Isiko lomculo we-Baroque: ubuhle, izithombe zobuciko, izinhlobo, isitayela somculo, abaqambi

Ubuwazi ukuthi inkathi eyasinika u-Bach no-Handel yayibizwa ngokuthi “yinqaba”? Ngaphezu kwalokho, abazange babizwe ngesimo esihle. "Iparele lesimo esingajwayelekile (esiyinqaba)" ingenye yezincazelo zegama elithi "Baroque". Noma kunjalo, isiko elisha liyobe lingalungile ngokombono wemibono ye-Renaissance: ukuvumelana, ukulula nokucaca kwathathelwa indawo yi-disharmony, izithombe eziyinkimbinkimbi namafomu.

I-aesthetics ye-Baroque

Isiko lomculo we-Baroque lahlanganisa okuhle nokubi, usizi kanye namahlaya. “Ubuhle obungajwayelekile” “babusemfashinini”, buthatha indawo yemvelo yeRenaissance. Umhlaba wawungasabonakali uphelele, kodwa wawubhekwa njengezwe elinokuqhathanisa nokuphikisana, njengezwe eligcwele usizi nedrama. Nokho, kunencazelo engokomlando yalokhu.

Inkathi yeBaroque ihlanganisa iminyaka engaba ngu-150: kusukela ku-1600 kuya ku-1750. Lesi yisikhathi sokutholwa okukhulu kwendawo (khumbula ukutholwa kweMelika ngokuzungeza umhlaba kukaColumbus noMagellan), isikhathi sokutholwa kwesayensi okuhlakaniphile kukaGalileo, uCopernicus noNewton, isikhathi sezimpi ezimbi kakhulu eYurophu. Ukuvumelana kwezwe kwakubhidlika phambi kwamehlo ethu, njengoba nje isithombe se-Universe ngokwaso sasishintsha, imiqondo yesikhathi nendawo yayishintsha.

Izinhlobo ze-baroque

Imfashini entsha yokugabadela yazala izinhlobo ezintsha nezinhlobo. Ikwazile ukudlulisa umhlaba oyinkimbinkimbi wokuhlangenwe nakho kwabantu opera, ngokuyinhloko ngokusebenzisa izimo ezingokomzwelo ezicacile. Ubaba we-opera yokuqala uthathwa njengoJacopo Peri (i-opera Eurydice), kodwa kwaba njengohlobo lapho i-opera eyaqala khona emisebenzini kaClaudio Monteverdi (Orpheus). Phakathi kwamagama adume kakhulu ohlobo lwe-opera ye-baroque ayaziwa futhi: A. Scarlatti (i-opera “uNero owaba uKhesari”), GF Telemann (“Mario”), G. Purcell (“Dido no-Aeneas”), J.-B . Lully (“Armide”), GF Handel (“Julius Caesar”), GB Pergolesi (“The Maid -madam”), A. Vivaldi (“Farnak”).

Cishe njenge-opera, ngaphandle kwendawo nezingubo zokugqoka, enesakhiwo senkolo, okushiwo ngomlomo yathatha indawo ebalulekile kubaphathi bezinhlobo zeBaroque. Uhlobo olunjalo olungokomoya oluphakeme njenge-oratorio nalo lwaludlulisa ukujula kwemizwa yomuntu. Ama-oratorio e-baroque adume kakhulu abhalwe ngu-GF Handel (“Mesiya”)

Phakathi kwezinhlobo zomculo ongcwele, ezingcwele zazidumile ama-cantata и uthando (izinkanuko "izinkanuko"; mhlawumbe hhayi iphuzu, kodwa uma kwenzeka, ake sikhumbule igama elilodwa eliyisisekelo lomculo - appassionato, elihunyushwe ngesiRashiya lisho ukuthi "ngokulangazela"). Lapha intende yesandla ingeka-JS Bach (“St. Matthew Passion”).

Olunye uhlobo olukhulu lwenkathi - concert. Umdlalo obukhali wokuqhathanisa, ukuncintisana phakathi komculi oyedwa kanye ne-orchestra (), noma phakathi kwamaqembu ahlukene e-orchestra (uhlobo lomculo) - kwahambisana kahle nobuhle beBaroque. I-Maestro A. Vivaldi (“Izinkathi Zonyaka”), IBUswa lapha. Bach “Bradenburg Concertos”), GF Handel kanye no-A. Corelli (Concerto grosso).

Umgomo ophikisanayo wokushintshanisa izingxenye ezihlukene awuthuthukiswanga kuphela ohlotsheni lwekhonsathi. Kwakha isisekelo i-sonatas (D. Scarlatti), ama-suites nama-partitas (JS Bach). Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi lesi simiso sasikhona ngaphambili, kodwa kuphela enkathini yeBaroque sayeka ukungabaza futhi sathola ifomu elihlelekile.

