Cesar Franck |

César Franck

…Alikho igama elimsulwa ukwedlula leli lalo mphefumulo omkhulu onenhliziyo elula. Cishe wonke umuntu owayeza kuFrank wazibonela ukukhanga kwakhe okungenakuvinjelwa… R. Rollan

UFranck ungumuntu ongavamile kwezobuciko bomculo baseFrance, ubuntu obuvelele, obungavamile. U-R. Rolland wabhala ngaye egameni leqhawe lenoveli u-Jean Christophe: “… lo Frank ongaziwa, lo santa ovela emculweni ukwazile ukuphila impilo egcwele ubunzima nomsebenzi odelelekile, ukucaca okungapheli komphefumulo obekezelayo, futhi ngenxa yalokho. lokho kumamatheka okuthobekile okwasibekela ukukhanya okuhle komsebenzi wakhe.” K. Debussy, ongazange aphunyuke entendeni yesandla sikaFrank, uyamkhumbula: “Le ndoda, eyayingajabule, ingaziwa, yayinomphefumulo wobuntwana onomusa ongaqediyo kangangokuthi yayikwazi ngaso sonke isikhathi ukucabanga ngobubi babantu nokungavumelani kwezenzakalo ngaphandle kokucasuka. ” Ubufakazi babaculi abaningi abavelele mayelana nale ndoda yokupha okungavamile okungokomoya, ukucaca okumangalisayo nokungabi nacala, okungazange kukhulume nhlobo ngokungabi namafu kwendlela yakhe yokuphila, kugcinwa.

Ubaba kaFrank wayengowomndeni omdala wabadwebi basenkantolo baseFlemish. Amasiko omndeni wobuciko amvumela ukuthi abone ithalente lomculo elivelele lendodana yakhe kusenesikhathi, kodwa umoya webhizinisi wosozimali wawudlangile emlingiswa wakhe, wamshukumisela ukuba asebenzise ithalente likaCesar lokudlala upiyano ukuze azuze izinto ezibonakalayo. Umshayi wopiyano oneminyaka eyishumi nantathu uthola ukuhlonishwa eParis - inhloko-dolobha yomhlaba womculo wangaleyo minyaka, ehlotshiswe ngokuhlala kosaziwayo abakhulu emhlabeni - F. Liszt, F. Chopin, V. Bellini, G. Donizetti, N. Paganini, F. Mendelssohn, J. Meyerbeer, G. Berlioz. Kusukela ngo-1835, uFrank uhlala eParis futhi eqhubeka nemfundo yakhe e-conservatory. KuFrank, ukuqamba kuya ngokuya kubaluleke kakhulu, yingakho ehlukana noyise. Ingqopha-mlando emlandweni womqambi kwaba unyaka we-1848, owawubalulekile emlandweni waseFrance - ukwenqatshwa komsebenzi wekhonsathi ngenxa yokuqamba, umshado wakhe noFelicite Demousso, indodakazi yabalingisi bemidlalo yaseshashalazini yaseFrance. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi umcimbi wokugcina uhambisana nezenzakalo zoguquko zikaFebhuwari 22 - i-cortege yomshado iphoqeleka ukuba ikhuphuke phezu kwemingcele, lapho abahlubuki babasiza khona. UFrank, owayengaziqondi ngokugcwele lezi zenzakalo, wayezibheka njengelungu leRiphabhulikhi futhi wasabela ekuvukeleni ngokuqamba ingoma nekhwaya.

Isidingo sokuhlinzeka umndeni wakhe siphoqa umqambi ukuthi aqhubeke ezibandakanya nezifundo zangasese (kusuka esikhangisweni sephephandaba: “UMnu Cesar Franck … uqhuba izifundo zangasese …: upiyano, ukuvumelana kwethiyori nokungokoqobo, i-counterpoint kanye ne-fugue …”). Akakwazanga ukuwuyeka lo msebenzi okhathazayo wansuku zonke kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kwezinsuku zakhe waze wathola nokulimala ngenxa yokududulwa yibhasi esendleleni eya komunye wabafundi bakhe, okwaholela ekufeni kwakhe.

