kwesakhiwo sezwi (BV Asafiev) - imfuneko yokuvuselela zonke izindlela zokwenza umculo. Inqubekelaphambili iyiphethini yomlando evamile. ukuthuthukiswa - emculweni kuvezwa ekuzuzeni kancane kancane ukuzimela kwawo. isimo, ukuhlukaniswa ngezinhlobo nezinhlobo, ukujulisa izindlela zokubonisa iqiniso (kuze kufike kumaqiniso kanye namaqiniso omphakathi).

Ukuzimela okuhlobene komlando womculo kulele eqinisweni lokuthi, okokuqala, ukuguqulwa kwezinkathi zawo kungase kwephuze noma kube ngaphambi koshintsho ezindleleni ezihambisanayo zokukhiqiza izinto ezibonakalayo. Okwesibili, kuzo zonke izikhathi kuma-muses. ubuciko buthonywa ezinye izimangalo. Okwesithathu, iculo ngalinye linomlando. Isiteji asigcini nje ngokudlula, kodwa futhi sinenani ngokwaso: izingoma eziphelele ezidalwe ngokuvumelana nezimiso zokwenziwa komculo zenkathi ethile azilahlekelwa ukubaluleka kwazo ngezinye izikhathi, nakuba izimiso ezingaphansi kwazo zingase ziphelelwe yisikhathi inqubo yokuthuthukiswa okulandelayo kwama-muses. icala.

I-dialectics yemithetho ejwayelekile nehlukene yokunqunywa komphakathi kwamamuse. ubuhlakani. Ukuqoqwa komculo ongokomlando. isimangalo semisebenzi yezenhlalo (yokuxhumana-yabasebenzi, imilingo, i-hedonistic-entertaining, ezemfundo, njll.) iholela emakhulwini e-18-19. kwezobuciko obungaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi. incazelo yomculo. I-aesthetics ye-Marxist-Leninist ibheka umculo, oklanyelwe ukulalela kuphela, njengento eyenza umsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu - ukwakheka kwelungu lomphakathi ngomthelela walo okhethekile. Ngokusho kokwambulwa kancane kancane kwe-polyfunctionality yomculo, kwasungulwa uhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi lwezikhungo zenhlalo ezihlelekile imfundo, ubuciko, ukusabalalisa, ukuqonda umculo, nokuphathwa kwama-muses. inqubo kanye nokwesekwa kwayo ngokwezimali. Ngokuya ngemisebenzi yezenhlalo yobuciko, uhlelo lwezikhungo zomculo luthonya ubuciko. izici zomculo (BV Asafiev, AV Lunacharsky, X. Eisler). Ubuciko bunethonya elikhethekile. izici zezindlela zokwenza umculo zokwenza imali (i-philanthropy, ukuthengwa kwemikhiqizo yezwe), ehlobene nazo zonke izindawo zomnotho. Ngakho, i-sociological. izinqumo zokwenziwa komculo zengeza ohlelweni lapho ukonga. izici ziphenduka izinga labantu jikelele (ukunquma zonke izici zempilo yomphakathi), isakhiwo senhlalo yabalaleli kanye nobuciko bayo. izicelo - izinga lokukhethekile (nquma zonke izinhlobo zomsebenzi wobuciko), kanye nemiphakathi. inhlangano yokwenza umculo - ezingeni lomuntu ngamunye (inquma izici ezithile zokudala umculo).

I-dialectic ye-epistemological ejwayelekile neyodwa. amaphethini omculo. icala. Ingqikithi yokuqaphela isekukhiqizweni okuhle kwezindlela ezisebenzayo. umsebenzi womuntu, ovezwa ngokwezinto ezibonakalayo ngolimi futhi unikeza "isithombe esiyinhloko somhlaba ohlosiwe" (VI Lenin). Ubuciko benza lokhu kukhiqizwa kubuciko. izithombe ezihlanganisa ngokolimi ukuzindla okuphilayo kanye nokucabanga okungabonakali, ngokuqondile. ukucabangisisa nokufanekisa ukujwayela, isiqiniseko somuntu ngamunye nokudalulwa kokuthambekela okujwayelekile kweqiniso. Ukuveza ubuciko benjongo yezinto ezibonakalayo. izithombe zihlukile ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene zezimangalo, njengoba isimangalo ngasinye sinokucaciswa kwaso. ulimi. Ukucaciswa kolimi lwemisindo kuyisimo salo esingesona esomqondo, esakhiwa ngokomlando. Emculweni wasendulo, ohlotshaniswa negama nokuthinta, ubuciko. isithombe senziwa ngokwengqondo nangokombono. Imithetho yokukhuluma eyaba nomthelela emculweni isikhathi eside, kuhlanganise nenkathi ye-Baroque, yanquma ukuxhumana okungaqondile phakathi komculo nolimi lomlomo (izingxenye ezithile ze-syntax yawo zazibonakala emculweni). Okuhlangenwe nakho kwakudala. izingoma zibonise ukuthi umculo ungakhululwa ekusebenzeni kwemisebenzi esetshenzisiwe, kanye nasekuxhumaneni kwezinkulumo. amafomula nokusondela kwegama, njengoba selizimele. ulimi, nakuba luwuhlobo olungaqondile. Kodwa-ke, ngolimi olungenangqondo lomculo "ohlanzekile", izigaba ezidluliselwe ngokomlando zokubuka ngeso lengqondo zigcinwa ngendlela yezinhlangano eziqondile kakhulu zempilo kanye nemizwa ehlotshaniswa nezinhlobo zamamuse. ukunyakaza, iphimbo isici setimu, veza. Imiphumela, iphimbo lezikhathi, njll. Okuqukethwe okungenangqondo komculo, okungenakuvunyelwa ukudluliswa ngomlomo okwanele, kuvezwa ngomculo. ingqondo yesilinganiso sama-elementi prod. I-logic yokuthunyelwa "kwezincazelo ezizwakalayo" (BV Asafiev), ezifundwe inkolelo yokuqamba, ibonakala njengomculo othize. ukukhiqiza kabusha okuphelele okwakhiwa emiphakathini. umkhuba wezindinganiso zomphakathi, ukuhlola, izimiso, imibono mayelana nezinhlobo zobuntu bomuntu kanye nobudlelwane bomuntu, ukujwayelekile kwendawo yonke. Ngakho, ukucaciswa kwama-muses. ukubonakaliswa kweqiniso kulele eqinisweni lokuthi ubuciko. isithombe senziwa kabusha emculweni owatholwa ngokomlando. ulimi lwe-dialectic ye-conceptuality kanye ne-non-conceptuality.

