Ivan Evstafievich Khandoshkin |

Ivan Khandoshkin

I-Russia yekhulu lesi-XNUMX yayiyizwe elihlukile. Ukunethezeka kwase-Asia kwahlangana nobumpofu, imfundo - ngokungazi okwedlulele, ubuntu obucwengekile babakhanyiseli bokuqala baseRussia - abanonya kanye ne-serfdom. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, isiko lokuqala laseRussia lakhula ngokushesha. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka, uPeter I wayesagunda izintshebe zama-boyars, enqoba ukumelana kwawo okuqinile; maphakathi nekhulu leminyaka, izicukuthwane zaseRussia zazikhuluma isiFulentshi esihle, ama-opera nama-ballet adlalwa enkantolo; i-orchestra yasenkantolo, eyakhiwa abaculi abadumile, yayibhekwa njengelinye lamaculo ahamba phambili eYurophu. Abaqambi abadumile nabalingisi beza eRussia, bekhangwa lapha ngezipho ezinhle. Futhi esikhathini esingaphansi kwekhulu leminyaka, iRussia yasendulo yaphuma ebumnyameni be-feudalism yafinyelela eziqongweni zemfundo yaseYurophu. Ungqimba lwalesi siko lwaluseluncane kakhulu, kodwa lwaluvele luhlanganisa zonke izindawo zempilo yezenhlalakahle, ezombusazwe, ezincwadi kanye nezomculo.

Ingxenye yesithathu yokugcina yekhulu lesi-XNUMX ibonakala ngokuvela kososayensi abavelele basekhaya, ababhali, abaqambi nabadlali. Phakathi kwabo kukhona uLomonosov, uDerzhavin, umqoqi odumile wezingoma zomdabu NA Lvov, abaqambi uFomin noBortnyansky. Kulo mthala ogqamile, indawo evelele ingeyomdlali wevayolini u-Ivan Evstafievich Khandoshkin.

ERussia, ingxenye enkulu, baphatha amathalenta abo ngokudelela nokungathembani. Futhi kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uKhandoshkin wayedume futhi ethandwa kangakanani ngesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe, akekho owayephila ngesikhathi sakhe owaba umbhali wokuphila kwakhe. Inkumbulo yakhe yacishe yashabalala ngemva nje kokufa kwakhe. Owokuqala owaqala ukuqoqa ulwazi mayelana nalo mculi we-violin ongavamile wayengumcwaningi waseRussia ongakhathali u-VF Odoevsky. Futhi ekusesheni kwakhe, kwasala amaphepha ahlakazekile kuphela, nokho aba yizinto ezibalulekile kubabhali bomlando wokuphila kwabantu abalandelayo. U-Odoevsky usathola abantu ababephila ngesikhathi somdlali we-violinist omkhulu, ikakhulukazi umkakhe u-Elizaveta. Ekwazi ukwethembeka kwakhe njengososayensi, izinto aziqoqile zingathenjwa ngokungenamibandela.

Ngesineke, kancane kancane, abacwaningi baseSoviet uG. Fesechko, I. Yampolsky, noB. Volman babuyisela i-biography kaKhandoshkin. Kube nolwazi oluningi olungacacile noludidekile mayelana nomdlali wevayolini. Izinsuku eziqondile zokuphila nokufa zazingaziwa; kwakukholelwa ukuthi uKhandoshkin uvela kuma-serfs; ngokusho kwemithombo ethile, wafunda noTartini, ngokusho kwabanye, akazange ashiye eRussia futhi akazange abe ngumfundi waseTartini, njll. Futhi ngisho namanje, kude nakho konke kuye kwacaciswa.