Kamuva wafika ku-Frank eqaphela umsebenzi womqambi wakhe - ibhizinisi eliyinhloko empilweni yakhe. Wathola impumelelo yakhe yokuqala eneminyaka engu-68 kuphela, kuyilapho umculo wakhe wathola ukuqashelwa emhlabeni kuphela ngemva kokushona komdali.

Kodwa-ke, noma yibuphi ubunzima bokuphila abuzange bunyakazise isibindi esinempilo, ithemba elingenangqondo, ububele bomqambi, okwavusa ukuzwelana kwabantu besikhathi sakhe kanye nenzalo yakhe. Wathola ukuthi ukuya ekilasini kuyilungele impilo yakhe futhi wayazi indlela yokujabulela ngisho nokusebenza kancane kwemisebenzi yakhe, ngokuvamile ethatha ukunganaki komphakathi ukuze wamukelwe ngemfudumalo. Ngokusobala, lokhu kuphinde kwathinta ubuzwe besimo sakhe se-Flemish.

UFrank wayenomthwalo wemfanelo, oqondile, onesandla esiqinile, ehloniphekile emsebenzini wakhe. Impilo yomqambi yayingenabugovu - evuka ngo-4:30, amahora angu-2 ezisebenzela, njengoba ayebiza ingoma yakhe, ngo-7 ekuseni wayesevele eye ezifundweni, ebuyela ekhaya kuphela ukuze adle isidlo sakusihlwa, futhi uma bengakwenzi. beza kuye ngalolosuku, abafundi bakhe basekilasini le-ogani kanye nokuqanjwa, wayesenamahora ambalwa okuphothula imisebenzi yakhe. Ngaphandle kwehaba, lokhu kungabizwa ngokuthi umsebenzi wokuzidela hhayi ngenxa yemali noma impumelelo, kodwa ngenxa yokwethembeka kuye, imbangela yokuphila komuntu, ubizo lwakhe, ikhono eliphakeme kakhulu.

UFrank udale ama-opera angu-3, ​​ama-oratorio angu-4, izinkondlo ezi-5 ze-symphonic (okuhlanganisa Inkondlo Yepiyano ne-Orchestra), wayevame ukwenza i-Symphonic Variations yePiano ne-Orchestra, i-Symphony ebabazekayo, imisebenzi yezinsimbi zekamelo (ikakhulukazi, leyo ethole abalandela kanye nabalingisi eFrance. I-Quartet ne-Quintet), i-Sonata ye-Violin ne-Piano, ethandwa abadlali nabalaleli, ezothando, imisebenzi yopiyano (izingoma ezinkulu ezinyakazayo - I-Prelude, chorale ne-fugue kanye ne-Prelude, i-aria nesiphetho kufanele ukuqashelwa okukhethekile okuvela emphakathini), cishe izingcezu ezingu-130 okwesitho.

Umculo kaFrank uhlale ubalulekile futhi uhloniphekile, ugcwaliswa ngombono ophakeme, uphelele ekwakhiweni futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ugcwele ukukhanga okuzwakalayo, okumibalabala nokuzwakalayo, ubuhle basemhlabeni kanye nengokomoya eliphakeme. U-Franck ubengomunye wabadali bomculo we-symphonic yesi-French, evula kanye no-Saint-Saens inkathi yemisebenzi emikhulu, ebucayi nebalulekile emisebenzini yokucabanga ye-symphonic ne-chamber. Ku-Symphony yakhe, inhlanganisela yomoya ongenakuphumula kwezothando nokuvumelana kwe-classical nokulingana kwefomu, ukuminyana kwezitho zomsindo kudala isithombe esiyingqayizivele sokuqanjwa kwangempela nokwangempela.

Umuzwa kaFrank “wezinto ezibonakalayo” wawumangalisa. Wakwazi ubuciko ngomqondo ophakeme wegama. Naphezu komsebenzi ohambisana nokuqala, azikho ikhefu kanye nokuhlukumeza emisebenzini yakhe, umcabango womculo ugeleza ngokuqhubekayo ngokwemvelo. Wayenekhono elingavamile lokuqhubeka nokuqamba kunoma iyiphi indawo lapho kwakufanele aphazamise khona, kwakungadingeki “angene” kule nqubo, ngokusobala, wayehlala ethwele ugqozi lwakhe kuye. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, wayekwazi ukusebenza ngesikhathi esisodwa emisebenzini eminingana, futhi akazange aphinde kabili ifomu elake latholakala, efika esixazululweni esisha ngokuyisisekelo emsebenzini ngamunye.

