ULyubomir Pipkov |

ULyubomir Pipkov

L. Pipkov "umqambi okhiqiza amathonya" (D. Shostakovich), umholi wesikole saseBulgaria sabaqambi, esifinyelele izinga lobuchwepheshe besimanje baseYurophu futhi uthole ukuqashelwa emhlabeni wonke. U-Pipkov wakhulela phakathi kwe-intelligentsia eqhubekayo yentando yeningi, emndenini womculi. Uyise uPanayot Pipkov ungomunye wezingqalabutho zomculo waseBulgaria okhokhelwayo, umqambi wamaculo owasakazwa kabanzi emibuthanweni yezinguquko. Kuyise, umculi wesikhathi esizayo wazuza njengefa isipho sakhe kanye nemibono yomphakathi - eneminyaka engu-20 wajoyina inhlangano yezinguquko, wabamba iqhaza emisebenzini yeQembu LamaKhomanisi elingaphansi komhlaba, ebeka inkululeko yakhe engozini, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ukuphila kwakhe.

Maphakathi nawo-20s. UPipkov ungumfundi we-State Musical Academy eSofia. Udlala njengomdlali wopiyano, futhi izivivinyo zakhe zokuqala zokuqamba nazo zilele emkhakheni wokuqamba upiyano. Insizwa enesiphiwo esimangalisayo ithola umfundaze wokuyofunda eParis - lapha ngo-1926-32. ufunda e-Ecole Normale nomqambi odumile uPaul Duc kanye nothisha uNadia Boulanger. U-Pipkov ukhula ngokushesha abe yiciko elibalulekile, njengoba kufakazelwa ama-opus akhe okuqala avuthiwe: I-Concerto for Winds, Percussion and Piano (1931), i-String Quartet (1928, ngokuvamile kwakuyi-quartet yokuqala yesiBulgaria), izinhlelo zezingoma zomdabu. Kodwa impumelelo eyinhloko yale minyaka i-opera ethi, The Nine Brothers of Yana, eyaqala ngo-1929 futhi yaqedwa ngemva kokubuyela ezweni lakubo ngo-1932. UPipkov wadala i-opera yokuqala yaseBulgaria, eyaqashelwa izazi-mlando zomculo njengomsebenzi ovelele, owaphawula ukuguquka. iphuzu emlandweni wethiyetha yomculo waseBulgaria. Ngalezo zinsuku, umqambi wayekwazi ukuhlanganisa umbono wesimanje womphakathi ngendlela engokomfanekiso kuphela, ngesisekelo sezinganekwane zomdabu, ebhekisela isenzo ekhulwini le-XIV elikude. Ngesisekelo sezinto ezidumile nezinkondlo, ingqikithi yomzabalazo phakathi kokuhle nokubi yembulwa, ehlanganiswe ngokuyinhloko engxabanweni phakathi kwabazalwane ababili - umona omubi uGeorgy Groznik kanye nomculi onethalente u-Angel, owachithwa nguye, umculi okhanyayo. umphefumulo. Idrama yomuntu siqu ikhula ibe inhlekelele yesizwe, ngoba yenzeke ekujuleni koquqaba lwabantu, behlushwa abacindezeli bakwamanye amazwe, ngenxa yobhadane oluhlasele izwe ... khumbula usizi losuku lwakhe. I-opera yasungulwa ezinyathelweni ezintsha zokuvukelwa kwango-September 1923 okwakumelene nobufascist okwazamazamisa izwe lonke futhi kwacindezelwa ngesihluku yiziphathimandla - leso kwaba yisikhathi lapho abantu abaningi abangcono kakhulu bezwe bafa khona, lapho umuntu waseBulgaria ebulala umuntu waseBulgaria. Isihloko sayo saqondwa ngokushesha ngemva komdlalo wokuqala ngo-1937 - ngaleso sikhathi abagxeki abasemthethweni basola u-Pipkov "ngenkulumo-ze yamaKhomanisi", babhala ukuthi i-opera yabonwa njengombhikisho "omelene nesimiso senhlalo yanamuhla", okungukuthi, ngokumelene nombuso wobufascist wamakhosi. Eminyakeni eminingi kamuva, umqambi wavuma ukuthi lokhu kwakunjalo, ukuthi wayefuna emdlalweni we-opera “ukuveza iqiniso lokuphila okugcwele ukuhlakanipha, okuhlangenwe nakho nokholo esikhathini esizayo, ukholo oludingekayo ukuze kuliwe nobufascist.” "I-Yana's Nine Brothers" idrama yomculo we-symphonic enolimi olucacile, olugcwele ukuhlukana okucebile, nezigcawu zesixuku ezinamandla lapho umthelela wezigcawu zika-M. Mussorgsky "Boris Godunov" zingalandelelwa. Umculo we-opera, kanye nayo yonke indalo kaPipkov ngokujwayelekile, ihlukaniswa nomlingiswa kazwelonke ogqamile.