Ngobunzima obukhulu, uG. Fesechko wakwazi ukumisa izinsuku zokuphila nokufa kukaKhandoshkin ezincwadini zesonto zamarekhodi okungcwaba amathuna aseVolkov eSt. Kwakunenkolelo yokuthi uKhandoshkin wazalwa ngo-1765. UFesechko wathola lokhu okulandelayo: “1804, ngo-March 19, inkantolo yamthatha umhlalaphansi uMumshenok (okungukuthi uMundshenk. – LR) u-Ivan Evstafiev Khandoshkin washona eneminyaka engu-57 ngenxa yokukhubazeka.” Irekhodi lifakazela ukuthi uKhandoshkin akazalwanga ngo-1765, kodwa ngo-1747 futhi wangcwatshwa emathuneni aseVolkovo.

Kusukela kumanothi ka-Odoevsky, sifunda ukuthi uyise kaKhandoshkin wayengumthungi, futhi ngaphandle kwalokho, umdlali we-timpani we-orchestra kaPeter III. Inqwaba yemisebenzi ephrintiwe ibika ukuthi u-Evstafiy Khandoshkin wayeyi-serf ye-Potemkin, kodwa abukho ubufakazi bombhalo obuqinisekisa lokhu.

Kuyaziwa ukuthi uthisha we-violin kaKhandoshkin wayengumculi wenkantolo, i-violinist enhle kakhulu uTito Porto. Cishe uPorto wayenguthisha wakhe wokuqala nowokugcina; inguqulo mayelana nohambo oluya e-Italy ukuya eTartini iyangabazeka kakhulu. Kamuva, uKhandoshkin waqhudelana nezidumi zaseYurophu eza eSt. Petersburg - noLolly, Schzipem, Sirman-Lombardini, F. Tietz, Viotti, nabanye. Kungenzeka yini ukuthi lapho uSirman-Lombardini ehlangana noKhandoshkin, akuzange kuphawulwe ndawo ukuthi babengabafundi abakanye noTartini? Ngokungangabazeki, umfundi onjalo onekhono, okwathi, ngaphezu kwalokho, evela ezweni elingavamile emehlweni amaNtaliyane njengeRussia, wayengeke aqaphele uTartini. Umkhondo wamathonya kaTartini ezingoma zakhe azisho lutho, ngoba ama-sonatas alo mqambi ayaziwa kabanzi eRussia.

Esimweni sakhe somphakathi, uKhandoshkin wazuza okuningi ngesikhathi sakhe. Ngo-1762, okungukuthi, eneminyaka engu-15 ubudala, wangeniswa ku-orchestra yasenkantolo, lapho asebenza khona kwaze kwaba ngu-1785, efinyelela ezikhundleni zomculi wokuqala wekamelo kanye nomphathi weqembu. Ngo-1765, wafakwa ohlwini njengothisha emakilasini ezemfundo e-Academy of Arts. Emakilasini, avulwa ngo-1764, kanye nokudweba, abafundi babefundiswa izifundo ezivela kuzo zonke izici zobuciko. Bafunda nokudlala izinsimbi zomculo. Njengoba amakilasi avulwa ngo-1764, uKhandoshkin angabhekwa njengomfundisi wokuqala we-violin we-Academy. Uthisha osemusha (owayeneminyaka engu-17 ngaleso sikhathi) wayenabafundi abangu-12, kodwa ubani ongaziwa.

Ngo-1779, usomabhizinisi ohlakaniphile kanye nomfuyi wangaphambili uKarl Knipper wathola imvume yokuvula lokho okubizwa ngokuthi "Ishashalazi Yamahhala" eSt. Ngokwenkontileka, kwakudingeka basebenze iminyaka engu-50 ngaphandle kweholo, futhi eminyakeni emithathu elandelayo babezokwamukela ama-ruble angu-3-300 ngonyaka, kodwa "ngemali yabo". Ucwaningo olwenziwa ngemva kweminyaka engu-400 lwembula isithombe esibi sezimo zokuphila zabalingisi abasha. Ngenxa yalokho, kwasungulwa ibhodi labaphatheli phezu kweshashalazi, elanqamula inkontileka noKnipper. Umlingisi waseRussia onethalente u-I. Dmitrevsky waba inhloko yaseshashalazini. Waqondisa izinyanga ezingu-3 - kusukela ngoJanuwari kuya kuJulayi 7 - okwathi ngemva kwalokho ishashalazi yaba ngekahulumeni. Eshiya isikhundla sokuba umqondisi, uDmitrevsky wabhalela ibhodi labaphatheli: “… ekucabangeni kwabafundi engiphathiswe bona, mangisho ngaphandle kokuncoma ukuthi ngenze yonke imizamo ngemfundo yabo nokuziphatha kwabo, lapho ngibhekisela kubo ngokwabo. . Othisha babo kwakunguMnu. Khandoshkin, Rosetti, Manstein, Serkov, Anjolinni, kanye nami. Ngikushiyela kuMkhandlu ohlonishwa kakhulu kanye nomphakathi ukuthi uhlulele ukuthi izingane zikabani ezikhanyiselwe kakhulu: noma ngabe nginami ezinyangeni eziyisikhombisa noma kunomandulela wami eminyakeni emithathu. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi igama likaKhandoshkin lingaphambi kwabanye, futhi lokhu akunakubhekwa njengengozi.