Ukuba nekhono elihle kakhulu lokuqamba kubonakale ekuthuthukisweni kwezitho zikaFrank, kulolu hlobo, okucishe kwalibaleka kusukela ngesikhathi sika-JS Bach omkhulu. UFrank, umculi owaziwayo, wamenywa emikhosini ehloniphekile yokuvulwa kwezitho ezintsha, udumo olunjalo lwanikezwa kuphela kubadlali abakhulu kakhulu. Kuze kube sekupheleni kwezinsuku zakhe, okungenani kabili noma kathathu ngesonto, uFrank wayedlala esontweni laseSt. Abantu besikhathi samanje bayakhumbula: “… weza ukuzobhula amalangabi okuthuthukiswa kwakhe okuhle, ngokuvamile okubaluleke kakhulu kunamasampula amaningi acutshungulwe ngokucophelela,… kwakuyizingoma eziphefumulelwe kanye nokuvumelana okuhle okwakuboniswa ama-pilaster esonto lombhishobhi: ngokuligcwalisa, abese elahleka ngaphezulu emagumbini alo angaphansi. U-Liszt wezwa ukuthuthukiswa kukaFrank. Umfundi kaFrank W. d'Andy uyabhala: “ULeszt walishiya ibandla … ejabule futhi ejabule, ebiza igama lika-J.S. Bach, isiqhathaniso esaphakama ngokwaso engqondweni yakhe … imisebenzi yobuciko kaSebastian Bach!” ebabaza.

Umthelela womsindo wesitho kwisitayela sepiyano yomqambi nemisebenzi ye-orchestra muhle. Ngakho-ke, omunye wemisebenzi yakhe edume kakhulu - Prelude, Chorale and Fugue for Piano - igqugquzelwe imisindo yesitho nezinhlobo - isandulela se-toccata esijabulisayo esihlanganisa lonke uhla, ukuhamba okuzolile kwekhora elinomuzwa wesitho esidonswa ngokuqhubekayo. umsindo, i-fugue enkulu enezwi lika-Bach lokukhalaza, kanye nezindlela zomculo ngokwawo, ububanzi nokuphakama kwendikimba, njengokungathi, kulethwe kubuciko bepiyano inkulumo yomshumayeli ozinikele, ekholisa isintu. yokuphakama, umhlatshelo wokulila nokubaluleka kokuziphatha kwesiphetho sakhe.

Uthando lwangempela lomculo kanye nabafundi bakhe lwangena emsebenzini kaFrank wokufundisa eParis Conservatoire, lapho ikilasi lakhe lezithonjana laba isikhungo sesifundo sokuqamba. Ukusesha imibala emisha namafomu e-harmonic, intshisekelo emculweni wesimanje, ulwazi olumangalisayo lwenani elikhulu lemisebenzi yabaqambi abahlukahlukene kwaheha abaculi abasebasha kuFrank. Phakathi kwabafundi bakhe kwakukhona abaqambi abathakazelisayo njengo-E. Chausson noma u-V. d'Andy, owavula i-Schola cantorum ekhumbula uthisha, oklanyelwe ukuthuthukisa amasiko enkosi enkulu.