I-Dialectics ye-ontological ejwayelekile kanye neyodwa yama-muses. icala. Umsebenzi womuntu "uba yiqhwa" ezintweni; ngakho-ke, ziqukethe izinto zemvelo kanye “nesimo somuntu” esisiguqulayo (inhloso yamandla okudala omuntu). Isendlalelo esimaphakathi sokucabangela yilokho okubizwa. izinto zokusetshenziswa (K. Marx) - ezakhiwe ngezinto zemvelo esezihlungiwe ngomsebenzi wangaphambilini (K. Marx noF. Engels, Soch., vol. 23, pp. 60-61). Kubuciko, lesi sakhiwo esijwayelekile sokubheka izinto sibekwe ngaphezulu kokucaciswe komthombo. Imvelo yomsindo ibonakala, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngokuphakama (indawo) izakhiwo, futhi, ngakolunye, izakhiwo zesikhashana, zombili ezisekelwe ezintweni ezibonakalayo ze-acoustic. izakhiwo zomsindo. Izigaba zokuphatha kahle imvelo yomsindo ophezulu zibonakala emlandweni wamamodi (bona imodi). Amasistimu we-Fret maqondana ne-acoustic. Imithetho isebenza “njengesimo somuntu” esishintsha ngokukhululekile, esakhelwe phezu kokungaguquki kwemvelo komsindo. eminyuziyamu yasendulo. amasiko (kanye nasemculweni wendabuko waseMpumalanga yesimanje), lapho umgomo wokuphindaphinda amaseli e-modal ayinhloko (RI Gruber), ukwakheka kwemodi kwakuyiyona yodwa. ubuciko bokuphrinta. amandla omculi. Kodwa-ke, maqondana nakamuva, izimiso eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu zokwenza umculo (ukuthunyelwa okuhlukile, ukuhlukahluka okuhlukahlukene, njll.), amasistimu ezwi lezwi asebenza “njengezinto ezingavuthiwe” kuphela, imithetho efana nemvelo yomculo (akukona nje ukuqondana), isibonelo, ku-E. m. imithetho ye-modal yasendulo yayihlotshaniswa nemithetho yemvelo, indawo). Izinkambiso ezinqunyiwe ngokwethiyori zokuhola kwezwi, ukwakha inhlangano, njll. zakhiwe phezu kwezinhlelo ze-modal "njengesimo somuntu" esisha, futhi ngokuhlobene nokuvela kamuva eYurophu. isiko lokuqanjwa okugunyaziwe komuntu ngamunye kuphinde kusebenze "njengemvelo" yomculo. Okungenakunqandeka kubo kuwukubonakaliswa kobuciko bombono obuyingqayizivele. imiqondo emkhiqizweni oyingqayizivele. iba “indlela yomuntu” yokwenza umculo, injongo yawo ephelele. Ukucutshungulwa kwezimangalo zemisindo kwaba ngompetha kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni, okuwumgomo wakudala kakhulu wenhlangano yamamuse. ukunyakaza. Njengoba imisebenzi yezenhlalo elawulwayo yabelwa umculo, kanye nokunamathiselwe kwawo emibhalweni yomlomo eyayilawulwa ngokucacile (kokuqukethwe nesakhiwo), ukuthuthukiswa kwavumela ukuklanywa kohlobo oluvamile lweminyuziyamu. isikhathi.

I-normative-genre objectivity yabusa ngekhulu le-12-17. Nokho, ukuthuthukiswa kwaqhubeka kukhona emsebenzini womqambi nomculi, kodwa kuphela ngaphakathi kwemingcele enqunywe uhlobo. Njengoba umculo ukhululiwe emisebenzini esetshenzisiwe, inhloso ye-genre-normative, yona, yaphenduka "impahla eluhlaza", ecutshungulwa ngumqambi ukuze ihlanganise ubuciko obuyingqayizivele bemibono. imiqondo. Inhloso yohlobo kwathathelwa indawo umsebenzi ophelele wangaphakathi, ongayedwana ongeke wehliselwe ohlotsheni. Umqondo wokuthi umculo ukhona ngendlela yemisebenzi eqediwe wahlanganiswa ngekhulu le-15-16. Umbono womculo njengomkhiqizo, ubunkimbinkimbi obungaphakathi obudinga ukuqoshwa okuningiliziwe, ngaphambili okwakungaphoqelekile, kwagxila enkathini ye-romanticism kangangokuthi kwaholela ku-musicology ngekhulu le-19-20. nasekuqapheleni okuvamile komphakathi ekusebenziseni isigaba “Umculo. umsebenzi” womculo wezinye izinkathi nezamasiko. Nokho, lo msebenzi uwuhlobo lwakamuva lomculo. inhloso, okuhlanganisa nesakhiwo sayo ezandulele njengezinto “zemvelo” kanye “nezinto ezingavuthiwe”.

