UFrederic Chopin |

Frederic Chopin

Okungaqondakali, udeveli, owesifazane, onesibindi, ongaqondakali, wonke umuntu uyayiqonda i-Chopin edabukisayo. S. Richter

Ngokuka-A. Rubinstein, “U-Chopin uyi-bard, i-rhapsodist, umoya, umphefumulo wopiyano.” Into ehluke kakhulu emculweni kaChopin ixhunywe nopiyano: ukuvevezela, ukucoliswa, "ukucula" kwakho konke ukuthungwa nokuvumelana, okumboza umculo "nobungu" obunomoya obandayo. Konke ukuhlukahluka kombono wezwe wothando, yonke into evame ukudinga izingoma eziyisikhumbuzo (ama-symphonies noma ama-opera) ukuze ifanekiselwe, yavezwa umqambi omkhulu wasePoland nomshayi wopiyano emculweni wepiyano (uChopin unemisebenzi embalwa kakhulu ngokubamba iqhaza kwezinye izinsimbi, izwi lomuntu. noma i-orchestra). Ukuqhathanisa ngisho nokuphikisana kwe-polar kwe-romanticism e-Chopin kuphenduke kwaba ukuvumelana okuphezulu kakhulu: intshiseko evuthayo, "izinga lokushisa" elikhulayo lemizwelo - kanye nokukhula okunengqondo okuqinile, ukugcinwa kuyimfihlo kwezinhlamvu zezingoma - kanye nomqondo wezilinganiso ze-symphonic, ubuciko, okulethwa ekuthuthukisweni kwezikhulu, nokulandelayo. kuyo - ubumsulwa bokuqala "bezithombe zabantu." Ngokuvamile, imvelaphi yezinganekwane zasePoland (izindlela zayo, imiculo, izigqi) zangena kuwo wonke umculo weChopin, owaba yi-classical yomculo wasePoland.

UChopin wazalelwa eduze kwaseWarsaw, eZhelyazova Wola, lapho ubaba wakhe, ongowokuzalwa eFrance, esebenza njengothisha wasekhaya emndenini wesibalo. Ngokushesha ngemva kokuzalwa kukaFryderyk, umndeni wakwaChopin wathuthela eWarsaw. Ithalente lomculo elimangalisayo lizibonakalisa kakade ebuntwaneni, eneminyaka engu-6 umfana uqamba umsebenzi wakhe wokuqala (u-polonaise), futhi ngo-7 wenza njengomdlali wopiyano okokuqala. UChopin uthola imfundo ejwayelekile eLyceum, futhi uthatha izifundo zepiyano ku-V. Zhivny. Ukwakhiwa komculi okhokhelwayo kuqedwa eWarsaw Conservatory (1826-29) ngaphansi kokuqondisa kuka-J. Elsner. Ithalente likaChopin alizange libonakale emculweni kuphela: kusukela ebuntwaneni waqamba izinkondlo, wadlala emidlalweni yasekhaya, futhi wadweba ngokumangalisayo. Ukuphila kwakhe konke, u-Chopin wagcina isipho somculi we-caricaturist: wayekwazi ukudweba noma ngisho nokubonisa umuntu obhekene nesimo sobuso ngendlela yokuthi wonke umuntu abone ngokucacile lo muntu.

Impilo yobuciko yaseWarsaw yanikeza imibono eminingi kumculi wokuqala. I-opera kazwelonke yase-Italy ne-Polish, ukuvakasha kwabaculi abakhulu (N. Paganini, J. Hummel) kwaphefumulela u-Chopin, kwamvulela ama-horizons amasha. Ngokuvamile ngamaholide ehlobo, uFryderyk wavakashela izindawo zezwe labangane bakhe, lapho engazange alalele kuphela umdlalo wabaculi basesigodini, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi yena ngokwakhe wayedlala insimbi ethile. Ukuhlolwa kokuqamba kukaChopin kokuqala kwakuyimidanso enkondlo yempilo yasePoland (polonaise, mazurka), ama-waltzes, nama-nocturnes - ama-miniatures emvelo yokucabangisisa nge-lyric. Uphinde aphendukele ezinhlotsheni ezakha isisekelo se-repertoire yabadlali bopiyano base-virtuoso ngaleso sikhathi - ukuhlukahluka kwekhonsathi, amaphupho, ama-rondos. Okuqukethwe kwemisebenzi enjalo, njengomthetho, kwakuyizindikimba ezivela kuma-opera adumile noma imiculo yomdabu yasePoland. Ukwehluka kwendikimba ye-opera ka-WA Mozart ethi “Don Giovanni” kuhlangabezene nempendulo efudumele evela ku-R. Schumann, owabhala isihloko esinomdlandla ngazo. U-Schumann futhi ungumnikazi wamagama alandelayo: “… Uma ungqondongqondo onjengoMozart ezalwa esikhathini sethu, uzobhala amakhonsathi afana noChopin kunoMozart.” Amakhonsathi angu-2 (ikakhulukazi ku-E minor) abe impumelelo ephezulu kakhulu yomsebenzi wokuqala ka-Chopin, ebonisa zonke izici zomhlaba wobuciko womqambi oneminyaka engamashumi amabili ubudala. Amagama womculo we-elegiac, afana nezothando zaseRussia zangaleyo minyaka, aqalwa ubuhle bobuhle nezindikimba zohlobo lwendabuko ezifana nentwasahlobo. Amafomu aphelele kaMozart agcwele umoya wothando.