Kukhona elinye ikhasi le-biography kaKhandoshkin eliye lafika kithi - ukuqokwa kwakhe eYekaterinoslav Academy, eyahlelwa ngo-1785 ngu-Prince Potemkin. Encwadini ayibhalela uCatherine II, wabuza: “NjengaseYekaterinoslav University, lapho kungafundiswa khona isayensi kuphela, kodwa futhi nobuciko, kufanele kube neConservatory yomculo, khona-ke ngamukela isibindi sokucela ngokuzithoba okukhulu ukuchithwa kwenkantolo. umculi uKhandoshkin lapho nomklomelo wenkonzo yakhe yempesheni yesikhathi eside kanye nokuklonyeliswa kwesikhundla somlomo wenkantolo. Isicelo sikaPotemkin savunywa futhi uKhandoshkin wathunyelwa eYekaterinoslav Academy of Music.

Endleleni eya eYekaterinoslav, wahlala isikhathi esithile eMoscow, njengoba kuboniswa isimemezelo eMoskovskie Vedomosti mayelana nokushicilelwa kwezincwadi ezimbili zesiPolish nguKhandoshkin, "ehlala engxenyeni ye-12 yekota yokuqala eNo. Nekrasov.

Ngokusho kukaFesechko, uKhandoshkin wasuka eMoscow cishe ngo-March 1787 futhi wahlela e-Kremenchug into efana ne-conservatory, lapho kwakukhona khona i-choir yesilisa yabaculi abangu-46 kanye ne-orchestra yabantu abangu-27.

Ngokuqondene nesikole somculo, esasihlelwe eYekaterinoslav University, uSarti wagcina evunyelwe esikhundleni sikaKhandoshkin njengomqondisi wayo.

Isimo sezezimali sabasebenzi be-Academy of Music sasinzima kakhulu, iminyaka bengakhokhelwanga amaholo, futhi ngemva kokufa kukaPotemkin ngo-1791, isabelo saphela ngokuphelele, isikole savalwa. Kodwa ngisho nangaphambi kwalokho, uKhandoshkin wahamba waya eSt.

Ukuphila kwe-violinist ovelele kwadlula ezimweni ezinzima, naphezu kokuqashelwa kwethalenta lakhe nezikhundla eziphezulu. Ngekhulu le-10, abantu bakwamanye amazwe babesekelwa, futhi abaculi basekhaya babephathwa ngendelelo. Ezinkundleni zemidlalo yaseshashalazini, abezinye izizwe babenelungelo lokuthola impesheni ngemva kweminyaka engu-20 yenkonzo, abadlali baseRussia nabaculi - ngemva kuka-1803; abantu bakwamanye amazwe bathola amaholo amahle (ngokwesibonelo, uPierre Rode, owafika eSt. Petersburg ngo-5000, wamenywa ukuba azokhonza enkantolo yombuso ehola ama-ruble angu-450 esiliva ngonyaka). Imali etholwa abantu baseRussia ababenezikhundla ezifanayo yayisuka kuma-ruble angama-600 kuye kwangama-4000 ngonyaka ngama-banknotes. Owayephila ngaleso sikhathi futhi imbangi kaKhandoshkin, u-Lolly womdlali wevayolini wase-Italy, wayethola ama-ruble angu-1100 ngonyaka, kuyilapho uKhandoshkin ethola ama-XNUMX. Futhi lokhu kwakuyiholo eliphakeme kakhulu umculi waseRussia ayenelungelo lokulithola. Abaculi baseRussia ngokuvamile babengavunyelwe ukungena kwi-orchestra yasenkantolo "yokuqala", kodwa bavunyelwe ukudlala okwesibili - "i-ballroom", bekhonza ukuzijabulisa esigodlweni. U-Khandoshkin wasebenza iminyaka eminingi njengomculi nomqhubi we-orchestra yesibili.