I-dialectic ye-axiological ejwayelekile neyomuntu ngamunye. amaphethini omculo. icala. Imiphakathi. amanani akhiwa ekuxhumaneni: 1) izidingo "zangempela" (okungukuthi, umsebenzi wokulamula); 2) umsebenzi ngokwawo, izigxobo zazo "izindleko ezingabonakali zamandla angokwenyama kanye nomsebenzi wokudala ngamunye"; 3) ukuqonda okuhlanganisa umsebenzi (K. Marx kanye noF. Engels, Soch., vol. 23, pp. 46-61). Kulokhu, noma yisiphi isidingo "sangempela" ngesikhathi esifanayo. kuvele kube yisidingo sokuqhubeka nokuthuthuka kwemiphakathi. umsebenzi, nanoma yikuphi ukubaluleka kweqiniso akuyona nje impendulo kulokhu noma kuleso sidingo, kodwa futhi kuwuphawu “lwamandla abalulekile omuntu” (K. Marx). Isici sobuhle. amanani - uma kungekho isimo se-utilitarian; okusele kwesidingo “sangempela” yisikhathi kuphela sokwambuleka okunamandla kwamandla abantu, okungukuthi, isidingo somsebenzi ongenantshisekelo. Muses. umsebenzi wakhe ngokomlando waba uhlelo oluhlanganisa amaphethini ephimbo, izinkambiso zobungcweti zokuqamba kanye nezimiso zokwakha umsebenzi oyingqayizivele ngamunye, osebenza njengokweqisa kanye nokwephulwa kwezimiso (okugqugquzelwa ngaphakathi). Lezi zigaba ziba amazinga esakhiwo seminyuziyamu. umkhiqizo. Izinga ngalinye linenani lalo. I-Banal, "isimo sezulu" (BV Asafiev) iphimbo, uma ubukhona babo bungekho ngenxa yobuciko bomuntu ngamunye. umqondo, ungehlisa inani elingenasici kakhulu ngokobuciko. Kodwa futhi uthi okwakhe, ukwephula yangaphakathi. umqondo wokuqanjwa, kungaholela ekwehliseni inani lomsebenzi.

Izilinganiso zengezwe ngokusekelwe emiphakathini. imibandela (isipiliyoni esijwayelekile sezidingo ezanelisayo) kanye nezidingo zomuntu ngamunye, “ezingalungile” (ngokukaMarx, ekucabangeni ngendlela okuhloswe ngayo). Njengemiphakathi. ukwazi ngokunengqondo nange-epistemologically kwandulela umuntu, futhi indlela yokuhlola yomculo yandulela ukwahlulela kwenani elithile, kwakha isimo sayo sengqondo. isisekelo ukusabela ngokomzwelo komlaleli kanye nomgxeki. Izinhlobo zomlando zezahlulelo zenani mayelana nomculo zazihambisana nezinhlelo ezithile zemibandela. Izinqumo zenani ezingakhethekile ngomculo zanqunywa ngokwenza. izindlela ezivamile emculweni. amacala hhayi kuphela namanye amacala, kodwa nakwezinye izindawo zomphakathi. ukuphila. Ngendlela ehlanzekile, lolu hlobo lwasendulo lokuhlola lunikezwa emandulo, kanye naseNkathini Ephakathi. izincwadi. Izinqumo zokuhlola zomculo eziyisipesheli, ezigxile kubuciko ekuqaleni bezincike kumbandela wokufanisa amamuse. izakhiwo zemisebenzi eyenziwa ngumculo. Kamuva kwavela ubuciko.-yobuhle. izinqumo ngomculo. umkhiqizo. zazisekelwe esimisweni sokuphelela okuyingqayizivele kwesu nokujula kobuciko. isithombe. Lolu hlobo lokuhlola lubusa futhi ekhulwini le-19 nelama-20. Cishe ngawo-1950 eNtshonalanga Yurophu ukugxekwa komculo njengohlobo olukhethekile kwabeka phambili lokho okubizwa. izahlulelo zomlando ezisuselwe kumibandela yobusha bobuchwepheshe. Lezi zinqumo zithathwa njengophawu lwenkinga yomculo nobuhle. ukwazi.

