Umsindo womculo kanye nezakhiwo zawo

Umdlalo othi “4'33” ka-John Cage uyimizuzu emi-4 namasekhondi angama-33 wokuthula. Ngaphandle kwalo msebenzi, bonke abanye basebenzisa umsindo.

Umsindo emculweni uyini upende ukudweba, igama kumbhali, kanti isitini kumakhi. Umsindo uyindaba yomculo. Ingabe umculi kufanele azi ukuthi umsindo usebenza kanjani? Ukukhuluma ngokuqinile, cha. Phela umakhi angase angazazi izici zempahla akha ngayo. Ukuthi ibhilidi lizodilika akuyona inkinga yakhe, inkinga yabazohlala kuleli bhilidi.

Ingabe inothi C lizwakala ngasiphi imvamisa?

Yiziphi izici zomsindo womculo esizaziyo?

Ake sithathe intambo njengesibonelo.

Ivolumu. Ihambisana ne-amplitude. Lapho sishaya kakhulu intambo, lapho i-amplitude yokudlidliza kwayo iba banzi, umsindo uyoba mkhulu.

ubude besikhathi. Kukhona amathoni ekhompuyutha okwenziwa angazwakala isikhathi eside ngokunganaki, kodwa ngokuvamile umsindo uvela ngesikhathi esithile bese uyama ngesikhathi esithile. Ngosizo lobude besikhathi somsindo, zonke izibalo ezinesigqi emculweni zikleliswe.

Ukuphakama. Sijwayele ukusho ukuthi amanye amanothi azwakala phezulu, amanye aphansi. Ukuphakama komsindo kuhambisana nemvamisa yokudlidliza kweyunithi yezinhlamvu. Ikalwa nge-hertz (Hz): i-hertz eyodwa isikhathi esisodwa ngomzuzwana. Ngokufanelekile, uma, ngokwesibonelo, imvamisa yomsindo ingu-100 Hz, lokhu kusho ukuthi intambo yenza ukudlidliza okungu-100 ngomzuzwana.

Uma sivula noma iyiphi incazelo yesistimu yomculo, sizothola kalula ukuthi imvamisa kuze kufike ku-octave encane ingu-130,81 Hz, ngakho ngomzuzwana intambo iyaphuma kuya, yenza ama-oscillations angu-130,81.

Kepha lokhu akulona iqiniso.

Intambo Ephelele

Ngakho-ke, ake sibonise lokho esisanda kuchaza esithombeni (Fig. 1). Okwamanje, silahla ubude besikhathi somsindo futhi sisho iphimbo nokuzwakala kuphela.

Lapha ibha ebomvu imelela umsindo wethu. Lapho le bha iphakeme, umsindo uyanda. Uma uya kwesokudla kule kholomu, umsindo uyanda. Isibonelo, imisindo emibili ku-Fig. 2 izoba umthamo ofanayo, kodwa owesibili (oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka) uzozwakala uphakeme kunowokuqala (obomvu).

Igrafu enjalo kwezesayensi ibizwa ngokuthi i-amplitude-frequency response (AFC). Kuyisiko ukufunda zonke izici zemisindo.

Manje buyela entanjeni.

Uma iyunithi yezinhlamvu idlidliza iyonke (Umfanekiso 3), khona-ke izokwenza umsindo owodwa ngempela, njengoba kuboniswe kumfanekiso 1. Lo msindo uzoba nevolumu ethile, kuye ngamandla okushaywa, kanye nemvamisa echazwe kahle i-oscillation, ngenxa yokushuba nobude bentambo.

Singalalela umsindo okhiqizwa ukudlidliza okunjalo kwentambo.

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Kuzwakala kumpofu, akunjalo?

Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi, ngokwemithetho ye-physics, intambo ayidlidlizi kanje.

Bonke abadlali bezintambo bayazi ukuthi uma uthinta intambo phakathi nendawo, ngaphandle kokuyicindezela ku-fretboard, futhi uyishaye, ungathola umsindo obizwa ngokuthi. i-flagolet. Kulesi simo, uhlobo lokudlidliza kwentambo luzobukeka kanjena (Fig. 4).

Lapha intambo ibonakala ihlukaniswe kabili, futhi ingxenye ngayinye izwakala ngokwehlukana.

