Cello History

I-Cello iyinsimbi yomculo, iqembu lezintambo, okungukuthi ukuyidlala, into ekhethekile eqhutshwa ngezintambo iyadingeka - umnsalo. Ngokuvamile le wand yenziwa ngokhuni noboya behhashi. Kukhona futhi indlela yokudlala ngeminwe, lapho izintambo "zihluthwa". Ibizwa ngokuthi i-pizzicato. I-cello iyinsimbi enezintambo ezine ezinogqinsi oluhlukahlukene. Iyunithi yezinhlamvu ngayinye inenothi layo. Ekuqaleni, izintambo zazenziwa ngemvu yemvu, ngemva kwalokho zaba yinsimbi.

Ireferensi yokuqala ye-cello ingabonwa ku-fresco kaGaudenzio Ferrari kusukela ngo-1535-1536. Lona kanye igama elithi “cello” lashiwo eqoqweni lezingoma zika-J.Ch. Arresti ngo-1665.

Uma siphendukela esiNgisini, igama lensimbi lizwakala kanje - i-cello noma i-violoncello. Kulokhu kuyacaca ukuthi i-cello isuselwa egameni lesiNtaliyane elithi "violoncello", okusho ukuthi i-bass encane ephindwe kabili.

Isinyathelo ngesinyathelo umlando we-cello

Ukulandelela umlando wokwakheka kwaleli thuluzi lentambo ekhotheme, izinyathelo ezilandelayo ekwakhekeni kwalo ziyahlukaniswa:

1) Ama-cellos okuqala ashiwo cishe ngo-1560, e-Italy. Umdali wabo kwakungu-Andrea Mati. Khona-ke insimbi yayisetshenziswa njengensimbi ye-bass, izingoma zenziwa ngaphansi kwayo noma enye insimbi ezwakalayo.

2) Ngaphezu kwalokho, uPaolo Magini noGasparo da Salo (ikhulu le-XVI-XVII) badlala indima ebalulekile. Owesibili wabo ukwazile ukusondeza insimbi kuleyo ekhona esikhathini sethu.

3) Kodwa zonke iziphambeko zaqedwa yinkosi enkulu yezinsimbi zomculo ezinezintambo, u-Antonio Stradivari. Ngo-1711, wadala i-Duport cello, okwamanje ebhekwa njengensimbi yomculo ebiza kakhulu emhlabeni.

4) U-Giovanni Gabrieli (ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-17) waqala ukudala ama-sonata ayedwa kanye nama-ricecars e-cello. Ngenkathi yeBaroque, u-Antonio Vivaldi noLuigi Boccherini babhala amasudi aleli thuluzi lomculo.

5) Maphakathi nekhulu le-18 kwaba isiqongo sokuduma kwensimbi yensimbi ekhotheme, ebonakala njengensimbi yekhonsathi. I-cello ihlanganisa ama-symphonic nama-chamber ensembles. Amakhonsathi ahlukene abhalelwe yena izangoma zobuciko bazo - uJonas Brahms no-Antonin Dvorak.

I-6) Akunakwenzeka ukuthi ungakhulumi ngoBeethoven, owadala nemisebenzi ye-cello. Phakathi nohambo lwakhe ngo-1796, umqambi omkhulu wadlala ngaphambi kukaFriedrich Wilhelm II, iNkosi yasePrussia kanye nomculi weselula. U-Ludwig van Beethoven uqambe ama-sonata amabili e-cello nepiyano, i-Op. 5, ngokuhlonipha le nkosi. Amasudi e-cello e-Beethoven's cello solo, aye amelana nokuhlolwa kwesikhathi, ahlukaniswa ngobusha bawo. Ngokokuqala ngqa, umculi omkhulu ubeka i-cello nepiyano ngokulinganayo.

I-7) Ukuthinta kokugcina ekudumeni kwe-cello kwenziwa nguPablo Casals ekhulwini lama-20, owakha isikole esikhethekile. Lo mculi we-cellist wayethanda izinsimbi zakhe. Ngakho, ngokusho kwendaba eyodwa, wafaka isafire komunye weminsalo, isipho esivela kuNdlovukazi yaseSpain. USergei Prokofiev noDmitri Shostakovich bakhetha i-cello emsebenzini wabo.