Emlandweni ka-E. m. kungenzeka ukuhlukanisa izigaba ezinkulu, ngaphakathi kwe-typological. ukufana kwemiqondo kungenxa yezinhlobo ezijwayelekile zokuba khona komculo, noma ukusondela kwezimfuneko zomphakathi zesiko eziveza izimfundiso zefilosofi ezifanayo. Kowokuqala womlando-uhlobo. Leli qembu lihlanganisa imiqondo eyavela emasikweni okuba yizigqila kanye nokwakheka kwe-feudal, lapho iminyuziyamu. umsebenzi wawungenxa yemisebenzi esetshenzisiwe, futhi imisebenzi esetshenzisiwe (ubuciko) yayinobuhle. isici. E. m. emandulo kanye neNkathi Ephakathi, okubonisa ukuntuleka kokuzimela komculo kanye nokuntuleka kokuhlukaniswa kobuciko kwezinye izigaba zokuzijwayeza. imisebenzi, wayengeyena umnyango. umkhakha womcabango futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo wawunqunyelwe ezinkingeni ze-axiological (esezivele zilungile) kanye ne-ontological (esezivele ziyi-cosmological). Umbuzo wethonya lomculo kumuntu ungowakwa-axiological. Ukukhuphukela ePythagoras kuDkt. Greece, kuConfucius kuDkt. E-China, umqondo wokuphulukisa ngomculo kamuva uzalwa kabusha njengeqoqo lemibono mayelana nenkambiso yomculo kanye neminyuziyamu. ukukhuliswa. I-Ethos yayiqondwa njengezici zezakhi zomculo, ezifana nezimfanelo ezingokomoya nezomzimba zomuntu (u-Iamblichus, u-Aristides Quintilian, u-al-Farabi, u-Boethius; u-Guido d'Arezzo, onikeze izici zokuziphatha ezinemininingwane eminingi yezindlela zenkathi ephakathi). Ngomqondo womculo. I-ethos ihlotshaniswa nenganekwane ebanzi efanisa umuntu nomphakathi wamamyuziyamu. insimbi noma isistimu yomsindo (kuDkt. E-China, uhlaka lomphakathi lwaluqhathaniswa namathoni esikali, kuma-Arabhu. emhlabeni 4 imisebenzi yomzimba yomuntu - nge 4 lute strings, ngezinye isiRashiya. E. m., elandela ababhali baseByzantium, umphefumulo, ingqondo, ulimi nomlomo - ngehabhu, umculi, ithamborini nezintambo). I-Ontologist. isici salo mfanekiso, esisekelwe ekuqondeni uhlelo lwezwe olungaguquki, lwembulwa embonweni, ubuyela emuva kuPythagoras, owalungiswa nguBoethius futhi wathuthukiswa ngasekupheleni kweNkathi Ephakathi, we-3 "umculo" ongaguquki - musica mundana (ezulwini, umculo womhlaba), i-musica humana (umculo womuntu, ukuzwana kwabantu) ne-musica instrumentalis (umculo onomsindo, amazwi nezinsimbi). Kulezi zilinganiso ze-cosmological zengezwe, okokuqala, ukufana kwefilosofi yemvelo (kwesinye isiGreki. E. m. izikhawu zeqhwa ziqhathaniswa namabanga phakathi kwamaplanethi, anezici ezi-4 nokuyinhloko. izibalo zejometri; ngeNkathi Ephakathi. Isi-Arab. E. m. 4 isisekelo isigqi sihambisana nezimpawu zeZodiac, izinkathi zonyaka, izigaba zenyanga, amaphuzu abalulekile kanye nokuhlukaniswa kosuku; komunye umkhomo. E. m. amathoni esikali - izinkathi zonyaka kanye nezakhi zomhlaba), okwesibili, izifaniso zezenkolo (u-Guido d'Arezzo waqhathanisa iTestamente Elidala neLisha nomculo wasezulwini nowabantu, amaVangeli angu-4 anenduku yomculo enemigqa emine, njll. ). P.). Izincazelo zomculo zeCosmological zihlotshaniswa nemfundiso yenombolo njengesisekelo sokuba khona, eyavela eYurophu ngokuhambisana nePythagoreanism naseMpumalanga Ekude - kumbuthano weConfucianism. Lapha izinombolo zazingaqondwa ngokusobala, kodwa ngokubonakalayo, zikhonjwa ngokomzimba. izakhi kanye nejometri. Amakhiwane. Ngakho-ke, kunoma iyiphi indlela (cosmic, womuntu, umsindo) babona inombolo. UPlato, Augustine, kanye noConfucius bachaza umculo ngenombolo. Kwesinye isiGreki. Empeleni, lezi zincazelo ziqinisekiswe ukuhlolwa kwezinsimbi ezifana ne-monochord, yingakho igama elithi instrumentalis livele egameni lomculo wangempela ngaphambi kwetemu elivamile elithi sonora (y of Jacob of Liège). Incazelo yezinombolo yomculo iholele ekuphakameni kwalowo obizwa. Mr. isazi semibono. umculo (muz. isayensi) phezu "kokusebenza" (ukwakheka nokusebenza), okwagcinwa kuze kube yinkathi yaseYurophu. i-baroque. Omunye umphumela wombono wezinombolo womculo (njengenye yesayensi eyisikhombisa “yamahhala” ohlelweni lwemfundo yangenkathi ephakathi) wawuyincazelo ebanzi kakhulu yegama elithi “umculo” ngokwawo (kwezinye izimo lalisho ukuvumelana kwendawo yonke, ukuphelela. kumuntu nezinto, kanye nefilosofi, izibalo - isayensi yokuvumelana nokuphelela), kanye nokuntuleka kwegama elivamile le-instr. futhi wok. ukudlala umculo.

I-Ethical-cosmological. ukuhlanganiswa kube nomthelela ekwakhiweni kwe-epistemological. kanye nezinkinga zomculo we-historiological. Eyokuqala ingeyemfundiso yama-muses eyakhiwe amaGreki. i-mimesis (ukumelwa ngokushukuma komzimba, ukuboniswa ngomdanso), okuvela esikweni lemidanso yabapristi. Umculo, othathe indawo emaphakathi ekuhlanganisweni komkhathi nomuntu, uphenduke isithombe sabo bobabili (u-Aristide Quintilian). Isixazululo sakudala kakhulu sombuzo wemvelaphi yomculo sabonisa lokho okusebenzayo. ukuncika komculo (ikakhulukazi izingoma zabasebenzi) kumlingo. umkhuba okuhloswe ngawo ukuqinisekisa inhlanhla empini, ukuzingela, njll Ngalesi sisekelo, eNtshonalanga naseMpumalanga ngaphandle kwezidalwa. ithonya elihlangene, uhlobo lwenganekwane lwakhiwa mayelana nokusikisela kwaphezulu komculo kumuntu, okudluliselwa ngenguqulo yobuKristu ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu lesi-8. (Bede uMhlonishwa). Le nganekwane kamuva yacatshangelwa kabusha ngokomfanekiso e-Europe. izinkondlo (i-Muses kanye ne-Apollo "ikhuthaza" umculi), futhi endaweni yayo i-motif yokusungulwa komculo ngabahlakaniphile ibekwa phambili. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, umqondo wemvelo uvezwa. imvelaphi yomculo (Democritus). Ngokuvamile, i-E. m. yasendulo kanye neNkathi Ephakathi iyinkolelo-mbono. i-synthesis, lapho okujwayelekile (izithombe ze-cosmos nomuntu) kunqoba kokubili okukhethekile (ukucaciswa kwemininingwane yobuciko bebonke), naphezu komuntu ngamunye (ukucaciswa kwemininingwane yomculo). Okukhethekile nomuntu ngamunye afakiwe kokujwayelekile hhayi ngokwe-dialectically, kodwa njengengxenye yobuningi, ehambisana nokuma kwamamuse. i-art-va, engakahlukani ne-practical-life sphere futhi engakaguqulwa ibe yizimele. uhlobo lobuciko. ukubusa iqiniso.

