Umlando we-violin

Namuhla, i-violin ihlotshaniswa nomculo we-classical. Ukubukeka okuyinkimbinkimbi, okuyinkimbinkimbi kwaleli thuluzi kudala umuzwa we-bohemian. Kodwa ingabe ivayolini ibilokhu inje? Umlando we-violin uzokhuluma ngalokhu - indlela yayo esuka ensimbi elula yesintu iye kumkhiqizo onekhono. Ukwenziwa kwevayolini kwakugcinwa kuyimfihlo futhi kwadluliselwa mathupha kusuka kumfundisi kuya kumfundi. Insimbi yomculo enezinsimbi, i-violin, idlala indima ephambili ku-orchestra namuhla hhayi ngenhlanhla.

I-Violin prototype

Ivayolini, njengensimbi esetshenziswa kakhulu yezintambo ezikhotheme, ibizwa ngokuthi “indlovukazi ye-orchestra” ngesizathu. Futhi akukhona nje kuphela ukuthi kukhona abaculi abangaphezu kwekhulu e-orchestra enkulu futhi ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yabo i-violinists iqinisekisa lokhu. Ukuzwakalisa, imfudumalo nobumnene be-timbre yakhe, ukumnandi komsindo wakhe, kanye namathuba akhe amakhulu okusebenza kumnika ngokufanelekile isikhundla esiphambili, kokubili kuyi-orchestra ye-symphony nasekuzilolongeni yedwa.

Yiqiniso, sonke sicabanga ukubukeka kwesimanje kwe-violin, eyanikezwa amakhosi adumile ase-Italy, kodwa umsuka wayo awukacaci.
Lolu daba lusadingidwa nanamuhla. Kunezinguqulo eziningi zomlando waleli thuluzi. Ngokweminye imibiko, i-India ithathwa njengendawo yokuzalwa yezinsimbi ezikhotheme. Omunye usikisela ukuthi iChina nePheresiya. Izinguqulo eziningi zisekelwe kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi "amaqiniso angenalutho" avela ezincwadini, ekudwebeni, ekuqoshweni, noma emibhalweni yokuqala eqinisekisa umsuka wevayolini kulowo nalowo nyaka, edolobheni elinjalo nelinjalo. Kusukela kweminye imithombo, kulandela ukuthi emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka ngaphambi kokuvela kwe-violin kanjalo, cishe zonke izinhlanga zamasiko sezivele zinezinsimbi ezifanayo ezikhotheme, ngakho-ke akufanelekile ukubheka izimpande zemvelaphi ye-violin ezingxenyeni ezithile ze-violin. Umhlaba.

Abacwaningi abaningi babheka ukuhlanganiswa kwezinsimbi ezifana ne-rebec, i-fiddle-like guitar kanye nehabhu ekhotheme, eyavela eYurophu cishe ngekhulu le-13-15, njengohlobo lwe-prototype ye-violin.

Rebec iyinsimbi ekhotheme enezintambo ezintathu enomzimba omise okwepheya odlula kahle entanyeni. Inebhodi lomsindo elinezimbobo ze-resonator ngendlela yabakaki kanye nesistimu yesihlanu.

I-fidel emise okwesiginci ine, njenge-rebec, emise okwepheya, kodwa engenantamo, enentambo eyodwa kuya kwemihlanu.

Ihabhu elikhotheme isondelene kakhulu nevayolini ngesakhiwo sangaphandle, futhi ihambisana ngesikhathi sokubukeka (cishe ikhulu le-16). Umlando wevayolini ye-Lear unomzimba omise okwevayolini, lapho amakhona avela khona ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Kamuva, kwakheka i-convex phansi kanye nezimbobo ze-resonator ngesimo se-efs (f). Kodwa ihabhu, ngokungafani ne-violin, yayinezintambo eziningi.

Umbuzo womlando wemvelaphi ye-violin emazweni aseSlavic - iRussia, i-Ukraine nePoland nayo ibhekwa. Lokhu kufakazelwa umdwebo wesithonjana, ukuvubukulwa kwezinto zakudala. Ngakho, uhlobo lwezintambo ezintathu futhi amaqhugwane kuthiwa zenziwe ngezinsimbi ezikhotheme zasePoland, futhi smyki kwabaseRussia. Ngekhulu le-15, insimbi yavela ePoland, eduze ne-violin yamanje - i-violin, eRussia enegama elifanayo. - i-skripel.