Phakathi nohambo oluya eVienna nasemadolobheni aseJalimane, uChopin watholwa yizindaba zokunqotshwa kokuvukela kwasePoland (1830-31). Inhlekelele yasePoland yaba inhlekelele yomuntu siqu enamandla kakhulu, kuhlangene nokungenakwenzeka kokubuyela ezweni lakubo (uChopin wayengumngane wabanye abahlanganyeli benhlangano yenkululeko). Njengoba uB. Asafiev aphawula, “ukungqubuzana okwakumkhathaza kwakugxile ezigabeni ezihlukahlukene zokuphelelwa yithemba kothando nasekuqhumeni okukhulu kokuphelelwa ithemba ngokuphathelene nokufa kwezwe lobaba.” Kusukela manje kuqhubeke, idrama yangempela ingena emculweni wakhe (u-Ballad ku-G minor, uScherzo ku-B minor, u-Etude ku-C minor, ovame ukubizwa ngokuthi “Okuguquguqukayo”). USchumann ubhala ukuthi “… UChopin wethula umoya kaBeethoven ehholo lekhonsathi.” I-ballad ne-scherzo yizinhlobo ezintsha zomculo wepiyano. Ama-Ballads ayebizwa ngezothando ezinemininingwane yemvelo elandisayo; ku-Chopin, lena yimisebenzi emikhulu yohlobo lwenkondlo (ebhalwe ngaphansi kombono wama-ballads ka-A. Mickiewicz kanye nama-Polish dumas). I-scherzo (evame ukuba yingxenye yomjikelezo) nayo iyacatshangelwa kabusha - manje isiqalile ukuba khona njengohlobo oluzimele (hhayi nhlobo ihlaya, kodwa kaningi - okuqukethwe okunobudemoni ngokuzenzekelayo).

Ukuphila okulandelayo kukaChopin kuxhumene neParis, lapho egcina khona ngo-1831. Kulesi sikhungo esishisayo sokuphila kwezobuciko, uChopin uhlangana nabaculi abavela emazweni ahlukene aseYurophu: abaqambi G. Berlioz, F. Liszt, N. Paganini, V. Bellini, J. U-Meyerbeer , umdlali wepiyano u-F. Kalkbrenner, ababhali u-G. Heine, A. Mickiewicz, u-George Sand, umculi u-E. Delacroix, owapenda isithombe somqambi. I-Paris ngekhulu lama-30 le-XIX - esinye sezikhungo zobuciko obusha, obunothando, saziqinisekisa ekulweni nemfundo. Ngokusho kukaLiszt, "UChopin wajoyina ngokusobala izikhundla zeRomantics, nokho ebhale igama likaMozart ebhengeni lakhe." Ngempela, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi u-Chopin waya kude kangakanani emisha yakhe (ngisho noSchumann noLiszt babengamqondi ngaso sonke isikhathi!), Umsebenzi wakhe wawusesimweni sokuthuthukiswa kwesiko, njengokungathi, ukuguqulwa kwemilingo. Izithixo zothando lwasePoland kwakunguMozart futhi, ikakhulukazi, uJS Bach. U-Chopin wayevame ukungawuvumeli umculo wamanje. Mhlawumbe, ukunambitheka kwakhe okuqinile, okucwengisisiwe, okwakungavumeli noma yikuphi ukhahlo, ukudelela nokukhuluma okweqisayo, okuthintekile lapha. Ngabo bonke ubungane bezwe nobungane, wayezithibe futhi engathandi ukuvula umhlaba wakhe wangaphakathi. Ngakho-ke, mayelana nomculo, mayelana nokuqukethwe kwemisebenzi yakhe, wayekhuluma kancane futhi kancane, evame ukufihlwa njengohlobo oluthile lwamahlaya.

Kuma-etudes adalwe eminyakeni yokuqala yokuphila kwaseParis, u-Chopin unikeza ukuqonda kwakhe ngobuhle (ngokuphambene nobuciko babadlali bopiyano bemfashini) njengendlela esebenza ukuveza okuqukethwe kobuciko futhi okungenakuhlukaniswa nakho. U-Chopin ngokwakhe, nokho, wayengavamile ukudlala emakhonsathini, ekhetha igumbi, isimo esinethezekile se-salon yezwe kunehholo elikhulu. Imali engenayo evela kumakhonsathi nezincwadi zomculo yayingekho, futhi uChopin waphoqeleka ukuba anikeze izifundo zepiyano. Ekupheleni kweminyaka yama-30s. U-Chopin uqedela umjikelezo wama-preludes, osekuphenduke i-encyclopedia yangempela ye-romanticism, ebonisa ukungqubuzana okuyinhloko kokubuka kwezwe kwezothando. Ezandulelayo, izingcezu ezincane kakhulu, "ukuminyana" okukhethekile, ukugxila kwenkulumo, kufinyelelwa. Futhi futhi sibona isibonelo sesimo sengqondo esisha kulolo hlobo. Emculweni wasendulo, isethulo besilokhu siyisingeniso somsebenzi othile. Nge-Chopin, lesi siqeshana esibalulekile ngokwaso, ngesikhathi esifanayo sigcina ukunganaki okuthile kwe-aphorism kanye nenkululeko "ethuthukisiwe", ehambisana kakhulu nombono wezwe wothando. Umjikelezo wama-preludes waphela esiqhingini saseMallorca, lapho uChopin athatha uhambo kanye noGeorge Sand (1838) ukuze athuthukise impilo yakhe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uChopin wahamba esuka eParis waya eJalimane (1834-1836), lapho ahlangana khona noMendelssohn noSchumann, futhi wabona abazali bakhe eCarlsbad, naseNgilandi (1837).