Uhlobo lwesibili lomlando lomculo-ubuhle. imiqondo, izici izici zazo ekugcineni kwakheka emakhulwini 17-18. kwe Zap. IYurophu, eRussia - ngekhulu le-18, yaqala ukuvela e-E. m. Uhlelo lokusebenza. IYurophu ngekhulu le-14-16. Umculo waba ngokuzimela ngokwengeziwe, ukubonakaliswa kwangaphandle okwakuvela eceleni kuka-E. m., eyasebenza njengengxenye yemibono yefilosofi nenkolo (uNicholas Orem, u-Erasmus waseRotterdam, uMartin Luther, uCosimo Bartoli, njll.), E. m., igxile emculweni-theory. imibuzo. Umphumela wesikhundla esizimele somculo emphakathini kwaba yi-anthropological yawo. incazelo (ngokungafani neyangaphambili, i-cosmological). Isazi se-axiologist. izinkinga ngekhulu le-14-16. i-hedonistic egcwele. ama-accents Ukugcizelela kusetshenzisiwe (isb. e., okokuqala, indima yehlelo) yomculo (u-Adam Fulda, uLuther, uZarlino), abacwaningi be-Ars nova kanye neRenaissance nabo baqaphela ukubaluleka komculo wokuzijabulisa (uMarketto wasePadua, uTinctoris, uSalinas, uCosimo Bartoli, uLorenzo Valla, Glarean, Castiglione). Ukuhlelwa kabusha okuthile kwenzeka emkhakheni we-ontology. izinkinga. Nakuba izisusa "zezingoma ezintathu", inombolo kanye nokubaluleka "komculo wetiyetha" ohlotshaniswa nawo kwahlala kuzinzile kwaze kwaba sekhulwini le-18, nokho, umqulu obheke "okusebenzayo. umculo” wabangela ukuba kucatshangelwe owawo. i-ontology (esikhundleni sokuchazwa kwayo njengengxenye yendawo yonke), okungukuthi e. imininingwane yayo yemvelo. izindlela zokuba. Imizamo yokuqala kule ndlela yenziwa nguTinctoris, owahlukanisa phakathi komculo oqoshiwe nomculo othuthukisiwe. Imibono efanayo ingatholakala encwadini kaNikolai Listenia (1533), lapho "umculo we-practica" (ukusebenza) kanye "nomculo we-poetica" uhlukaniswa, futhi ngisho nangemva kokufa komlobi ukhona njengomsebenzi ophelele futhi ophelele. Ngakho-ke, ubukhona bomculo bekulindeleke ngokwethiyori ngendlela yemisebenzi yombhali ephelele, eqoshwe embhalweni. Ngo-16 ku. i-epistemological igqama. inkinga E. m., ehlotshaniswa nemfundiso evelayo yokuthinta (Tsarlino). At the zesayensi inhlabathi kancane kancane waba futhi historiological. inkinga E. m., eyayihlotshaniswa nokuvela komlando. ukwazi kwabaculi abahlangana ngesikhathi se-Ars nova ngokuvuselelwa okubukhali kwezinhlobo zamamuse. sebenzisa. Umsuka womculo uya ngokuya uba ngokwemvelo. incazelo (ngokusho kukaZarlino, umculo uvela esidingweni esicolisisiwe sokuxhumana). Ngekhulu le-14-16. inkinga yokuqhubeka nokuvuselelwa kokuqanjwa kubekwa phambili. Ngekhulu le-17-18. lezi zindikimba nemibono ka-E. m. ithole isisekelo esisha sefilosofi, esakhiwe imiqondo enengqondo nefundisayo. I-Gnoseological iza phambili. izinkinga - imfundiso yemvelo yokulingisa kanye nesenzo somculo esithintekayo. Sh. I-Batcho imemezele ukulingisa njengengqikithi yawo wonke ubuciko. G. G. U-Rousseau uxhume umculo. ukulingisa ngesigqi, esifana nesigqi sokunyakaza nokukhuluma komuntu. R. U-Descartes uthole ukusabela kwe-causal-deterministic yomuntu ku-stimus yezwe langaphandle, elilingisa umculo, okhiqiza umthelela ohambisanayo. Ku-E. m. izinkinga ezifanayo zathuthukiswa ngokuchema okujwayelekile. Inhloso yokuqanjwa komqambi ukuvusa amathonya (Spies, Kircher). KUYA. I-Monteverdi yabela izitayela zokuqamba emaqenjini okuthinta; KANYE. Walter, J. Bononcini, I. U-Mattheson wahlobanisa izindlela ezithile zokubhala komqambi nomthelela ngamunye. Izimfuno ezikhethekile ezithintekayo zafakwa ekusebenzeni (Quantz, Mersenne). Ukudluliswa kwemithelela, ngokusho kukaKircher, kwakungagcini nje ngomsebenzi wezandla, kodwa kwakuwumlingo. inqubo (ikakhulukazi, i-Monteverdi nayo yafunda imilingo), eyayiqondwa ngokunengqondo: kukhona "uzwela" phakathi komuntu nomculo, futhi ingalawulwa ngokunengqondo. Kulo mfanekiso, izinsalela zokuqhathanisa zingalandelelwa: isikhala - indoda - umculo. Ngokuvamile, u-E. m., eyaqala ukwakheka ngekhulu le-14-18, yahumusha umculo njengengxenye yento ekhethekile - “enomusa” (okungukuthi, isib. artic) isithombe "semvelo yomuntu" futhi akazange agcizelele imininingwane ethile yomculo uma eqhathaniswa neminye. isimangalo ngawe. Nokho, lesi kwakuyisinyathelo esiqhubekela phambili kusukela ku-E.