Ekuqaleni, ivayolini yayiseyinsimbi yabantu. Emazweni amaningi, ivayolini isasetshenziswa kabanzi emculweni wezinsimbi zomdabu. Lokhu kungabonakala emidwebeni kaD. Teniers (“Flemish Holiday”), HVE Dietrich (“Wandering Musicians”) nabanye abaningi. I-violin yayidlalwa nabaculi abazulazulayo ababehamba edolobheni ngedolobha, bebambe iqhaza emaholidini, emikhosini yesintu, eyenziwa ezindaweni zokucima ukoma nasezindaweni zokucima ukoma.

Kwaphela isikhathi eside, i-violin yahlala ngemuva, abantu abahloniphekile bayiphatha ngokudelela, beyibheka njengethuluzi elivamile.

Ukuqala komlando wevayolini yesimanje

Ngekhulu le-16, izinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko zezinsimbi ezikhotheme zavela ngokucacile: i-viola ne-violin.

Ngokungangabazeki, sonke siyazi ukuthi ivayolini yathola ukubukeka kwayo kwesimanje ezandleni zabaphathi base-Italy, futhi ukwenziwa kwevayolini kwaqala ukuthuthuka e-Italy cishe ngekhulu le-16. Lesi sikhathi singabhekwa njengesiqalo somlando wokuthuthukiswa kwe-violin yesimanje.

Abenzi beviolin bokuqala base-Italy babe UGasparo Bertolotti (noma “da Salo” (1542-1609) kanye Giovanni Paolo Magini (1580-1632), bobabili bevela eBrescia, enyakatho ye-Italy. Kodwa ngokushesha iCremona yaba isikhungo somhlaba sokukhiqiza ivayolini. Futhi, kunjalo, amalungu e- Umndeni wakwa-Amati (Andrea Sithandwa - umsunguli wesikole saseCremonese) kanye U-Antonio Stradivari (umfundi kaNicolò Amati, owaphelelisa ukubukeka nomsindo wevayolini) babhekwa njengabaphathi abavelele nabangenakuqhathaniswa bevayolini. emndenini; ama-violin akhe angcono kakhulu adlula lawo e-Stradivari ngokufudumala kwawo kanye ne-sonority of tone) uqedela le triumvirate enkulu.

Isikhathi eside, i-violin yayibhekwa njengensimbi ehambisana nayo (isibonelo, eFrance yayifanele ukudansa kuphela). Kuphela ngekhulu le-18, lapho umculo uqala ukuzwakala emahholo ekhonsathi, lapho ivayolini, nomsindo wayo ongenakuqhathaniswa, yaba insimbi yomculo oyedwa.

Lapho ivayolini ivela

Ukukhulunywa kokuqala kwevayolini kuhlehlela emuva ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-16, e-Italy. Nakuba lingekho nelilodwa ithuluzi langaleyo minyaka eliye lalondolozwa, izazi zenza izinqumo zazo ngokusekelwe emidwebeni nasemibhalweni yangaleso sikhathi. Ngokusobala, ivayolini yavela kwezinye izinsimbi ezikhotheme. Izazi-mlando zithi ukuvela kwayo kubangelwa izinsimbi zomculo ezinjengehabhu lesiGreki, i-fidel yaseSpain, i-rebab yesi-Arabhu, i-crotta yaseBrithani, ngisho ne-jig yaseRussia enezintambo ezine ekhothayo. Kamuva, maphakathi nekhulu le-16, kwakheka isithombe sokugcina sevayolini, esisekhona nanamuhla.

Izwe lapho ivayolini idabuka khona yi-Italy. Yilapho athola khona ukubukeka kwakhe okuhle nomsindo opholile. Umenzi we-violin odumile, u-Gasparo de Salo, uthathe ubuciko bokwenza i-violin ezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu. Nguye owanikeza ivayolini ukubonakala esikwaziyo manje. Imikhiqizo yeshabhu yakhe yaziswa kakhulu phakathi kwezicukuthwane futhi yayidingeka kakhulu ezinkantolo zomculo.