Ngo-1840, uChopin wabhala i-Second Sonata ku-B flat minor, omunye wemisebenzi yakhe ebuhlungu kakhulu. Ingxenye yayo yesi-3 - "I-Funeral March" - isalokhu iwuphawu lokulila kuze kube namuhla. Eminye imisebenzi emikhulu ihlanganisa ama-ballads (4), scherzos (4), Fantasia in F minor, Barcarolle, Cello and Piano Sonata. Kodwa okubalulekile ku-Chopin kwakuyizinhlobo ze-miniature yothando; kukhona ama-nocturnes amasha (sewonke angaba ngu-20), ama-polonaise (16), ama-waltzes (17), ama-impromptu (4). Uthando olukhethekile lomqambi kwakuyi-mazurka. Ama-mazurkas angama-52 kaChopin, ehaya izinkondlo zemidanso yasePoland (i-mazur, kujawiak, oberek), yaba isivumo somculo, "idayari" yomqambi, isisho sokusondelana kakhulu. Akuyona into engaqondakali ukuthi umsebenzi wokugcina "wembongi yepiyano" wawuyi-F-minor mazurka op ekhalayo. 68, No. 4 - isithombe sezwe elikude, elingatholakali.

Isiphetho somsebenzi wonke kaChopin kwakuyi-Sonata Yesithathu ku-B encane (1844), lapho, njengeminye imisebenzi yakamuva, ukugqama nombala womsindo kuthuthukiswa. Umqambi ogulela ukufa udala umculo ogcwele ukukhanya, ukuhlanganisa okujabulisayo nemvelo.

Eminyakeni yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe, u-Chopin wenza uhambo olukhulu eNgilandi naseScotland (1848), okuyinto, njengokuhlukana kobudlelwane noGeorge Sand owandulelayo, ekugcineni kwalimaza impilo yakhe. Umculo kaChopin uhlukile ngokuphelele, kuyilapho waba nomthelela abaqambi abaningi bezizukulwane ezalandela: kusukela ku-F. Liszt kuya ku-K. Debussy kanye no-K. Szymanowski. Abaculi baseRussia u-A. Rubinshtein, A. Lyadov, A. Skryabin, S. Rachmaninov babenemizwa ekhethekile, "yezihlobo" ngaye. Ubuciko buka-Chopin kithi sebuphenduke isichazamazwi esibalulekile, esivumelanayo sothando kanye nesibindi, esigcwele umzabalazo, sikulwela.

K. Zenkin

Ngama-30s kanye nama-40s wekhulu lesi-XNUMX, umculo womhlaba wacetshiswa yizinto ezintathu ezinkulu zobuciko ezivela empumalanga ye-Europe. Ngobuciko beChopin, Glinka, Liszt, kuvule ikhasi elisha emlandweni wobuciko bomculo.

Kuwo wonke umlando wabo wobuciko, nomehluko obonakalayo esiphethweni sobuciko babo, laba baqambi abathathu bahlanganiswe umgomo ovamile womlando. Babengabaqalisi balowo mnyakazo wokwakhiwa kwezikole zikazwelonke, ezakha isici esibaluleke kakhulu sesiko lomculo we-pan-European engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu lama-30 (nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX). Phakathi namakhulu amabili nesigamu alandela iRenaissance, ubuciko bomculo obusezingeni lomhlaba bathuthuka cishe ezindaweni ezintathu zezwe. Wonke noma yimaphi amaza obuciko abalulekile ageleza emculweni ojwayelekile we-pan-European avela e-Italy, eFrance nasezindaweni eziyinhloko zase-Austro-German. Kuze kube maphakathi nekhulu lesi-XNUMX, i-hegemony ekuthuthukisweni komculo womhlaba yayingowabo. Futhi kungazelelwe, kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-XNUMX, “emaphethelweni” e-Central Europe, kwavela izikole ezinkulu zezobuciko, ezingezamasiko esizwe kuze kube manje azange angene “emgwaqweni ophakeme” wokuthuthukiswa kobuciko bomculo. konke, noma wayishiya kudala. wahlala emthunzini isikhathi eside.

Lezi zikole ezintsha zikazwelonke - okokuqala kwazo zonke isiRashiya (okusheshe zathatha uma kungesona esokuqala, kwase kuba enye yezindawo zokuqala kwezobuciko bomculo bomhlaba), isiPolish, isiCzech, isiHungary, kwase kuba isiNorway, iSpanishi, isiFinnish, isiNgisi nezinye -. ukuthulula umfudlana omusha emasikweni asendulo omculo waseYurophu. Bamvulela ama-horizons amasha obuciko, bavuselela futhi bamcebisa kakhulu izinsiza zakhe ezivezayo. Isithombe somculo we-pan-European engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu lesi-XNUMX asinakucatshangwa ngaphandle kwezikole zikazwelonke ezintsha ezikhula ngokushesha.