Ukuqashelwa komqambi ngemva kokufa kwakusemhlabeni wonke. Omunye wabantu ababephila ngesikhathi sakhe owayemangele wabhala: “UMnu. UCesar Franck ... uzobhekwa ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX njengomunye wabaculi abakhulu kakhulu bekhulu lesi-XNUMX. Imisebenzi kaFrank yahlobisa ingoma yabadlali abakhulu abanjengoM. Long, A. Cortot, R. Casadesus. U-E. Ysaye wenza i-Violin Sonata kaFranck endaweni yokusebenzela yomqophi u-O. Rodin, ubuso bakhe ngesikhathi kwenziwa lo msebenzi omangalisayo baphefumulelwe ngokukhethekile, futhi umqophi odumile waseBelgium u-C. Meunier wasebenzisa leli thuba lapho edala isithombe sika umdlali wevayolini odumile. Amasiko okucabanga komculo womqambi aphikisiwe emsebenzini ka-A. Honegger, abonakala ngokwengxenye emisebenzini yabaqambi baseRussia uN. Medtner noG. Catoire. Umculo kaFrank okhuthazayo noqinile uqinisekisa ukubaluleka kwezimiso zokuziphatha zomqambi, okwamvumela ukuba abe isibonelo senkonzo ephakeme yobuciko, ukuzinikela ngokuzidela emsebenzini wakhe nasemsebenzini womuntu.

V. Bazarnova

“... Alikho igama elihlanzekile ukwedlula igama lalo mphefumulo omkhulu onenhliziyo elula,” uRomain Rolland wabhala ngoFrank, “umphefumulo wobuhle obungenasici nobukhazimulayo.” Umculi ojulile futhi ojulile, uFrank akazange azuze udumo, waphila impilo elula futhi eyimfihlo. Noma kunjalo, abaculi besimanje bezitayela ezahlukene zokudala nokuthandwa kobuciko bamphatha ngenhlonipho enkulu nangenhlonipho. Futhi uma Taneyev ebizwa ngokuthi "unembeza womculo waseMoscow" ekudlondlobaleni komsebenzi wakhe, khona-ke uFrank ngesizathu esincane angabizwa ngokuthi "unembeza womculo waseParis" wama-70s no-80s. Nokho, lokhu kwandulelwa iminyaka eminingi yokungafihli ngokuphelele.

UCesar Franck (waseBelgium ngobuzwe) wazalelwa eLiege ngo-December 10, 1822. Ngemva kokuthola imfundo yakhe yokuqala yomculo edolobheni lakubo, waphothula eParis Conservatoire ngo-1840. Ngemva kwalokho ebuyela eBelgium iminyaka emibili, wachitha ingxenye esele. impilo yakhe kusukela ngo-1843 esebenza njenge-ogani emasontweni aseParis. Njengoba i-improviser engenakuqhathaniswa, yena, njengoBruckner, akazange anikeze amakhonsathi ngaphandle kwesonto. Ngo-1872, uFrank wathola ikilasi lezitho zomzimba endaweni yokugcinwa kwezilwane, alihola kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kwezinsuku zakhe. Akazange aphathiswe ikilasi lethiyori yokuqamba, nokho, amakilasi akhe, adlulela ngalé kobubanzi bokwenziwa kwezitho zomzimba, ahanjelwa abaqambi abaningi nabadumile, okuhlanganisa no-Bizet esikhathini sakhe esivuthiwe sokusungula. UFrank wahlanganyela ngenkuthalo enhlanganweni yeNational Society. Kule minyaka, imisebenzi yakhe iqala ukwenziwa; nokho impumelelo yabo ekuqaleni yayingenkulu. Umculo kaFrank waqashelwa ngokugcwele ngemva kokufa kwakhe - wafa ngoNovemba 8, 1890.

Umsebenzi kaFrank ungowokuqala. Akajwayelene nokukhanya, ukukhalipha, ubumnandi bomculo ka-Bizet, ovame ukubonwa njengokubonakaliswa okujwayelekile komoya wesiFulentshi. Kodwa kanye nokucabangela kuka-Diderot noVoltaire, isitayela esicolisisiwe sikaStendhal ne-Mérimée, izincwadi zesiFulentshi nazo ziyalwazi ulimi lwesi-Balzac olugcwele izingathekiso kanye nezwi eliyinkimbinkimbi, i-perchant ye-hyperbole kaHugo. Kwakungalolu olunye uhlangothi lomoya wesiFulentshi, olwanothiswa ithonya lamaFlemish (Belgian), uFrank alifaka ngokucacile.

Umculo wakhe ugcwele umoya ophansi, ama-pathos, izimo ezingazinzile kwezothando.