Isidingo, ubunzima bezinto ezibonakalayo buhambisana nomshayi wevayolini kukho konke ukuphila kwakhe. Ezinqolobaneni zomqondisi wemidlalo yaseshashalazini yasebukhosini, izicelo zakhe zokukhishwa kwemali "yezinkuni", okungukuthi, amanani amancane okuthenga uphethiloli, ukukhokhwa kwawo okwabambezeleka iminyaka, kugcinwe.

U-VF Odoevsky uchaza isigameko esifakazela kahle izimo zokuphila zomdlali wevayolini: “U-Khandoshkin weza emakethe ephithizelayo ... edla lubi, futhi wathengisa ivayolini ngama-ruble angu-70. Umthengisi wamtshela ukuthi wayengeke amboleke ngoba wayengazi ukuthi ungubani. U-Khandoshkin waziqamba ngokuthi. Umthengisi wathi kuye: “Dlala, ngizokunikeza ivayolini mahhala.” UShuvalov wayephakathi kwesixuku sabantu; Ngemva kokuzwa uKhandoshkin, wammemela endaweni yakhe, kodwa lapho uKhandoshkin ebona ukuthi uyiswa endlini kaShuvalov, wathi: "Ngiyazi wena, unguShuvalov, ngeke ngiye kuwe." Futhi wavuma ngemva kokuncenga okuningi.

Ngama-80s, uKhandoshkin wayevame ukunikeza amakhonsathi; wayengumdlali wevayolini wokuqala waseRussia ukunikeza amakhonsathi omphakathi avulekile. Ngo-March 10, 1780, kwamenyezelwa ikhonsathi yakhe eSt. Petersburg Vedomosti: “NgoLwesine, mhla ziyi-12 kule nyanga, kuzonikezwa ikhonsathi yomculo endaweni yaseshashalazini yaseJalimane, lapho uMnu. Khandoshkin ezodlala khona yedwa umdlali wevayolini.”

Ithalente lokudlala likaKhandoshkin lalilikhulu futhi liguquguquka; wadlala kahle kakhulu hhayi i-violin kuphela, kodwa futhi nesiginci kanye ne-balalaika, eqhutshwa iminyaka eminingi futhi kufanele kukhulunywe ngayo phakathi kwabaqhubi bokuqala baseRussia. Ngokusho kwabaphila ngesikhathi sakhe, wayenethoni enkulu, eveza ngokungavamile futhi efudumele, kanye nekhono elimangalisayo. Wayengumdlali wecebo lekhonsathi elikhulu - wadlala emahholo emidlalo yaseshashalazini, izikhungo zemfundo, izikwele.

Umzwelo nobuqotho bakhe kwamangaza futhi kwabamba izethameli, ikakhulukazi lapho ecula izingoma zesiRashiya: “Ukulalela i-Adagio kaKhandoshkin, akekho owayekwazi ukumelana nezinyembezi, futhi ngokugxuma okunesibindi ngendlela engachazeki namavesi, awenza kuviolin yakhe ngobuqhawe bangempela baseRussia, izilaleli. izinyawo nabalaleli baqala ukugxumagxuma.