Abasunguli bale nhlangano ngabaqambi abathathu abaqanjwe ngenhla abangene ngesikhathi esisodwa emhlabeni. Beveza izindlela ezintsha kwezobuciko be-pan-European, laba baculi basebenze njengabamele amasiko abo ezwe, beveza amanani amakhulu angaziwa aqoqwe abantu babo. Ubuciko obusezingeni elifana nomsebenzi kaChopin, uGlinka noma uLiszt bungakheka kuphela emhlabathini wezwe olungisiwe, ovuthiwe njengesithelo sesiko lasendulo nelithuthukisiwe elingokomoya, amasiko alo ochwepheshe bomculo, ongazange uzikhathaze, futhi uzalwa ngokuqhubekayo. inganekwane. Ngokumelene nesizinda sezinkambiso ezikhona zomculo okhokhelwayo eNtshonalanga Yurophu, imvelaphi ekhanyayo yenganekwane “engakathintwa” yamazwe aseMpumalanga Yurophu ngokwayo yenza umbono omkhulu wobuciko. Kodwa ukuxhumana kweChopin, Glinka, Liszt nesiko lezwe labo, yiqiniso, akuzange kuphele lapho. Imibono, izifiso nokuhlupheka kwabantu babo, ukwakheka kwabo kwengqondo okuvelele, izinhlobo ezisungulwe ngokomlando zempilo yabo yobuciko nendlela yokuphila - konke lokhu, hhayi ngaphansi kokuthembela kumlando womculo, kunqume izici zesitayela sokudala salaba baculi. Umculo kaFryderyk Chopin wawuwumfanekiso onjalo womoya wabantu basePoland. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi umqambi wachitha ingxenye enkulu yokuphila kwakhe kokudala ngaphandle kwezwe lakubo, nokho, nguye owayemiselwe ukudlala indima eyinhloko, ummeleli ohlonishwayo wesiko lezwe lakubo emehlweni omhlaba wonke kuze kube sekupheleni kwethu. isikhathi. Lo mqambi, umculo wakhe ongene ekuphileni kwansuku zonke okungokomoya kwawo wonke umuntu okhulisiwe, ubhekwa ngokuyinhloko njengendodana yabantu basePoland.

Umculo kaChopin washeshe waqashelwa umhlaba wonke. Abaqambi bezothando abahamba phambili, abahola umzabalazo wobuciko obusha, bazizwa benomqondo ofanayo kuye. Umsebenzi wakhe wawufakwe ngokwemvelo futhi ngokwemvelo ohlakeni lokuseshwa kobuciko okuthuthukisiwe kwesizukulwane sakhe. (Masingakhumbuli kuphela izindatshana ezibucayi zika-Schumann, kodwa futhi ne-“Carnival” yakhe, lapho u-Chopin ebonakala njengomunye “we-Davidsbündlers”.) Itimu entsha yezingoma zobuciko bakhe, okuyisici sakhe manje esiphuphayo, manje ukuphikiswa okumangalisayo, ukushaya isibindi solimi lomculo (ikakhulukazi i-harmonic), ukuqanjwa kabusha emkhakheni wezinhlobo namafomu - konke lokhu kwananela ukusesha kukaSchumann, Berlioz, Liszt, Mendelssohn. Futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo, ubuciko bukaChopin babonakala ngemvelaphi ethandekayo eyayimhlukanisa nabo bonke abantu besikhathi sakhe. Yiqiniso, imvelaphi kaChopin yavela emsuka kazwelonke-wasePoland womsebenzi wakhe, abantu besikhathi sakhe abazizwa ngaso leso sikhathi. Kodwa kungakhathaliseki ukuthi inkulu kangakanani indima yesiko lamaSlavic ekwakhiweni kwesitayela sikaChopin, akukhona lokhu kuphela ukuthi unecala lokuvela kwakhe okumangalisayo ngempela, u-Chopin, njenganoma yimuphi omunye umqambi, wakwazi ukuhlanganisa nokuhlanganisa ndawonye izinto zobuciko ezithi uma zibuka kuqala. kubonakala kuhlukanisiwe. Umuntu angakhuluma ngokungqubuzana kokusungula kukaChopin uma kungathengiswanga ndawonye ngesitayela esiyingqayizivele esimangalisayo, somuntu ngamunye, esikholisa ngokwedlulele, esisekelwe emikhunjini ehlukahlukene kakhulu, ngezinye izikhathi ngisho nangokwedlulele.

Ngakho-ke, isici esibaluleke kakhulu somsebenzi kaChopin ukufinyeleleka kwawo okukhulu, okusheshayo. Ingabe kulula ukuthola omunye umqambi omculo wakhe ongaqhudelana nokaChopin emandleni awo asheshayo futhi angena ngokujulile ethonya? Izigidi zabantu zeza emculweni okhokhelwayo “ngo-Chopin”, abanye abaningi abangenandaba nobuciko bomculo bebonke, nokho babona “izwi” likaChopin ngemizwa ejulile. Imisebenzi ngayinye kuphela eyenziwa ngabanye abaqambi - isibonelo, i-Fifth Symphony ka-Beethoven noma i-Pathétique Sonata, i-Sixth Symphony ka-Tchaikovsky noma ethi "Okungaqediwe" ka-Schubert - ingaqhathaniswa nokukhangayo okukhulu okusheshayo kwebha ngayinye ye-Chopin. Ngisho nangesikhathi sokuphila komqambi, umculo wakhe kwakungadingeki ulwe nendlela yawo eya ezilalelini, unqobe ukuphikiswa okungokwengqondo komlaleli ovamile - isiphetho bonke abasunguli abanesibindi phakathi kwabaqambi baseNtshonalanga Yurophu bangekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye ababelane ngalo. Ngalo mqondo, u-Chopin useduze nabaqambi bezikole ezintsha zezwe-yentando yeningi (ezisungulwe ikakhulukazi engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu leminyaka) kunezothando zanamuhla zaseNtshonalanga Yurophu.

Ngaleso sikhathi, umsebenzi wakhe ngasikhathi sinye ugqama ukuzimela kwawo emasikweni athuthukile ezikoleni zentando yeningi zekhulu lesi-XNUMX. Yizo kanye lezo zinhlobo ezidlale indima eyinhloko nesekelayo kubo bonke abanye abamele izikole zezwe lentando yeningi - i-opera, ezothando zansuku zonke nomculo we-symphonic wezinhlelo - azikho nhlobo emlandweni we-Chopin noma zithatha indawo yesibili kuwo.

