Nikolai Pavlovich Diletsky (Nikolai Diletsky) |

U-Nikolai Diletsky

Kukhona i-Musikia, ngisho nangezwi layo ijabulisa izinhliziyo zabantu, i-ovo kuya enjabulweni, i-ovo kuya osizini noma ukudideka ... N. Diletsky

Igama lika-N. Diletsky lihlotshaniswa nokuvuselelwa okujulile komculo wasekhaya okhokhelwayo ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX, lapho ingoma ye-znamenny eyayigxile kakhulu ithathelwa indawo nomsindo ongokomzwelo osobala we-polyphony yamakwaya. Isiko lamakhulu eminyaka lokucula i-monophonic linikeze uthando lokuvumelana okuvumelanayo kwekhwaya. Ukuhlukaniswa kwamazwi abe ngamaphathi kwanikeza igama lesitayela esisha - ukucula kwezingxenye. Isibalo sokuqala esikhulu phakathi kwabaphathi bezingxenye zokubhala nguNikolai Diletsky, umqambi, usosayensi, uthisha womculo, umqondisi wamakwaya (umqhubi). Esiphethweni sakhe, ubudlelwane obuphilayo phakathi kwamasiko aseRussia, isi-Ukraine kanye nesiPolish bafezeka, okuthuthukisa ukuchuma kwesitayela sezingxenye.

Umdabu waseKyiv, uDiletsky wafundiswa eVilna Jesuit Academy (manje eyiVilnius). Ngokusobala, lapho wathweswa iziqu emnyangweni wesintu ngaphambi kuka-1675, njengoba abhala ngaye ngokwakhe: “Isayensi yomfundi okhululekile.” Kamuva, uDiletsky wasebenza isikhathi eside eRussia - eMoscow, Smolensk (1677-78), wabe esephinda eMoscow. Ngokweminye imibiko, lo mculi wasebenza njengomqondisi wamakwaya “wabantu abavelele” baseStroganovs, ababedume ngamakhwaya abo “abaculi abakhuluma amazwi ahlabayo.” Indoda enemibono ethuthukayo, uDiletsky wayengowombuthano wabantu abadumile besiko laseRussia lekhulu lesi-XNUMX. Phakathi kwabantu bakhe abanomqondo ofanayo kukhona umbhali wencwadi ethi "On Divine Singing Ngokusho kwe-Order of Musician Concords" I. Korenev, owaqinisekisa ubuhle besitayela sezingxenye ezincane, umqambi u-V. Titov, umdali wezingoma ezikhanyayo nezomphefumulo. ama-canvases, ababhali uSimeon Polotsky no-S. Medvedev.

Nakuba kunolwazi oluncane mayelana nokuphila kukaDiletsky, izingoma zakhe zomculo nemisebenzi yesayensi kuvuselela ukubukeka kwenkosi. Inkolelo yakhe iwukuqinisekisa umqondo wobuchwepheshe obuphezulu, ukuqaphela umthwalo wemfanelo womculi: "Baningi abaqambi abanjalo abaqamba ngaphandle kokwazi imithetho, besebenzisa ukucatshangelwa okulula, kodwa lokhu akukwazi ukuphelela, njengalapho umuntu ofunde ukukhuluma noma izimiso zokuziphatha ubhala izinkondlo … nomqambi oqamba ngaphandle kokufunda imithetho yomculo. Ohamba endleleni engayazi indlela, lapho kuhlangana imigwaqo emibili, uyangabaza ukuthi lena yindlela yakhe noma enye, okufanayo nomqambi ongazange afunde imithetho.