Phakathi kwemisebenzi uPipkov asabela ngayo ebuqhaweni nasenhlekeleleni yokuvukela kuka-September anti-fascist kukhona i-cantata The Wedding (1935), ayibiza ngokuthi i-symphony eguquguqukayo yekhwaya ne-orchestra, kanye ne-ballad yezwi ethi The Horsemen (1929). Zombili zibhalwe ku-Art. imbongi enkulu N. Furnadzhiev.

Ukubuya eParis, uPipkov ufakwe empilweni yomculo nezenhlalo yezwe lakubo. Ngo-1932, kanye nozakwabo kanye nontanga uP. Vladigerov, P. Staynov, V. Stoyanov nabanye, waba omunye wabasunguli be-Modern Music Society, eyahlanganisa yonke into eqhubekayo esikoleni somqambi waseRussia, esasiqala ukuphakama okuphezulu. UPipkov uphinde asebenze njengomgxeki womculo kanye nomsakazi. Esihlokweni sohlelo esithi "Ngesitayela Somculo saseBulgaria", uthi ubuciko bomqambi kufanele buthuthuke ngokuhambisana nobuciko obusebenzayo emphakathini nokuthi isisekelo saso siwukwethembeka emcabangweni wesintu. Ukubaluleka komphakathi kuyisici semisebenzi eminingi emikhulu ye-master. Ngo-1940, wadala i-First Symphony - lena eyokuqala yezwe lonke e-Bulgaria, efakwe kuma-classics kazwelonke, i-symphony yomqondo omkhulu. Kubonisa isimo esingokomoya senkathi yeMpi Yombango YaseSpain kanye nokuqala kweMpi Yezwe Yesibili. Umqondo we-symphony inguqulo yasekuqaleni yezwe lonke yombono owaziwa kakhulu "ngomzabalazo wokunqoba" - ohlanganiswe ngesisekelo sesithombe nesitayela sesiBulgaria, ngokusekelwe emaphethini ezinganekwane.

I-opera yesibili kaPipkov ethi "Momchil" (igama leqhawe lesizwe, umholi we-haiduk) yadalwa ngo-1939-43, yaqedwa ngo-1948. Ibonisa isimo sengqondo sokushisekela izwe kanye nokukhuphuka kwentando yeningi emphakathini waseBulgaria ekuqaleni kwawo-40s. Lena idrama yomculo wesintu, ebhalwe ngokugqamile, enezithombe eziningi zabantu. Indawo ebalulekile igcwele inkundla engokomfanekiso yobuqhawe, kusetshenziswa ulimi lwezinhlobo eziningi, ikakhulukazi ingoma yokumasha eguquguqukayo - lapha ihlangana nemithombo yendabuko yabalimi bokuqala. Ukuphumelela komdlali we-playwright-symphonist kanye nomhlabathi ojulile wesitayela kazwelonke, isici se-Pipkov, kugcinwa. I-opera, eyaqala ukuboniswa ngo-1948 eSofia Theatre, yaba uphawu lokuqala lwesiteji esisha ekuthuthukisweni kwesiko lomculo waseBulgaria, isiteji esavela ngemva kwenguquko kaSeptemba 9, 1944 kanye nokungena kwezwe endleleni yentuthuko yezenhlalakahle. .

Umqambi wentando yeningi, ukhomanisi, onomoya omuhle womphakathi, u-Pipkov usebenzisa umsebenzi onamandla. Ungumqondisi wokuqala we-Sofia Opera evuselelwe (1944-48), unobhala wokuqala we-Union of Bulgarian Composers eyasungulwa ngo-1947 (194757). Kusukela ngo-1948 ube nguprofesa e-Bulgarian State Conservatory. Ngalesi sikhathi, itimu yesimanje igonyelwa ngamandla athile emsebenzini kaPipkov. Yembulwa ngokucacile ikakhulukazi i-opera i-Antigone-43 (1963), esekhona nanamuhla iyi-opera engcono kakhulu yaseBulgaria futhi enye yama-opera abaluleke kakhulu esihlokweni sesimanje emculweni waseYurophu, kanye ne-oratorio On Our Time (1959). Iciko elizwelayo laphakamisa izwi lalo lapha ngokumelene nempi - hhayi leli elidlulile, kodwa leli eliphinde lisongela abantu. Ukunotha kokuqukethwe okungokwengqondo kwe-oratorio kunquma isibindi nobukhali bokuqhathanisa, amandla okushintshashintsha - kusukela emazwini aseduze ezinhlamvu ezivela esosha ukuya kothandiweyo wakhe esithombeni esinonya sokubhujiswa okujwayelekile ngenxa yesiteleka se-athomu, ukuze isithombe esidabukisayo sezingane ezifile, izinyoni ezinegazi. Kwesinye isikhathi i-oratorio ithola amandla aseshashalazini okuthonya.