Iphupho lokudala i-opera kazwelonke, eyaphefumulela abanye abaqambi basePoland - abanduleli bakaChopin nabaphila ngesikhathi - ayizange ibonakale kwezobuciko bakhe. U-Chopin ubengenayo intshisekelo ethiyetha yomculo. Umculo we-Symphonic ngokuvamile, kanye nomculo wohlelo ikakhulukazi, awuzange ungene kuwo nhlobo. ububanzi bezithakazelo zakhe zobuciko. Izingoma ezidalwe nguChopin zinentshisekelo ethile, kodwa zithatha isikhundla sesibili uma ziqhathaniswa nayo yonke imisebenzi yakhe. Umculo wakhe awufani “nenhloso” yobulula, ukugqama kwesitayela “se-ethnographic, okuyisici sobuciko bezikole zentando yeningi zikazwelonke. Ngisho nakuma-mazurkas, uChopin uhlukile ku-Moniuszko, uSmetana, uDvorak, uGlinka nabanye abaqambi nabo ababesebenza kuhlobo lomdanso wesintu noma wansuku zonke. Futhi kuma-mazurkas, umculo wakhe ugcwele lobo buciko obuthuthumelayo, lokho kuthuthukiswa okungokomoya okuhlukanisa yonke imicabango ayivezayo.

Umculo kaChopin uwumnyombo wokucwenga ngomqondo ongcono kakhulu wegama elithi, ubuhle, ubuhle obupholishwe kahle. Kodwa ingabe kungaphikwa ukuthi lobu buciko, obungaphandle kwesalon yezicukuthwane, bulawula imizwa yezinkulungwane eziningi futhi buthwale ngamandla angekho ngaphansi kwalowo onikezwa isikhulumi esikhulu noma isikhulu esidumile?

"I-salonness" yomculo kaChopin ingenye ingxenye yayo, ebonakala iphikisana kakhulu nesithombe esijwayelekile sokudala somqambi. Ukuxhumana kukaChopin nesalon akunakuphikiswa futhi kusobala. Akumane kwaqondana ukuthi ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX kwazalwa lokho kuhunyushwa kwe-salon yomculo kaChopin, okwathi, ngendlela yabasindile bezifundazwe, kwalondolozwa kwezinye izindawo eziseNtshonalanga ngisho nangekhulu lesi-XNUMX. Njengomdlali, u-Chopin wayengathandi futhi esaba isiteji sekhonsathi, empilweni wayehamba ikakhulukazi endaweni yezicukuthwane, futhi isimo esicwengekile se-salon yezwe sasihlala siphefumulela futhi samkhuthaza. Kuphi, uma kungenjalo ku-salon yezwe, kufanele umuntu abheke umsuka wokucwengwa okungenakuqhathaniswa kwesitayela sikaChopin? Ubuhle “nokunethezeka” besici sobuhle bomculo wakhe, ngaphandle kwemiphumela yokulingisa ekhazimulayo, nakho akuvelanga nje endaweni yekamelo, kodwa endaweni ekhethiwe yezicukuthwane.

Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, umsebenzi kaChopin uyi-antipode ephelele ye-salonism. Ukuphakama kwemizwa, amanga, hhayi ubuhle bangempela, ukuma, ukugcizelela ubuhle befomu ngezindleko zokujula nokuqukethwe - lezi zimfanelo eziyisibopho ze-salonism yezwe azifani neze noChopin. Naphezu kobuhle nokucwengisiswa kwezinhlobo zenkulumo, izitatimende zikaChopin zihlala zigcwele ukungathí sina okunjalo, zigcwele amandla amakhulu okucabanga nomuzwa kangangokuthi azijabuli, kodwa ngokuvamile ziyashaqisa umlaleli. Umthelela ongokwengqondo nengokomzwelo womculo wakhe mkhulu kangangokuthi eNtshonalanga waze waqhathaniswa nababhali baseRussia - uDostoevsky, uChekhov, uTolstoy, ekholelwa ukuthi kanye nabo wembula ukujula "komphefumulo wamaSlavic".

Ake siphawule isici esisodwa esibonakala siphikisana se-Chopin. Umdwebi onekhono elihlakaniphile, owashiya uphawu olujulile ekuthuthukisweni komculo womhlaba, ebonisa emisebenzini yakhe inhlobonhlobo yemibono emisha, wakuthola kungenzeka ukuziveza ngokuphelele ngezincwadi zopiyano kuphela. Akekho omunye umqambi, noma owamanduleli noma abalandeli bakaChopin, ozilinganisele ngokuphelele, njengaye, ohlakeni lomculo wepiyano (imisebenzi edalwe nguChopin hhayi eyepiyano ithatha indawo engathi shu kumagugu akhe okudala kangangokuthi ayishintshi isithombe njenge ngokuphelele).

Akunandaba ukuthi inkulu kangakanani indima yophiyano emculweni waseNtshonalanga Yurophu ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX, noma ngabe inkulu kangakanani inkokhiso eyakhokhwa kuyo yibo bonke abaqambi abaphambili baseNtshonalanga Yurophu kusukela ngoBeethoven, akekho kubo, okuhlanganisa nomshayi wopiyano omkhulu kunabo bonke. ngekhulu leminyaka, uFranz Liszt, akazange aneliseke ngokuphelele ngamathuba ayo acacile. Uma uthi nhlá, ukuzibophezela okukhethekile kukaChopin emculweni wepiyano kungase kunikeze umbono wokuthi unomqondo omncane. Kodwa empeleni, kwakungekhona neze ubumpofu bemibono obamvumela ukuba aneliseke ngamakhono ensimbi eyodwa. Ngemva kokuqonda ngobuhlakani zonke izinsiza ezivezwayo zepiyano, u-Chopin ukwazile ukunweba ngokungenamkhawulo imingcele yobuciko yaleli thuluzi futhi alinikeze ukubaluleka okuhlanganisa konke okungakaze kubonwe ngaphambili.