Omunye umehluko omkhulu wesiko lomculo we-Baroque yizinxushunxushu nokuhleleka njengezimpawu zesikhathi. Ukungahleliwe kokuphila nokufa, ukungalawuleki kwesiphetho, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo - ukunqoba "okunengqondo", ukuhleleka kukho konke. Lokhu kuphikisana kwavezwa ngokucacile uhlobo lomculo foreplay (ama-toccatas, amaphupho) futhi amalunga omzimba. U-IS Bach udale ubuciko obungenakuqhathaniswa kulolu hlobo (ama-preludes nama-fugues we-Well-Tempered Clavier, i-Toccata ne-Fugue ku-D encane).

Ngokulandelayo ekubuyekezweni kwethu, umehluko weBaroque uzibonakalise ngisho nasezingeni lezinhlobo. Kanye nezingoma ezinamandla, ama-opus e-laconic nawo adalwe.

Ulimi lomculo lweBaroque

Inkathi yeBaroque yaba nesandla ekuthuthukisweni kwesitayela esisha sokubhala. Ingena enkundleni yomculo i-homophony ngokwehlukana kwayo ibe yizwi elikhulu namazwi ahambisana nayo.

Ikakhulukazi, ukuthandwa kwe-homophony kubangelwa ukuthi isonto linezidingo ezikhethekile zokubhala izingoma ezingokomoya: wonke amagama kufanele afundeke. Ngakho, amazwi agqama, futhi azuza imihlobiso eminingi yomculo. Isitayela se-Baroque sokuqhosha sazibonakalisa nalapha.

Umculo wezinsimbi nawo ubunothe ngokuhlobisa. Ngokuphathelene nalokhu, kwakusakazeke kabanzi ukulungiswa: i-ostinato (okungukuthi, ephindaphindayo, engaguquki) amabhesi, atholwe inkathi ye-Baroque, yanikeza ububanzi bomcabango wochungechunge lwe-harmonic olunikeziwe. Emculweni wephimbo, ama-cadence amade namaketango amanothi omusa nama-trill ngokuvamile ahlobisa ama-operatic arias.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, yachuma i-polyphony, kodwa ngendlela ehluke ngokuphelele. I-Baroque polyphony iyi-polyphony yesitayela samahhala, ukuthuthukiswa kwe-counterpoint.

Isinyathelo esibalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kolimi lomculo kwaba ukwamukelwa kwesistimu ye-tendered kanye nokwakhiwa kwe-tonality. Izindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko zazichazwe ngokucacile - ezinkulu nezincane.

Thinta inkolelo

Njengoba umculo wenkathi ye-Baroque wawuveza izinkanuko zabantu, imigomo yokuqamba yabuyekezwa. Manje ukwakheka ngakunye kwakuhlotshaniswa nokuthinta, okungukuthi, nesimo esithile somqondo. Umbono wokuthinta awumusha; isukela emandulo. Kodwa ngesikhathi seBaroque kwasakazeka kabanzi.

Intukuthelo, ukudabuka, ukujabula, uthando, ukuthobeka - lokhu kuthinta kwakuhlotshaniswa nolimi lomculo lwezingoma. Ngakho-ke, umthelela ophelele wenjabulo nokuzijabulisa uvezwa ukusetshenziswa kwengxenye yesithathu, yesine nesesihlanu, i-tempo eshelelayo kanye ne-trimeter ngokubhala. Ngokuphambene nalokho, umthelela wokudabuka wafinyelelwa ngokufakwa kwama-dissonances, i-chromaticism kanye ne-slow tempo.

Kube khona ngisho nokubonakaliswa okuthintekayo kwamathoni, lapho i-E-flat enkulu eqinile ebhangqiwe ne-E-major enesihluku ephikisana no-A-minor ozwakalayo kanye ne-G-major emnene.

Esikhundleni sokuvalelwa ...

Isiko lomculo weBaroque laba nethonya elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni inkathi eyalandela ye-classicism. Futhi hhayi kuphela kule nkathi. Ngisho namanje, ama-echoes we-Baroque angazwakala ezinhlotsheni ze-opera nekhonsathi, ezidumile kuze kube namuhla. Izingcaphuno zomculo ka-Bach zivela kumculo we-rock osindayo, izingoma ze-pop zisekelwe kakhulu “ekulandelaneni kwegolide”, futhi i-jazz ngokwezinga elithile yamukele ubuciko bokwenza ngcono.

Futhi akekho obheka i-Baroque njengesitayela "esingavamile", kodwa uthanda amaparele ayo ayigugu ngempela. Noma umumo oyinqaba.