I-heroine encane ye-opera "Antigone-43" - intombazane yesikole u-Anna, njengo-Antigone kanye, ingena ku-duel yamaqhawe neziphathimandla. U-Anna-Antigone uphuma emzabalazweni ongalingani njengomnqobi, nakuba ethola lokhu kunqoba kokuziphatha ngezindleko zokuphila kwakhe. Umculo we-opera uyaphawuleka ngamandla awo avinjelwe aqinile, imvelaphi, ubuqili bokuthuthuka kwengqondo kwezingxenye zezwi, lapho kubusa isitayela se-ariose-declamatory. I-dramaturgy iphikiswana kakhulu, amandla okushuba kwezigcawu ze-duel okuyisici sedrama yomculo futhi emfushane, njengentwasahlobo, i-orchestral interludes eshubile, kuphikiswa ngama-choral ama-epic interludes - lokhu, njengokungathi, izwi labantu, nezwi layo. ukucabangisisa kwefilosofi nokuhlola kokuziphatha kwalokho okwenzekayo.

Ngasekupheleni kwawo-60s - ekuqaleni kwawo-70s. isiteji esisha sivezwe emsebenzini kaPipkov: kusukela emiqondweni yobuqhawe kanye nedabukisayo yomsindo womphakathi, kukhona ukuphendukela okukhulu ezindabeni zamagama-ezengqondo, zefilosofi nezokuziphatha, ubuhlakani obukhethekile bamagama. Imisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu yale minyaka izingoma ezinhlanu ze-Art. izimbongi zakwamanye amazwe (1964) ze-bass, i-soprano ne-orchestra ye-chamber, i-Concerto ye-clarinet ene-orchestra yegumbi kanye neQuartet Yesithathu ene-timpani (1966), i-lyrical-meditative enezingxenye ezimbili i-Symphony Fourth ye-string orchestra (1970), umjikelezo wegumbi lamakhwaya e-st. M. Tsvetaeva "Izingoma Ezixubile" (1972), imijikelezo yezingcezu zepiyano. Ngesitayela semisebenzi kaPipkov kamuva, kukhona ukuvuselelwa okuphawulekayo kwamandla akhe acacile, okucebisa ngezindlela zakamuva. Uhambe ibanga elide umqambi. Esikhathini ngasinye sokuvela kwakhe kokudala, wayexazulula imisebenzi emisha nefanelekile yaso sonke isikole sikazwelonke, eyivulela indlela eya esikhathini esizayo.

R. Leites

Ukwakhiwa:

ama-opera - Abazalwane Abayisishiyagalolunye baka-Yana (u-Yaninite umfowabo oyintombi, 1937, i-Sofia folk opera), uMomchil (1948, ibid.), Antigone-43 (1963, ibid.); kwabacula ngabodwana, ikwaya kanye ne-orchestra - Oratorio mayelana nesikhathi sethu (Oratorio yesikhathi sethu, 1959), 3 cantatas; ye-orchestra - 4 ama-symphonies (1942, anikezelwe empini yombango eSpain; 1954; yezintambo., 2 fp., Icilongo nokushaywa; 1969, yezintambo), ukuhluka kwezintambo. orc. esihlokweni sengoma yesi-Albania (1953); amakhonsathi ne-orchestra - kwe-fp. (1956), Skr. (1951), ikilasi. (1969), i-clarinet ne-chamber orchestra. nge percussion (1967), conc. i-symphony ye-vlc. nge-orc. (1960); ikhonsathi yomoya, i-percussion nepiyano. (1931); i-chamber-instrumental ama-ensembles - sonata ye-Skr. kanye fp. (1929), izintambo ezi-3. i-quartet (1928, 1948, 1966); okwepiyano – Icwecwe lezingane (Icwecwe lezingane, 1936), Pastoral (1944) neminye imidlalo, imijikelezo (amaqoqo); kwaya, okuhlanganisa nomjikelezo wezingoma ezi-4 (zekhwaya yabesifazane, 1972); amaculo amaningi kanye nezingoma eziyedwa, okuhlanganisa nezezingane; umculo wamafilimu.