Okutholwe nguChopin emkhakheni wezincwadi zepiyano bekungengaphansi kwezimpumelelo zabantu besikhathi sakhe emkhakheni womculo we-symphonic noma we-operatic. Uma amasiko e-virtuoso opiyano lwe-pop avimbela u-Weber ekutholeni isitayela esisha sokudala, asithola kuphela ethiyetha yomculo; uma i-sonatas yepiyano ka-Beethoven, ngakho konke ukubaluleka kwayo okukhulu kwezobuciko, bekuyizindlela zokufinyelela eziqongweni eziphakeme zokudala zomculi we-symphonist okhaliphile; uma uLiszt, esefinyelele ukuvuthwa kokudala, wacishe washiya ukuqamba upiyano, ezinikela ngokuyinhloko emsebenzini we-symphonic; ngisho noma u-Schumann, owazibonakalisa ngokugcwele njengomqambi wepiyano, wakhokhela leli thuluzi iminyaka eyishumi kuphela, khona-ke kuChopin, umculo wepiyano wawuyikho konke. Bekuyikho kokubili ilabhorethri yokudala yomqambi kanye nendawo lapho izimpumelelo zakhe ezivelele kakhulu zabonakaliswa khona. Kokubili bekuyindlela yokuqinisekisa yesu elisha le-virtuoso kanye nomkhakha wokuvezwa kwemizwelo ejulile ejulile. Lapha, ngokugcwala okumangalisayo kanye nomcabango omangalisayo wokudala, kokubili uhlangothi lwemisindo "yenyama" olunemibala nemibala kanye nengqondo yefomu lomculo wezinga elikhulu kwatholakala ngezinga elilinganayo lokuphelela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye zezinkinga ezidalwe yiyo yonke inkambo yokuthuthuka komculo waseYurophu ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX, u-Chopin waxazululwa emsebenzini wakhe wepiyano ngokuthonya okukhulu kobuciko, ezingeni eliphakeme kunalelo elizuzwe abanye abaqambi emkhakheni wezinhlobo ze-symphonic.

Ukungahambisani okubonakala kungabonakala nalapho kuxoxwa “ngendikimba eyinhloko” yomsebenzi kaChopin.

Wayengubani u-Chopin - umculi kazwelonke nowomdabu, okhazimulisa umlando, impilo, ubuciko bezwe lakhe kanye nabantu bakhe, noma umuntu othandana naye, ogxile ekuhlangenwe nakho okujulile futhi ebona umhlaba wonke ngokuphindaphinda kwezingoma? Futhi lezi zinhlangothi ezimbili ezeqisayo zobuciko bomculo bekhulu lesi-XNUMX zahlanganiswa naye ngokulingana okuvumelanayo.

Yiqiniso, indikimba eyinhloko yokudala yeChopin yayiyindikimba yezwe lakubo. Isithombe sePoland - izithombe zesikhathi esidlule esibabazekayo, izithombe zemibhalo yezwe, impilo yesimanje yasePoland, imisindo yemidanso yesintu nezingoma - konke lokhu kudlula emsebenzini kaChopin ngentambo engapheli, kwakha okuqukethwe kwakho okuyinhloko. Ngomcabango ongapheli, u-Chopin angashintsha lesi sihloko esisodwa, ngaphandle kwalokho umsebenzi wakhe uzolahlekelwa ngokushesha wonke umuntu, ukunotha namandla obuciko. Ngomqondo othile, angase abizwe nangokuthi umculi wendawo yokugcina impahla "ye-monothematic". Akumangazi ukuthi u-Schumann, njengomculi ozwelayo, wakwazisa ngokushesha okuqukethwe kwenguquko yokushisekela izwe komsebenzi kaChopin, ebiza imisebenzi yakhe ngokuthi "izibhamu ezifihlwe ezimbalini."

"... Uma inkosi ye-autocratic enamandla lapho, eNyakatho, yazi ukuthi isitha esiyingozi silele kuye emisebenzini ye-Chopin, ngezingoma ezilula zama-mazurkas akhe, ngabe ivimbele umculo ..." - umqambi waseJalimane wabhala.

Kodwa-ke, kukho konke ukubukeka kwalo "mculi wesintu", ngendlela ahlabelela ngayo ngobukhulu bezwe lakubo, kukhona okufana kakhulu nobuhle babaculi bezingoma zothando zaseNtshonalanga. Umcabango nemicabango kaChopin ngePoland yembethe “iphupho lothando elingafinyeleleki”. Isiphetho esinzima (nasemehlweni kaChopin nabantu besikhathi sakhe esicishe saphelelwa yithemba) sasePoland sanikeza umuzwa wakhe ngezwe lakubo kokubili uhlamvu lokulangazelela okubuhlungu okungenakufinyelelwa kanye nomthunzi wokuthakasela okubabazekayo okuyihaba ngenxa yesikhathi sawo esihle esidlule. Kwama-romantics aseNtshonalanga Yurophu, umbhikisho ophikisana nempilo yansuku zonke empunga, ngokumelene nezwe langempela "lamaphilistina nabathengisi" waboniswa ngokulangazelela izwe elingekho lefantasy elihle ("imbali eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka" yembongi yaseJalimane uNovalis, ngoba "ukukhanya okungaphandle, okungabonakali yinoma ubani emhlabeni noma olwandle" yi-wordsworth yesiNgisi yothando, ngokusho kwendawo yemilingo ye-Oberon e-Weber naseMendelssohn, ngokusho kwesipoki esimangalisayo somuntu othandekayo ongafinyeleleki e-Berlioz, njll.). Ku-Chopin, "iphupho elihle" empilweni yakhe yonke kwakuyiphupho lePoland yamahhala. Emsebenzini wakhe awekho ama-motifs athakazelisayo, amanye amazwe, inganekwane-fantastic, okuyisici esivamile sama-romantics aseNtshonalanga Yurophu. Ngisho nezithombe zama-ballads akhe, ezigqugquzelwe ama-ballads othando ka-Mickiewicz, azinawo ukunambitheka kwenganekwane okubonakala ngokucacile.