Ngokokuqala ngqa emlandweni womculo waseRussia, umlobi wezingxenye zokubhala akanciki kuphela esikweni lesizwe, kodwa futhi nakulwazi lwabaculi baseNtshonalanga Yurophu, futhi ukhuthaza ukukhulisa ama-horizons akhe obuciko: "Manje sengiqala uhlelo lolimi ... ngokusekelwe emsebenzini wabaculi abaningi abanekhono, abadali bokucula kokubili iSonto Lobu-Orthodox nelamaRoma, nezincwadi eziningi zesiLatini zomculo. Ngakho-ke, u-Diletsky ufuna ukugxilisa ezizukulwaneni ezintsha zabaculi umuzwa wokuba yingxenye evamile yokuthuthukiswa komculo waseYurophu. Esebenzisa impumelelo eminingi yesiko laseNtshonalanga Yurophu, umqambi uhlala eqinisile esikweni laseRussia lokuhumusha iculo: zonke izingoma zakhe zazibhalelwe ikhwaya i-cappella, okwakuyinto evamile emculweni wochwepheshe waseRussia wangaleso sikhathi. Inombolo yamazwi emisebenzini kaDiletsky incane: kusuka kwezine kuya kweziyisishiyagalombili. Ukwakheka okufanayo kusetshenziswa ezingxenyeni eziningi zezingoma, kusekelwe ekuhlukaniseni amazwi abe yizingxenye ezi-4: i-treble, i-alto, i-tenor ne-bass, futhi amazwi owesilisa kuphela nezingane abamba iqhaza ekwayeni. Naphezu kwemikhawulo enjalo, i-palette yomsindo womculo we-partes inemibala eminingi futhi izwakala ngokugcwele, ikakhulukazi kumakhonsathi ekwaya. Umphumela wokuthakazelisa ufinyelelwa kuzo ngenxa yokungafani - ukuphikiswa kwama-replicas anamandla e-choir yonke kanye neziqephu ze-ensemble ezisobala, i-chord kanye nesethulo se-polyphonic, ngisho nobukhulu obungavamile, izinguquko zemibala ye-tonal ne-modal. U-Diletsky wasebenzisa ngobuchule le arsenal ukuze akhe imisebenzi emikhulu, ephawulwe ngedrama yomculo ecatshangwayo kanye nobunye bangaphakathi.

Phakathi kwemisebenzi yomqambi, i-canon yesikhumbuzo futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo evumelanayo "Uvuko" ivelele. Lo msebenzi onezingxenye eziningi ugcwele imikhosi, ubuqotho bezingoma, kanti kwezinye izindawo - ubumnandi obuthelelanayo. Umculo ugcwele ingoma yomculo, i-kanta kanye nokushintshana kwezinsimbi zomdabu. Ngosizo lwama-modal amaningi, ama-timbre kanye nama-melodic echoes phakathi kwezingxenye, u-Diletsky wazuza ubuqotho obumangalisayo be-canvas enkulu yomculo. Kweminye imisebenzi yomculi, imijikelezo eminingi yezinkonzo (izinkonzo) yaziwa namuhla, amakhonsathi e-partesny "Ungene esontweni", "Njengomfanekiso wakho", "Woza abantu", ivesi lesidlo "Yamukela uMzimba kaKristu" , "Amakherubi", ingoma yamahlaya "Igama lami kukhona ukuphelelwa umoya. Mhlawumbe ucwaningo lwengobo yomlando luzokwandisa ukuqonda kwethu umsebenzi kaDiletsky, kodwa sekucacile namuhla ukuthi ungumdlali omkhulu womculo nowomphakathi kanye nenkosi enkulu yomculo wamakhwaya, umsebenzi wakhe we-partes style usufinyelele ukuvuthwa.

Ukulwela ikusasa Diletsky kuzwakala hhayi kuphela ekusesheni kwakhe zomculo, kodwa futhi emisebenzini yakhe yemfundo. Umphumela wayo obaluleke kakhulu kwaba ukudalwa komsebenzi oyisisekelo othi "I-Musician Idea Grammar" ("I-Musician Grammar"), lapho inkosi yasebenza khona ezinhlobonhlobo ezihlukahlukene engxenyeni yesibili yawo-1670. I-erudition eguquguqukayo yomculi, ulwazi lwezilimi eziningana, ukujwayelana nezinhlobonhlobo zamasampula omculo wasekhaya naseNtshonalanga Yurophu kwavumela u-Diletsky ukuba enze incwadi engenazo ama-analogue kwisayensi yomculo yasekhaya yangaleso sikhathi. Sekuyisikhathi eside lo msebenzi wawuyiqoqo elibalulekile lolwazi oluhlukahlukene lwethiyori kanye nezincomo ezisebenzayo ezizukulwaneni eziningi zabaqambi baseRussia. Kusukela emakhasini ombhalo wesandla omdala, kubonakala sengathi umlobi wawo usibhekile phakathi namakhulu eminyaka, umlobi odumile wenkathi ephakathi u-V. Metalov abhala ngaye ngokujulile: uthando lwakhe oluqotho ngomsebenzi wakhe kanye nothando lukababa umbhali aqinisekisa ngalo umfundi ukuba ahlolisise. ekujuleni kwengqikithi yendaba futhi ngokwethembeka, ngokungcwele qhubeka nalesi senzo esihle.

N. Zabolotnaya