Singasho ngokuphepha ukuthi ukuthandwa kwe-cello kunqobile ngenxa yobubanzi bobubanzi. Kuhle ukusho ukuthi amazwi amadoda kusuka ku-bass kuya kwi-tenor aqondana ngobubanzi nensimbi yomculo. Umsindo walobu bukhazikhazi bomnsalo obufana nezwi lomuntu “eliphansi,” futhi umsindo uzwakala emanothini okuqala ngqa ngokunezi kwawo nokuzwakala kwawo.

Cello namuhla

Kuhle ukuqaphela ukuthi okwamanje bonke abaqambi bayayithakasela kakhulu i-cello - imfudumalo yayo, ubuqotho nokujula komsindo, kanye nezimfanelo zayo zokusebenza kudala izinhliziyo zabaculi ngokwabo kanye nezilaleli zabo ezishisekayo. Ngemuva kwe-violin nepiyano, i-cello iyinsimbi eyintandokazi kakhulu lapho abaqambi bephendulela khona amehlo abo, benikezela imisebenzi yabo kuyo, ehloselwe ukusebenza kumakhonsathi ane-orchestra noma ipiyano ehambisanayo. U-Tchaikovsky wasebenzisa ngokucebile i-cello emisebenzini yakhe, Ukuhlukahluka kwe-Rococo Theme, lapho ethula khona i-cello amalungelo anjalo kangangokuthi wenza lo msebenzi omncane wokuhloba kwakhe okufanelekile kuzo zonke izinhlelo zekhonsathi, efuna ukuphelela kwangempela emandleni okwazi kahle insimbi yomuntu. ukusebenza.

Ikhonsathi yaseSaint-Saëns, futhi, ngeshwa, ikhonsathi ka-Beethoven engavamile ukudlala upiyano, i-violin ne-cello, ijabulela impumelelo enkulu nabalaleli. Phakathi kwezintandokazi, kodwa futhi ezingavamile ukwenziwa, kukhona i-Cello Concertos yaseSchumann ne-Dvořák. Manje ukuze ngokuphelele. Ukuze kuqedwe konke ukwakheka kwezinsimbi ezikhotheme manje ezamukelwa kuyi-orchestra ye-symphony, kusasele “ukusho” amagama ambalwa kuphela mayelana nama-bass aphindwe kabili.

"I-bass" yasekuqaleni noma "i-contrabass viola" yayinezintambo eziyisithupha futhi, ngokusho kukaMichel Corratt, umbhali we "School for Double Bass" eyaziwayo, eyanyatheliswa nguye engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-18, yayibizwa ngokuthi "i-violone." ” ngamaNtaliyane. Khona-ke i-double bass yayiseyivelakancane kangangokuthi ngisho nango-1750 i-Paris Opera yayinensimbi eyodwa kuphela. Ingakwazi ukwenzani i-orchestral double bass yesimanje? Ngokwamagama obuchwepheshe, sekuyisikhathi sokubona i-bass ephindwe kabili njengethuluzi eliphelele ngokuphelele. Amabhesi aphindwe kabili aphathiswe izingxenye ze-virtuoso ngokuphelele, ezenziwa yizo ngobuciko nekhono langempela.

U-Beethoven ku-symphony yakhe yobufundisi, nemisindo ebabazayo ye-bass ephindwe kabili, ulingisa ngempumelelo kakhulu ukukhala komoya, ukugeleza kokuduma, futhi ngokuvamile udala umuzwa ophelele wezinto ezivuthayo ngesikhathi sokuduma kwezulu. Emculweni wegumbi, imisebenzi ye-bass ephindwe kabili ivamise ukukhawulelwa ekusekeleni umugqa we-bass. Lawa, ngokujwayelekile, amakhono obuciko nokwenza amalungu "weqembu lezintambo". Kodwa kuyi-orchestra yesimanje ye-symphony, i-“bow quintet” ivame ukusetshenziswa “njenge-orchestra eqenjini lomculo.”