Futhi, kulo lonke ikhulu le-16, wonke umkhaya, ama-Amati, wawuhlanganyela ekwenzeni amavayolini. U-Andrea Amati wasungula isikole saseCremonese sabakhi bevayolini futhi wathuthukisa ivayolini yezinsimbi zomculo, wayinikeza amafomu amahle.

UGasparo no-Amati babhekwa njengabasunguli bobuciko be-violin. Eminye imikhiqizo yalezi zingcweti ezidumile isisekhona kuze kube yilolu suku.

Umlando wokudalwa kwevayolini

Ekuqaleni, ivayolini yayithathwa njengensimbi yesintu - yayidlalwa abaculi abahambahambayo ezindaweni zokucima ukoma nasezindaweni zokucima ukoma eziseceleni komgwaqo. Ivayolini yayiwuhlobo lwabantu lwevayoli enhle kakhulu, eyayenziwe ngezinto ezinhle kakhulu futhi ibiza imali eningi. Ngesinye isikhathi, izicukuthwane zaba nesithakazelo kuleli thuluzi lesintu, futhi lasakazeka phakathi kwezigaba zamasiko abantu.

Ngakho, ngo-1560 inkosi yaseFrance uCharles IX yayala amavayolini angama-24 kubaphathi bendawo. Ngendlela, enye yalezi zinsimbi ezingu-24 iye yasinda kuze kube yilolu suku, futhi ibhekwa njengenye yezindala emhlabeni.

Abenzi beviolin abadume kakhulu abakhunjulwa namuhla yiStradivari neGuarneri.

U-Antonio Stradivari wayengumfundi wase-Amati ngoba wazalelwa futhi ehlala eCremona. Ekuqaleni wanamathela isitayela Amati, kodwa kamuva, ngemva kokuvula workshop yakhe, waqala ukuhlola. Ngemva kokufunda ngokucophelela amamodeli weGasparo de Salo futhi ewathatha njengesisekelo sokwenza imikhiqizo yakhe, uStradivari ngo-1691 wakhiqiza uhlobo lwakhe lwe-violin, okuthiwa yi-longated - "Long Strad". Inkosi yachitha iminyaka eyi-10 elandelayo yokuphila kwayo iphelelisa le modeli evelele. Lapho eneminyaka engu-60, ngo-1704, u-Antonio Stradivari wethula umhlaba ngenguqulo yokugcina ye-violin, okungekho noyedwa okwazile ukuyidlula. Namuhla, kugcinwe izinsimbi ezingaba ngu-450 zenkosi edumile.

U-Andrea Guarneri naye wayengumfundi we-Amati, futhi weza namanothi akhe ekwenzeni i-violin. Wasungula uhlu lwamakhosi abenzi be-violin ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-17 nele-18. I-Guarneri yenza ama-violin aphezulu kakhulu, kodwa angabizi, ayedume ngawo. Umzukulu wakhe, uBartolomeo Guarneri (Giuseppe), umpetha wase-Italy wasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-18, wakha izinsimbi ezinekhono ezidlalwa abadlali be-violin abavelele - uNicolo Paganini nabanye. Amathuluzi omculo angaba ngu-250 omndeni wakwaGuarneri asekhona kuze kube namuhla.

Uma kuqhathaniswa amavayolini e-Guarneri kanye ne-Stradivari, kuyaphawulwa ukuthi umsindo wezinsimbi ze-Guarneri usondelene ne-mezzo-soprano, kanye ne-Stradivari ne-soprano.

Ivayolini yezinsimbi zomculo

Umsindo we-violin umnandi futhi unomphefumulo. Ucwaningo lomlando wevayolini lusitshengisa ukuthi yaguquka kanjani isuka ensimbini ehambisana naso yaba eyodwa. Ivayolini iyinsimbi yomculo enezintambo eziphezulu. Umsindo we-violin uvame ukuqhathaniswa nezwi lomuntu, unomthelela onamandla ongokomzwelo kwabalaleli.

Umsebenzi wokuqala we-violin we-solo "Romanescaperviolinosolo e basso" yabhalwa nguBiagio Marina ngo-1620. Ngalesi sikhathi, i-violin yaqala ukuchuma - yathola ukuqashelwa kwendawo yonke, yaba enye yezinsimbi eziyinhloko kuma-orchestra. U-Arcangelo Corelli uthathwa njengomsunguli wokudlala i-violin yobuciko.