Kusukela ku-physics kuyaziwa: lapho intambo iba mfishane, idlidliza ngokushesha. Emfanekisweni wesi-4, ingxenye ngayinye imfushane ngokuphindwe kabili kunentambo yonke. Ngokuvumelana nalokho, imvamisa yomsindo esiwuthola ngale ndlela izoba phezulu kabili.

Iqhinga liwukuthi ukudlidliza okunjalo kwentambo akuzange kuvele okwamanje lapho siqala ukudlala i-harmonic, futhi kwakukhona nentambo "evulekile". Ukuthi nje uma intambo ivuliwe, ukudlidliza okunjalo kuba nzima kakhulu ukukubona, futhi ngokubeka umunwe phakathi, sikuvezile.

Umfanekiso wesi-5 uzosiza ekuphenduleni umbuzo wokuthi iyunithi yezinhlamvu ingadlidliza ngasikhathi sinye iphelele kanye namahhafu amabili.

Intambo igoba iyonke, futhi amagagasi angamahhafu amabili azungeza kuyo njengohlobo lwesishiyagalombili. Isibalo sesishiyagalombili sokushwibeka ku-swing sisho ukungezwa kwezinhlobo ezimbili ezinjalo zokudlidliza.

Kwenzekani emsindweni lapho intambo idlidliza ngale ndlela?

Kulula kakhulu: lapho iyunithi yezinhlamvu idlidliza iyonke, ikhipha umsindo wephimbo elithile, ngokuvamile ibizwa ngokuthi ithoni eyisisekelo. Futhi lapho izingxenye ezimbili (eziyisishiyagalombili) zidlidliza, sithola umsindo ophakeme ngokuphindwe kabili. Le misindo idlala ngesikhathi esisodwa. Empendulweni yemvamisa, izobukeka kanje (Fig. 6).

Ikholomu emnyama ithoni eyinhloko evela ekudlidlizeni kwentambo "yonke", elula iphindwe kabili kunomnyama, itholakala ngokudlidliza "kwesishiyagalombili". Ibha ngayinye kugrafu enjalo ibizwa ngokuthi i-harmonic. Njengomthetho, ama-harmonics aphezulu azwakala ethulile, ngakho-ke ikholomu yesibili iphansi kancane kuneyokuqala.

Kodwa i-harmonics ayinqunyelwe kokubili kokuqala. Eqinisweni, ngaphandle kokwengezwa okuvele kuyinkimbinkimbi kwesibalo-yesishiyagalombili ngokujikijela, intambo ngesikhathi esifanayo igoba njengamagagasi amathathu angama-half, afana namane, njengamahlanu, njalonjalo. (Umdwebo 7).

Ngokuvumelana nalokho, imisindo yengezwa kuma-harmonics amabili okuqala, okuthi kathathu, amane, amahlanu, njll. izikhathi eziphakeme kunethoni eyinhloko. Empendulweni yemvamisa, lokhu kuzonikeza isithombe esinjalo (Fig. 8).

I-conglomerate eyinkimbinkimbi enjalo itholakala lapho kuzwakala intambo eyodwa kuphela. Iqukethe wonke ama-harmonics kusukela kokuqala (okubizwa ngokuthi okuyisisekelo) kuya phezulu. Wonke ama-harmonics ngaphandle kweyokuqala nawo abizwa ngokuthi ama-overtones, okungukuthi ahunyushwe ngesiRashiya - "amathoni aphezulu".

Siphinde sigcizelele ukuthi lona umqondo oyisisekelo kakhulu womsindo, yile ndlela zonke izintambo emhlabeni ezizwakala ngayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngezinguquko ezincane, zonke izinsimbi ezifuthwayo zinikeza ukwakheka komsindo okufanayo.

Uma sikhuluma ngomsindo, sisho ngqo lokhu kwakhiwa:

UMSINDO = ITHINI YOMHLABA + WONKE AMA-OVERTON AMANINGI

Kungenxa yalesi sakhiwo ukuthi zonke izici zayo ze-harmonic zakhiwe emculweni. Izakhiwo zezikhawu, ama-chords, tunings, nokunye okuningi kungachazwa kalula uma wazi ukwakheka komsindo.

Kodwa uma zonke izintambo nawo wonke amacilongo kukhala kanje, kungani singahlukanisa upiyano kuviolin, nesiginci kumtshingo?