Izithombe zikaChopin zokulangazelela izwe elingapheli lobuhle azizange zibonakale ngendlela yokukhangwa izwe lesipoki lamaphupho, kodwa ngendlela yokukhumbula ikhaya elingapheli.

Iqiniso lokuthi kusukela eneminyaka engamashumi amabili uChopin waphoqeleka ukuba ahlale kwelinye izwe, ukuthi cishe iminyaka engamashumi amabili eyalandela unyawo lwakhe aluzange lubeke unyawo emhlabathini wasePoland, ngokuqinisekile lwaqinisa isimo sakhe sengqondo sothando nokuphupha kukho konke okuhlobene nezwe lakubo. Ngokombono wakhe, iPoland yaba yinto enhle kakhulu, engenazo izici ezibucayi zeqiniso futhi ebonwa nge-prism yezingoma zomculo. Ngisho "nezithombe zohlobo" ezitholakala kuma-mazurkas akhe, noma cishe izithombe ezihleliwe zemibhikisho yobuciko kuma-polonaise, noma ama-canvases amangalisayo ama-ballads akhe, aphefumulelwe izinkondlo ezidumile zikaMickiewicz - zonke, ngezinga elifanayo njengelodwa. imidwebo yezengqondo, ihunyushwa nguChopin ngaphandle kwenhloso "ukubonakala". Lezi izinkumbulo ezinhle noma amaphupho ajabulisayo, lokhu ukudabuka okumangalisayo noma imibhikisho evuthayo, lena imibono edlulayo noma ukholo olukhanyayo. Kungakho uChopin, naphezu kokuxhumana okusobala komsebenzi wakhe nohlobo, usuku nosuku, umculo wesintu wasePoland, nezincwadi kazwelonke nomlando wawo, nokho akabonwa njengomqambi wohlobo olunenhloso, indawo yokugcina impahla edumile noma yaseshashalazini, kodwa. njengomculi wezingoma nomphuphi. Yingakho i-motifs yokushisekela izwe kanye nenguquko eyakha okuqukethwe okuyinhloko komsebenzi wakhe ayizange ifakwe ohlotsheni lwe-opera, oluhlotshaniswa nenhloso yamaqiniso yaseshashalazini, noma engomeni, ngokusekelwe emasikweni asendlini yomhlabathi. Kwakuwumculo wepiyano impela owawuhambisana kahle nenqolobane yengqondo yokucabanga kukaChopin, lapho yena ngokwakhe athola futhi wakha amathuba amakhulu okuveza izithombe zamaphupho kanye nemizwa yomculo.

Akekho omunye umqambi, kuze kube manje, oye wadlula intelezi yezinkondlo yomculo kaChopin. Ngazo zonke izinhlobo zemizwa - kusukela ekuncipheni "kokukhanya kwenyanga" kuya emdlalweni oqhumayo wezinkanuko noma amaqhawe e-chivalrous - izitatimende zikaChopin zihlala zigcwele izinkondlo eziphezulu. Mhlawumbe inhlanganisela emangalisayo yezisekelo zomculo we-Chopin, inhlabathi yakhona kazwelonke kanye nezimo eziguquguqukayo ezinogqozi lobunkondlo obungenakuqhathaniswa nobuhle obuhle obuchaza ukuthandwa kwawo okukhulu. Kuze kube yimanje, uthathwa njengomuntu oveza umoya wezinkondlo emculweni.

* * *

Ithonya likaChopin ekwakhiweni komculo okulandelayo likhulu futhi liyahlukahluka. Akuthinti kuphela umkhakha womculo wopiyano, kodwa nasemkhakheni wolimi lomculo (ukuthambekela kokukhulula ukuzwana emithethweni ye-diatonicity), nasemkhakheni wefomu lomculo (uChopin, empeleni, ubengowokuqala emculweni wezinsimbi dala uhlobo lwamahhala lwama-romantics), futhi ekugcineni - ku-aesthetics. Ukuhlanganiswa kwesimiso kazwelonke nenhlabathi ezuzwe nguye ngezinga eliphakeme kakhulu lobungcweti besimanje kusengasebenza njengendlela yokukhetha abaqambi bezikole zentando yeningi kazwelonke.

Ukusondelana kukaChopin ezindleleni ezakhiwe abaqambi baseRussia bekhulu le-1894 kwabonakaliswa ekwaziseni okukhulu komsebenzi wakhe, okwavezwa ngabameleli abavelele bomcabango womculo waseRussia (Glinka, Serov, Stasov, Balakirev). U-Balakirev uthathe isinyathelo sokuvula itshe lesikhumbuzo likaChopin eZhelyazova Vola ngo-XNUMX. Umhumushi ovelele womculo kaChopin kwakungu-Anton Rubinstein.