Khandoshkin umxhwele ubuciko improvisation. Amanothi ka-Odoevsky abonisa ukuthi ngobusuku obunye e-SS Yakovlev's, wathuthukisa ukuhlukahluka okungu-16 ngokushuna i-violin okunzima kakhulu: usawoti, si, re, usawoti.

Wayengumqambi ovelele - wabhala ama-sonatas, amakhonsathi, ukuhlukahluka kwezingoma zesiRashiya. Izingoma ezingaphezu kwe-100 "zafakwa ku-violin", kodwa kuncane okwehlele kithi. Okhokho bethu baphatha ifa lakhe ngokunganaki okukhulu "kobuhlanga", futhi lapho bephuthelwa, kwavela ukuthi imvuthuluka ebuhlungu kuphela yagcinwa. Amakhonsathi alahlekile, kuwo wonke ama-sonata kukhona oku-4 kuphela, nengxenye noma amabili okuhluka kwezingoma zesiRashiya, yilokho kuphela. Kodwa ngisho nakubo umuntu angahlulela ukuphana okungokomoya kukaKhandoshkin kanye nethalente lomculo.

Ecubungula ingoma yesiRashiya, uKhandoshkin waqeda ngothando ukuhluka ngakunye, ehlobisa ingoma ngemihlobiso eyinkimbinkimbi, njengomphathi wePalekh ebhokisini lakhe. Amazwi ezinhlobonhlobo, alula, abanzi, afana nengoma, ayenomthombo wezinganekwane zasemaphandleni. Futhi ngendlela ethandwayo, umsebenzi wakhe wawuthuthukisiwe.

Ngokuqondene nama-sonatas, ukuma kwawo kwesitayela kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. U-Khandoshkin wasebenza ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa okusheshayo komculo waseRussia ochwepheshe, ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhlobo zayo kazwelonke. Lesi sikhathi sasiphinde sibe nempikiswano ngobuciko baseRussia maqondana nomzabalazo wezitayela nezitayela. Ukuthambekela kobuciko kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX eliphumayo nesitayela salo sakudala kusekhona. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izici ze-sentimentalism ezayo kanye ne-romanticism zase ziqongelela. Konke lokhu kuhlanganiswe ngokumangalisayo emisebenzini kaKhandoshkin. Ku-Violin yakhe edume kakhulu engaphelezelwa i-Violin Sonata ku-G minor, ukunyakaza I, ebonakala ngama-sublime pathos, kubonakala sengathi kwadalwa ngesikhathi sikaCorelli - Tartini, kuyilapho ukuguquguquka okujabulisayo kwe-allegro, okubhalwe ngefomu le-sonata, kuyisibonelo sokudabukisa. i-classicism. Kwezinye izinhlobonhlobo zesiphetho, uKhandoshkin angabizwa ngokuthi umanduleli wePaganini. Izinhlangano eziningi naye e-Khandoshkin nazo ziphawulwe ngu-I. Yampolsky encwadini ethi "Russian Violin Art".

Ngo-1950, i-Viola Concerto kaKhandoshkin yanyatheliswa. Kodwa-ke, ayikho i-autograph yekhonsathi, futhi mayelana nesitayela, okuningi kuyo kwenza umuntu angabaze ukuthi uKhandoshkin ungumbhali wayo ngempela. Kodwa uma, nokho, i-Concerto ingeyakhe, khona-ke umuntu angamangala ngokusondelana kwengxenye ephakathi yalo msebenzi ngesitayela se-elegiac se-Alyabyev-Glinka. I-Khandoshkin kuyo ibonakala sengathi idlule amashumi amabili eminyaka, ivula umkhakha wezithombe ezikhazimulayo, ezazibonakala kakhulu emculweni waseRussia engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu lesi-XNUMX.

Ngandlela-thile, kodwa umsebenzi weKhandoshkin unesithakazelo esiyingqayizivele. Kunjengokungathi, iphonsa ibhuloho kusukela ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX kuya kwele-XNUMX, okubonisa ukuthambekela kobuciko benkathi yayo ngokucacile okumangalisayo.

L. Raaben