Imiphefumulo enomdlandla, ejabulile iphikiswa imizwa yokuhlukana, ukuhlaziya okuzicabangelayo. Imiculo esebenzayo, enezinhliziyo eziqinile (imvamisa enesigqi esinamachashazi) ithathelwa indawo yi-plaintive, njengokungathi izingqikithi ezicelayo. Kukhona futhi izingoma ezilula, zesintu noma zamakhwaya, kodwa imvamisa “zimbozwe” ngokuvumelana okuminyene, okubonakalayo, kwechromatic, okuvame ukusetshenziswa okwesikhombisa kanye nama-nonchords. Ukuthuthukiswa kwezithombe eziphambene kumahhala futhi akuvimbeli, kugcwele ukuphindaphinda okunamandla okukhulunywayo. Konke lokhu, njengaseBruckner, kufana nendlela yokwenziwa ngcono kwezitho zomzimba.

Kodwa-ke, uma umuntu ezama ukusungula umsuka womculo kanye nesitayela somculo kaFrank, khona-ke okokuqala kuyodingeka ukubiza uBeethoven nge-sonatas yakhe yokugcina kanye nama-quartets; ekuqaleni komlando wakhe wokudala, uSchubert noWeber nabo babesondelene noFrank; kamuva wathola ithonya likaLiszt, ngokwengxenye uWagner - ikakhulukazi endaweni yokugcina impahla, ekusesheni emkhakheni wokuvumelana, ukuthungwa; waphinde wathonywa uthando olunodlame lwezothando lwaseBerlioz olunesici esihlukile somculo wakhe.

Ekugcineni, kukhona okufanayo okumenza ahlobane noBrahms. Njengalokhu okwakamuva, uFrank wazama ukuhlanganisa impumelelo ye-romanticism ne-classicism, wafunda ngokucophelela ifa lomculo wokuqala, ikakhulukazi, wanaka kakhulu ubuciko be-polyphony, ukuhlukahluka, kanye namathuba obuciko befomu le-sonata. Futhi emsebenzini wakhe, njengoBrahms, waphishekela imigomo yokuziphatha okuhle kakhulu, ebeka phambili isihloko sokuthuthukiswa kokuziphatha komuntu. “Ingqikithi yomsebenzi womculo isembonweni wawo,” kusho uFrank, “umphefumulo womculo, futhi uhlobo luyigobolondo lomzimba lomphefumulo kuphela.” Nokho, uFrank uhluke kakhulu kuBrahms.

Emashumini amaningi eminyaka, uFrank, kokubili ngokoqobo, ngesimo somsebenzi wakhe, nangokuqiniseka, wayehlangene neSonto LamaKatolika. Lokhu bekungeke kuthinte umsebenzi wakhe. Njengomculi wezobuntu, wagqashuka ethunzini laleli thonya lokusabela futhi wadala imisebenzi eyayikude nemibono yobuKatolika, ejabulisa iqiniso lokuphila, ephawulwa ngekhono elimangalisayo; kodwa noma kunjalo imibono yomqambi yayibopha amandla akhe okudala futhi ngezinye izikhathi imqondise endleleni engalungile. Ngakho-ke, akulona lonke ifa lakhe elinesithakazelo kithi.

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Ithonya likaFrank lokusungula ekuthuthukisweni komculo waseFrance ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX likhulu. Phakathi kwabafundi abasondelene naye sihlangana namagama abaqambi abakhulu abanjengoVincent d'Andy, uHenri Duparc, u-Ernest Chausson.