Inguquko. isiphithiphithi con. 18 ku. kuholele ekuveleni kwesethi ye-muz.-yobuhle. umqondo wohlobo lwesithathu, olusekhona ngendlela eguquliwe phakathi konxiwankulu. umbono. Umqambi u-E. m. (kusuka ku-G. Berlioz kanye no-R. Schuman kuya ku-A. Schoenberg kanye no-K. Stockhausen). Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kukhona ukusatshalaliswa kwezinkinga kanye nendlela yokusebenza engeyona isici sezinkathi ezedlule: ifilosofi u-E. m. ayisebenzi ngezinto ezithile zomculo; iziphetho zomculo we-E. m. ube yingxenye yokuhlukaniswa kwethiyori yezigigaba zomculo; umqambi E. m. eduze komculo. ukugxekwa. Izinguquko ezisheshayo emculweni. umkhuba waboniswa ngaphakathi ku-E. m. ukuletha phambili ezomlando nezokuhlalisana kwabantu., kanye, nasezidalwa. ukucabanga kabusha, epistemological. izinkinga. Ku-epistemologist. umhlabathi ubekwe phezu kwe-ontological endala. inkinga yokufana komculo nendawo yonke. Umculo usebenza "njengesibalo somhlaba wonke" (Novalis), njengoba ukwazi ukumunca noma yikuphi okuqukethwe (Hegel). Ukucabangela umculo "epistemological." i-analogue yemvelo, yenziwa isihluthulelo sokuqonda obunye ubuciko (G. von Kleist, F. Schlegel), isb izakhiwo (Schelling). I-Schopenhauer ithatha lo mbono emkhawulweni: zonke izimangalo zikolunye uhlangothi, umculo ngakolunye; kufana “nentando yokudala” uqobo. Emculweni wezomculo u-E. m. X. U-Riemann usebenzise isiphetho sika-Schopenhauer kuthiyori. ukuhlelwa kwezakhi zokwakheka. Ehhashini. Ikhulu le-19-20 ku-epistemologist. ukufana komculo emhlabeni kuyawohloka. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umculo uthathwa njengokhiye hhayi nje kobunye ubuciko namasiko kuphela, kodwa futhi njengesihluthulelo sokuqonda impucuko iyonke (uNietzsche, kamuva uS. George, O. Spengler). Ukuzalwa Okujabulisayo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umculo uthathwa njengendlela yefilosofi (R. Casner, S. Kierkegaard, E. Bloch, T. I-Adorno). Uhlangothi oluphambene "lomculo" wefilosofi nezamasiko. ukucabanga kuphenduka “ifilosofi” yokuqamba komqambi (R. Wagner), okuholela ekubonakalisweni kwawo okwedlulele ekuqhubekeleni phambili komqondo wokuqanjwa kanye nokuphawula kwawo phezu kwesakhiwo ngokwaso (K. Stockhausen), izinguquko emkhakheni womculo. ifomu elidonsela ngokuqhubekayo ekungahlukaniseni, okungukuthi, uMnu. izakhiwo ezivulekile, ezingaqediwe. Lokhu kungenze ngasungula kabusha i-ontological inkinga yezindlela ezihlosiwe zokuba khona komculo. Umqondo "wezendlalelo zomsebenzi", isici sesitezi sokuqala. 20 ku. (G. Schenker, N. Hartmann, R. Ingarden), nikeza indlela yokuchazwa komqondo womkhiqizo. njengomqondo wokunqoba we-classic. nezothando. izingoma (E. Karkoshka, T. Umbese). Ngakho, yonke inkinga ye-ontological E. m. kumenyezelwa ukuthi unqotshiwe kwesimanje. isigaba (K. Dalhousie). Isiko. isazi se-axiologist. inkinga ku-E. m. 19 ku. futhi ithuthukiswe nge-epistemological. izikhundla. Umbuzo wobuhle emculweni wanqunywa ikakhulukazi ngokuhambisana nokuqhathanisa kwe-Hegelian kwefomu nokuqukethwe. Okuhle kubonwe ngokuhambisana nefomu nokuqukethwe (A. AT. Ambrose, A. Kulak, R. Vallašek et al.). Ukuxhumana bekuyinkomba yomehluko wekhwalithi phakathi kokwakheka komuntu ngamunye kanye nomsebenzi wezandla noma i-epigonism. Ekhulwini lama-20, kusukela emisebenzini kaG. UShenker no-X. UMersman (20-30s), umculi. ukubaluleka komculo kunqunywa ngokuqhathanisa okwangempela nokuncane, ukuhlukaniswa nokungathuthuki kahle kwesu lokuqamba (N. Gartman, T. Adorno, K. Dahlhaus, W. Viora, X. G. Eggebrecht nabanye). Kuqashelwa ngokukhethekile ithonya enanini lomculo wezindlela zokusatshalaliswa kwawo, ikakhulukazi ukusakaza (E. Doflein), inqubo “yokulinganisa” ikhwalithi yomculo “esikweni labantu abaningi” (T.

Eqinisweni, i-epistemological. izinkinga ku-con. Ikhulu le-18 elithonywe ulwazi lomculo ongaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi licatshangelwe kabusha. Okuqukethwe komculo, okukhululiwe ekusetshenzisweni okusetshenzisiwe kanye nokuzithoba egameni, kuba yinkinga ekhethekile. Ngokusho kukaHegel, umculo "uqonda inhliziyo nomphefumulo njengesikhungo esigxilile somuntu wonke" ("Aesthetics", 1835). Ku-E. m. yomculo, iziphakamiso ze-Hegelian zihlanganiswa yilokho okubizwa ngokuthi "inkolelo yemizwa" yokuthinta (i-KFD Schubart kanye ne-FE Bach). ubuhle bomuzwa noma ubuhle bokuvezwa, okulindeleke ukuthi umculo uveze imizwa (eqondwa ekuxhumaneni okuphathekayo kwe-biography) yomqambi noma umculi (WG Wackenroder, KF Solger, KG Weisse, KL Seidel, G. Shilling). Yile ndlela inkohliso yethiyori mayelana nokuthi ungubani impilo namamuses. okuhlangenwe nakho, futhi ngalesi sisekelo - ubunikazi bomqambi nomlaleli, othathwe "njengezinhliziyo ezilula" (Hegel). Umqondo wokuphikisa wabekwa phambili ngu-XG Negeli, owathatha njengesisekelo i-thesis ka-I. Kant mayelana nokuhle emculweni njengokuthi "uhlobo lokudlalwa kwemizwa". Ithonya eliwujuqu ekwakhekeni komculo nobuhle. I-Formalism yanikezwa ngu-E. Hanslik ("On the Musically Beautiful", 1854), owabona okuqukethwe komculo "kumafomu omsindo onyakazayo". Abalandeli bakhe nguR. Zimmerman, O. Gostinskiy nabanye. Ukungqubuzana kwemiqondo engokomzwelo nengokomthetho yamamuse. okuqukethwe nakho kuyisici sesimanje. usonxiwankulu E.m. Abokuqala bazalwa kabusha kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi. i-psychology hermeneutics (G. Krechmar, A. Wellek) – ithiyori kanye nokwenza ukutolika komculo ngomlomo (ngosizo lwezingathekiso zobunkondlo kanye nokuqokwa kwemizwa); okwesibili - ekuhlaziyeni kwesakhiwo namagatsha awo (A. Halm, I. Bengtsson, K. Hubig). Ngawo-1970 umqondo “wokulingisa” wencazelo yomculo uvela, osekelwe esifanisweni somculo ne-pantomime: i-pantomime “igama eliye lathula”; umculo i-pantomime engene emsindweni (R. Bitner).