Isibindi

Umbuzo owenziwe ngenhla ungabekwa uqine nakakhulu, ngoba ochwepheshe bangakwazi ngisho nokuhlukanisa isiginci esisodwa kwesinye. Izinsimbi ezimbili zomumo ofanayo, ezinezintambo ezifanayo, umsindo, futhi umuntu uzwa umehluko. Ngiyavuma, akujwayelekile?

Ngaphambi kokuthi sixazulule lokhu kuxaka, ake sizwe ukuthi iyunithi yezinhlamvu ekahle echazwe esigabeni esidlule ingazwakala kanjani. Masizwakale igrafu ku-Fig. 8.

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Kubonakala sengathi kufana nomsindo wezinsimbi zomculo zangempela, kodwa kukhona okushodayo.

Akwanele "okungafanelekile".

Iqiniso liwukuthi emhlabeni azikho izintambo ezimbili ezifanayo ngokuphelele. Iyunithi yezinhlamvu ngayinye inezici zayo, nakuba i-microscopic, kodwa ithinta indlela ezwakala ngayo. Ukungapheleli kungase kwehluke kakhulu: ukujiya kushintsha ngobude bentambo, ukuminyana kwezinto ezihlukene, amaphutha amancane e-braid, ukungezwani okuguqukayo ngesikhathi sokudlidliza, njll. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umsindo uyashintsha kuye ngokuthi siyishaya kuphi intambo, izinto ezibonakalayo zensimbi. (njengokuthambekela kumswakama), indlela insimbi ebekwe ngayo maqondana nesilaleli, nokunye okuningi, kuze kufike kujometri yegumbi.

Zenzani lezi zici? Bashintsha kancane igrafu ku-Figure 8. I-harmonics kuyo ingase ingabi miningi impela, ishintshe kancane iye kwesokudla noma kwesokunxele, ivolumu yama-harmonics ahlukene ingase ishintshe kakhulu, ama-overtones atholakala phakathi kwe-harmonics angase avele (Fig. 9) .).

Ngokuvamile, wonke ama-nuances omsindo abangelwa umqondo ongacacile we-timbre.

I-Timbre ibonakala iyitemu elifaneleka kakhulu lezinto ezingavamile zomsindo wensimbi. Nokho, kunezinkinga ezimbili ngaleli gama engithanda ukuziveza.

Inkinga yokuqala ukuthi uma sichaza i-timbre njengoba senzile ngenhla, khona-ke sihlukanisa izinsimbi ngendlebe ikakhulukazi hhayi ngayo. Njengomthetho, sibamba umehluko engxenyeni yokuqala yomzuzwana womsindo. Lesi sikhathi ngokuvamile sibizwa ngokuthi ukuhlasela, lapho umsindo uvele uvele. Esikhathini esisele, wonke ama-sruns azwakala afana kakhulu. Ukuze uqinisekise lokhu, ake silalele inothi kupiyano, kodwa ngesikhathi sokuhlasela "esinqunyiwe".

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Ngiyavuma, kunzima kakhulu ukubona upiyano owaziwayo kulo msindo.

Inkinga yesibili ukuthi ngokuvamile, lapho kukhulunywa ngomsindo, ithoni eyinhloko ihlukaniswa, futhi konke okunye kuthiwa kubangelwa i-timbre, njengokungathi ayibalulekile futhi ayidlali noma iyiphi indima ekwakhiweni komculo. Nokho, lokhu akunjalo neze. Kuyadingeka ukuhlukanisa izici zomuntu ngamunye, njengama-overtones kanye nokuphambuka kwe-harmonics, kusukela esakhiweni esiyisisekelo somsindo. Izici zomuntu ngamunye zinomthelela omncane ekwakhiweni komculo. Kodwa isakhiwo esiyisisekelo - ama-harmonics amaningi, aboniswe ku-Fig. 8. - yilokho okunquma konke ngaphandle kokuvumelana okuhlukile emculweni, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yiziphi izinkathi, izitayela nezitayela.

Sizokhuluma ngokuthi lesi sakhiwo sichaza kanjani ukwakhiwa komculo ngokuzayo.

Umbhali - Roman Oleinikov Ukurekhodwa komsindo - Ivan Soshinsky