Kodwa umkhakha wethonya kaFrank wawungagcini nje kuphela embuthanweni wabafundi bakhe. Wavuselela umculo we-symphonic kanye nowegumbi empilweni entsha, wavusa isithakazelo ku-oratorio, futhi akazange ayinike incazelo ekhangayo neyisithombe, njengoba kwakunjalo ngoBerlioz, kodwa ingoma enezingoma futhi emangalisayo. (Phakathi kwawo wonke ama-oratorio akhe, incwadi enkulu kunazo zonke nebaluleke kakhulu ithi, The Beatitudes, ezingxenyeni eziyisishiyagalombili ezinesandulela, embhalweni wevangeli walokho okubizwa ngokuthi iNtshumayelo YaseNtabeni. Iphuzu lalo msebenzi liqukethe amakhasi omculo onesasasa, noqotho kakhulu. (bheka, isibonelo, ingxenye yesine Ngama-80s, uFrank wazama isandla sakhe, nakuba engaphumelelanga, ohlotsheni lwe-operatic (inganekwane yaseScandinavia uGulda, enezigcawu ze-ballet ezimangalisayo, ne-opera engaqediwe i-Gisela), Ubuye abe nezingoma zehlelo, izingoma. , ezothando, njll.) Ekugcineni, uFrank wandisa kakhulu amathuba ezindlela ezizwakalayo zomculo, ikakhulukazi emkhakheni wokuvumelana kanye ne-polyphony, ukuthuthukiswa lapho abaqambi baseFrance, abanduleli bakhe, ngezinye izikhathi benganaki ngokwanele. Kodwa okubaluleke kakhulu, ngomculo wakhe, uFrank wagomela izimiso zokuziphatha ezingenakwephulwa zomculi wesintu owavikela ngokuzethemba izimiso eziphakeme zokudala.

M. Druskin

Ukwakhiwa:

Amadethi okuqanjwa anikezwe kubakaki.

Isitho sisebenza (cishe i-130 isiyonke) Izingcezu eziyisi-6 zesitho esikhulu: Inganekwane, i-Grand Symphony, i-Prelude, i-Fugue kanye nezinguquko, I-Pastor, Umthandazo, I-Finale (1860-1862) Iqoqo "izingcezu ezincane ezingu-44" zesitho noma i-harmonium (1863, eyanyatheliswa ngemva kokufa) Izingcezu Ezi-3 Zesitho: Iphupho, I-Cantabile, i-Heroic Piece (1878) Iqoqo elithi "Organist": izingcezu ezingu-59 ze-harmonium (1889-1890) ama-chorales angu-3 esitho esikhulu (1890)

Ipiyano iyasebenza I-Eclogue (1842) i-First Ballad (1844) i-Prelude, i-Chorale ne-Fugue (1884) i-Prelude, i-aria kanye nesiphetho (1886-1887)

Kukhona, ngaphezu kwalokho, inqwaba yezingcezu zepiyano ezincane (ingxenye eyi-4-isandla), ikakhulukazi eyenkathi yokuqala yokusungula (eyabhalwa ngawo-1840).

Imisebenzi yezinsimbi ze-Chamber 4 piano trios (1841-1842) Piano quintet in f minor (1878-1879) Violin Sonata A-dur (1886) String Quartet in D-dur (1889)

Imisebenzi ye-Symphonic ne-vocal-symphonic "Ruth", i-eclogue yebhayibheli yabacula ngabodwa, ikwaya kanye ne-orchestra (1843-1846) "Atonement", inkondlo ye-symphony yesoprano, ikhwaya ne-orchestra (1871-1872, uhlelo lwesi-2 - 1874) "Aeolis", inkondlo ye-symphonic, ngemuva nguLecomte de Lisle (1876) The Beatitudes, oratorio for soloists, choir and orchestra (1869-1879) “Rebekah”, indawo yasebhayibhelini yabacula ngabodwa, ikwaya kanye ne-orchestra, esekelwe enkondlweni kaP. Collen (1881) “The Damned Hunter ", inkondlo ye-symphonic, esekelwe enkondlweni ka-G. Burger (1882) "Jinns", inkondlo ye-symphonic yepiyano ne-orchestra, ngemva kwenkondlo ka-V. Hugo (1884) "Symphonic Variations" yepiyano ne-orchestra (1885) "Psyche ", inkondlo ye-symphonic ye-orchestra kanye nekwaya (1887-1888) Symphony ku-d-moll (1886-1888)

Opera I-Farmhand, i-libretto ka-Royer no-Vaez (1851-1852, engashicilelwe) Gould, libretto by Grandmougin (1882-1885) Gisela, libretto by Thierry (1888-1890, unfinited)

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezingoma eziningi ezingokomoya zezingoma ezihlukahlukene, kanye nezothando nezingoma (phakathi kwazo: "Ingelosi Nengane", "Umshado wamaRoses", "Vase Broken", "Evening Ringing", "Smile First of May" ).