Ngekhulu le-19 le-historiological Izinkinga ze-E. m. yacetshiswa ukuqashelwa kwamaphethini emlandweni womculo. Imfundiso kaHegel yezinkathi zokuthuthukiswa kobuciko (ongokomfanekiso, okudala, othando) kusuka epulasitiki kuya emculweni. art-vu, kusukela "esithombeni kuya ku-I omsulwa walesi sithombe" ("Jena Real Philosophy", 1805) ifakazela ukutholwa kwemvelo ngokomlando (futhi esikhathini esizayo - ukulahlekelwa) "kwento" yayo yangempela ngomculo. Elandela u-Hegel, u-ETA Hoffmann uhlukanise phakathi kwe-“plastic” (okungukuthi, i-visual-affective) kanye “nomculo” njengezigxobo ezi-2 zomlando. ukuthuthukiswa komculo: "ipulasitiki" ibusa ku-pre-romantic, kanye "nomculo" - kwezothando. umculo uthi-ve. Kwezomculo u-E. m. con. Imibono yekhulu le-19 mayelana nemvelo evamile yomculo. izindaba zafakwa ngaphansi komqondo "wefilosofi yokuphila", futhi ngalesi sisekelo umqondo womlando womculo wavela njengokukhula "okuphilayo" nokuncipha kwezitayela (G. Adler). Esitezi sokuqala. Ikhulu lama-1 lo mqondo uthuthukiswa, ikakhulukazi, ngu-H. Mersman. Esitezi sesi-20. Ikhulu lama-2 lizalwa kabusha emcabangweni "wefomu lesigaba" lomlando womculo (L. Dorner) - isimiso esihle, ukuqaliswa okuyinkambo yomculo "yezinto eziphilayo". umlando, kanye nenani lababhali bacabangela ezesimanje. isiteji somculo. umlando njengokuchithwa kwaleli fomu kanye “nokuphela komculo eYurophu. umqondo wegama” ( K. Dahlhaus, HG Eggebrecht, T. Kneif).

Ngekhulu le-19 kwaqala ukuthuthukiswa kwezenhlalo. izinkinga zika-E. m., eziqale zathinta ubudlelwano phakathi komqambi nomlaleli. Kamuva, inkinga yesisekelo senhlalo yomlando womculo ibekwa phambili. U-AV Ambros, owabhala "ngokuqoqwana" kweNkathi Ephakathi kanye "nomuntu ngamunye" we-Renaissance, wayengowokuqala ukusebenzisa isayensi yezenhlalo. isigaba (uhlobo lomuntu) ku-historiographic. ucwaningo lomculo. Ngokuphambene no-Ambros, u-H. Riemann futhi kamuva no-J. Gandshin bathuthukisa umlando womculo “ongenakuvinjelwa”. Kunxiwankulu u-E. m. Isitezi sesi-2. Imizamo yekhulu lama-20 yokuhlanganisa izikhundla ezimbili eziphikisanayo yehlela ekwakhiweni kwezingqimba ezimbili “ezingaxhunywanga njalo zomlando womculo – ezenhlalo kanye nezokuqamba-ubuchwepheshe” (Dahlhaus). Ngokuvamile, ngekhulu le-19, ikakhulukazi emisebenzini yabameleli baseJalimane. ifilosofi yakudala, yazuza ukuphelela kwezinkinga zika-E. m. futhi ugxile ekucaciseni imininingwane ethile yomculo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuxhumana kwe-dialectical kwemithetho yomculo. ukwazi iqiniso ngemithetho yobuciko. imikhakha iyonke kanye nemithetho ejwayelekile yenhlalakahle yomphakathi ihlala ingaphandle komkhakha wombono wezomnotho wonxiwankulu noma ifezeka ngendlela eyiyo.