V. Konen

Ukwakhiwa:

yepiyano ne-orchestra:

amakhonsathi - No. 1 e-moll op. 11 (1830) kanye no. 2 f-moll op. 21 (1829), ukwehluka endikimbeni evela ku-opera kaMozart ethi Don Giovanni op. 2 (“Nginike isandla sakho, ubuhle” – “La ci darem la mano”, 1827), rondo-krakowiak F-dur op. 14, Amaphupho ngezindikimba zasePoland A-dur op. 13 (1829), i-Andante spinanato kanye nepolonaise Es-dur op. 22 (1830-32);

ama-instrumental ensembles:

i-sonata yepiyano ne-cello g-moll op. 65 (1846), okuhlukile komtshingo nepiyano kutimu evela ku-Rossini's Cinderella (1830?), isingeniso kanye nepolonaise yepiyano ne-cello C-dur op. 3 (1829), Idawo yekhonsathi enkulu yepiyano ne-cello enetimu evela ku-Meyerbeer's Robert the Devil, no-O. Franchomme (1832?), upiyano trio g-moll op. 8 (1828);

okwepiyano:

i-sonatas c op encane. 4 (1828), b-moll op. 35 (1839), b-moll op. 58 (1844), ikhonsathi i-Allegro A-dur op. 46 (1840-41), inganekwane ku-f minor op. 49 (1841), 4 amabala - G op encane. 23 (1831-35), F op enkulu. 38 (1839), i-op enkulu. 47 (1841), ku-F minor op. 52 (1842), 4 ihluzo - B op encane. 20 (1832), B op encane. 31 (1837), C op obukhali omncane. 39 (1839), E op enkulu. 54 (1842), 4 okungajwayelekile - As-dur op. 29 (1837), Fis-dur op. 36 (1839), Ges-dur op. 51 (1842), fantasy-impromptu cis-moll op. 66 (1834), 21 ebusuku (1827-46) - 3 op. 9 (B minor, E flat major, B enkulu), 3 op. 15 (F enkulu, F enkulu, G minor), 2 ukuphuma. 27 (C ebukhali encane, D enkulu), 2 op. 32 (H enkulu, A flat major), 2 op. 37 (G minor, G enkulu), 2 op. 48 (C mncane, F mncane ocijile), 2 op. 55 (F minor, E flat major), 2 op.62 (H enkulu, E enkulu), op. 72 ku-E minor (1827), C minor ngaphandle kwe-op. (1827), C ebukhali omncane (1837), 4 rondo - C op encane. 1 (1825), F enkulu (isitayela se-mazurki) Noma. 5 (1826), E flat major op. 16 (1832), C op enkulu. imeyili 73 (1840), Ucwaningo lwe-27 - 12 op. 10 (1828-33), 12 op. 25 (1834-37), 3 “okusha” (F minor, A major, D major, 1839); foreplay - 24 op. 28 (1839), C op encane ebukhali. 45 (1841); i-waltzes (1827-47) - I-flat major, E flat major (1827), E flat major op. 18, 3 awu. 34 (I-flat major, A minor, F major), I-op enkulu eyisicaba. 42, 3 awu. 64 (D enkulu, C ebukhali encane, A enkulu eyisicaba), 2 op. 69 (I-flat major, B minor), 3 op. 70 (G enkulu, F encane, D enkulu), E enkulu (cishe 1829), A encane (con. 1820-х г.), E encane (1830); Mazurkas - 4 op. 6 (F mncane ocijile, C ucijile omncane, u-E omkhulu, u-E omncane oyisicaba), 5 op. 7 (B enkulu, A minor, F minor, A enkulu, C enkulu), 4 op. 17 (B enkulu, E minor, A major, A minor), 4 op. 24 (G minor, C enkulu, A enkulu, B encane), 4 op. 30 (C minor, B minor, D enkulu, C ebukhali encane), 4 op. 33 (G encane, D enkulu, C enkulu, B encane), 4 op. 41 (C umncane obukhali, u-E omncane, u-B omkhulu, u-A oyisicaba), 3 op. 50 (G enkulu, A enkulu eyisicaba, C ebukhali encane), 3 op. 56 (B enkulu, C enkulu, C minor), 3 op. 59 (Omncane, Omkhulu, F omncane obukhali), 3 op. 63 (B enkulu, F encane, C ebukhali encane), 4 op. 67 (G enkulu no-C enkulu, 1835; G minor, 1845; A minor, 1846), 4 op. 68 (C enkulu, A encane, F enkulu, F encane), ama-polonaise (1817-1846) - g-major, B-major, As-major, gis-minor, Ges-major, b-minor, 2 op. 26 (cis-small, es-small), 2 op. 40 (A-major, c-minor), i-op yesihlanu encane. 44, As-dur op. 53, As-dur (pure-muscular) op. 61, 3 awu. 71 (d-minor, B-major, f-minor), flute As-major op. 43 (1841), 2 ikhawunta imidanso (B-dur, Ges-dur, 1827), 3 ama-ecossaise (D major, G major and Des major, 1830), Bolero C major op. 19 (1833); ngoba upiyano 4 izandla – ukuhluka kwe-D-dur (endikimbeni kaMoore, ayilondolozwanga), F-dur (yomibili imijikelezo ka-1826); amapiyano amabili - I-Rondo ku-C enkulu op. 73 (1828); Izingoma eziyi-19 zezwi nepiyano – op. 74 (1827-47, kuya emavesini ka-S. Witvitsky, A. Mickiewicz, Yu. B. Zalesky, Z. Krasiński nabanye), ukuhluka (1822-37) – esihlokweni sengoma yesiJalimane ethi E-dur (1827), Isikhumbuzo sikaPaganini (esihlokweni sengoma yaseNeapolitan ethi “Carnival in Venice”, A-dur, 1829), esihlokweni esivela ku-opera kaHerold. “Louis” (B-dur op. 12, 1833), esihlokweni sikaMashi wamaPuritan avela ku-opera kaBellini Le Puritani, Es-dur (1837), barcarolle Fis-dur op. 60 (1846), Cantabile B-dur (1834), Album Leaf (E-dur, 1843), lullaby Des-dur op. 57 (1843), Largo Es-dur (1832?), Funeral March (c-moll op. 72, 1829).