Bonke R. 19 ku. izici zobuhle bomculo ziyazalwa. imiqondo yohlobo olusha, ngobuningi bokubonga ku-dialectical kanye nokuthanda izinto zomlando. isisekelo saba nethuba lokubona i-dialectic ye-general, ekhethekile kanye nomuntu emculweni. cela-ve futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo. hlanganisa amagatsha efilosofi, omculo kanye nomqambi ka-E. m. Izisekelo zalo mqondo, lapho isici esinqumayo sesiphenduke umlando. kanye nesazi sezokuhlalisana kwabantu. izinkinga ezibekwe uMarx, owembule ukubaluleka komkhuba wenhloso yomuntu ekwakheni ubuhle, kuhl. h nomculo, imizwa. Ubuciko bubhekwa njengenye yezindlela zokugomela inkanuko ngumuntu eqinisweni elizungezile, futhi ukucaciswa kwesimangalo ngasinye kuthathwa njengokuhlukile kokuzigomela okunjalo. “Into ibonwa ngendlela ehlukile ngeso kunendlebe; futhi into yeso ihlukile kweyendlebe. Ingqayizivele yamandla abalulekile ngamunye iwumongo wawo ongavamile, futhi, ngenxa yalokho, indlela engavamile yokuhlobana kwawo, into yawo yangempela, isidalwa esiphilayo” (Marx K. kanye no-Engels F., From early works, M., 1956, p. I-128-129). Indlela yokubhekana ne-dialectics evamile (inhloso yomuntu), okukhethekile (ukuziqinisekisa komuntu emhlabeni) kanye nokuhlukana (umsuka we "into yendlebe"). Ukuvumelana phakathi kokusungula nokubona, umqambi nomlaleli kubhekwa uMarx njengomphumela womlando. ukuthuthukiswa komphakathi, lapho abantu kanye nemikhiqizo yemisebenzi yabo ixhumana njalo. “Ngakho-ke, ohlangothini lokuziphendulela: umculo kuphela ovusa umuzwa womculo womuntu; ngendlebe engeyona yomculo, umculo omnandi kakhulu awusho lutho, akuyona into kuye, ngoba into yami ingaba ukuqinisekiswa kwamandla ami abalulekile, ingaba khona kimi kuphela ngendlela amandla abalulekile. ikhona kimi njengekhono lokuzicabangela …” (ibid., p. 129). Umculo njengenhloso yelinye lamandla abalulekile omuntu uncike kuyo yonke inqubo yemiphakathi. sebenzisa. Umbono womculo womuntu uncike ekutheni ukuthuthukiswa kwamakhono akhe kuhambisana kanjani nengcebo yemiphakathi. amandla abhalwe emculweni (njll. imikhiqizo yezinto ezibonakalayo nezingokomoya). Inkinga yokuzwana phakathi komqambi nomlaleli yanikezwa uMarx kuNguquko. isici, esingena embonweni nasenkambisweni yokwakha umphakathi, lapho “intuthuko ekhululekile ngayinye iyisimo sentuthuko ekhululekile yabo bonke.” Imfundiso eyathuthukiswa uMarx no-Engels mayelana nomlando njengoshintsho ezindleleni zokukhiqiza yahlanganiswa ku-Marxist musicology. Ku-20-ies. A. AT. Lunacharsky, eminyakeni engu-30-40. X. Eisler, B. AT. Asafiev wasebenzisa izindlela zomlando. ukuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo endimeni yomculo. umlando. Uma uMarx engumnikazi wokuthuthukiswa komlando kanye nesazi sezenhlalo. izinkinga E. m. ngokwemibandela evamile, bese kuba imisebenzi Rus. i-revolution. amademokhrasi, ezinkulumweni zesiRashiya esivelele. abagxeki beqhwa ser. kanye nesitezi sesi-2. 19 ku. izisekelo zabekelwa ukuthuthukiswa kwezici ezithile zale nkinga, ezihlobene nemibono yobuzwe bobuciko, isimo sekilasi semigomo yobuhle, njll. AT. FUTHI. U-Lenin waqinisekisa izigaba zobuzwe kanye nokuchema kwezicelo futhi wathuthukisa izinkinga zezwe nezamazwe ngamazwe emasikweni, i-to-rye yathuthukiswa kabanzi ezikhovani. i-ice aesthetics nasemisebenzini yososayensi abavela emazweni ezenhlalakahle. umphakathi. Imibuzo yobuciko. i-epistemology nomculo. I-ontologies ibonakala emisebenzini ka-V. FUTHI. Lenin. Umdwebi ungumbonisi we-psychology yezenhlalakahle yomphakathi kanye nesigaba, ngakho-ke ukuphikisana komsebenzi wakhe, okwenza ubunikazi bakhe, kubonisa ukuphikisana kwezenhlalakahle, ngisho nalapho lokhu okulandelayo kungavezwa ngesimo sezimo zesakhiwo (uLenin V. I., Pol. Sobr. eqe., vol. I-20, k. 40). Izinkinga zomculo. okuqukethwe okusekelwe kumbono weLeninist of reflection kwathuthukiswa izikhova. abacwaningi kanye namathiyori abavela emazweni ezenhlalakahle. umphakathi, kucatshangelwa umqondo wobudlelwano phakathi kwamaqiniso kanye nemvelo yemibono yokusungula, ebekwe ezinhlamvini zika-F. Engels ngawo-1880s, futhi kusekelwe ezintweni ezingokoqobo. I-aesthetics yaseRussia. i-revolution. Amademokhrasi nobuciko obuqhubekayo. abagxeki ser. kanye nesitezi sesi-2. 19 ku. Njengenye yezici zezinkinga ze-epistemological u-E. m. ithiyori yomculo ithuthukiswa ngokuningiliziwe. indlela nesitayela esihlotshaniswa nethiyori yobuqiniso neyobusoshiyali. iqiniso emculweni claim-ve. Kumanothi ka-V. FUTHI. U-Lenin, ohlobene no-1914-15, wafaka i-dialectical-materialistic. inhlabathi ye-ontological. ukuhlobana kwemithetho yomculo nendawo yonke. Echaza Izinkulumo zikaHegel ngomlando wefilosofi, uLenin ugcizelele ubunye balokho okuqondile.

Ukuqala kokuthuthukiswa kwezinkinga ze-axiological ze-E. m. Ezincwadini ezingenalo Ikheli, u-Plekhanov, ngokuhambisana nombono wakhe wobuhle njengento "esusiwe", wachaza umuzwa we-consonance nesigqi. ukunemba, isici esivele sezinyathelo zokuqala zama-muses. imisebenzi, njengendlela “esusiwe” yezenzo zabasebenzi abahlangene. Inkinga yenani lomculo nayo yavezwa ngu-BV Asafiev kumbono wakhe wokuphimbo. Umphakathi ukhetha amaphimbo ahambisana nenhlalo-mqondo yawo. iphimbo. Nokho, amaphimbo angase alahlekelwe ukuhlobana kwawo nemiphakathi. ukwazi, thuthela ezingeni le-psychophysiology, i-stimuli, ekubeni kulokhu isisekelo sokuzijabulisa, esingaphefumulelwe yi-muses ephezulu ye-ideological. ubuhlakani. intshisekelo ezinkingeni ze-axiological ze-E. m. iphinde itholakale ngeminyaka yawo-1960 nama-70s. Ngama-40-50s. izikhova. ososayensi baqala ukufunda umlando wezizwe zobaba. ukugxekwa komculo kanye nobuhle bayo bomculo. izici. Ngama-50-70s. egatsheni elikhethekile kwagqama ucwaningo ngomlando wezarub. E. m.

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