Ithebhu |

kusuka ku-lat. ithebula - ibhodi, itafula; ital. intavolatura, ithebhu yesiFulentshi, igciwane. Tabatur

1) Isistimu yokubhala nge-alfabhethi ephelelwe yisikhathi noma yezinombolo ye-solo instr. umculo owasetshenziswa ekhulwini le-14-18. I-T. yasetshenziswa lapho kuqoshwa izingoma ze-ogani, i-harpsichord (fp.), ilute, ihabhu, i-viola da gamba, i-viola da braccio, nezinye izinsimbi.

I-French lute tablature.

Kwakukhona izinhlobo ezahlukene ze-T.: isiNtaliyane, iSpanishi, isiFulentshi, isiJalimane. Imithetho nezinhlobo zethamborini kwakuxhomeke endleleni yokudlala izinsimbi; isibonelo, izimpawu ze-lute timbre azinqunywanga imisindo ngokwayo, kodwa ngama-frets, eduze nalapho izintambo zazicindezelwa lapho kukhishwe imisindo edingekayo; bese. kumathuluzi ahlukene ngesakhiwo, lezi zimpawu bezisho ukubola. imisindo.

Ithebhu ye-organ yakudala yaseJalimane

I-lute tablature yaseJalimane

Okuvame kakhulu noma okuncane kakhulu kubo bonke u-T. kwakuwukuqokwa kwesigqi ngezimpawu ezikhethekile ezibekwe ngenhla kwezinhlamvu noma izinombolo: ichashazi – i-brevis, umugqa oqondile – semibrevis, umugqa onomsila () – minima, udwi onomugqa ophindwe kabili. umsila () – isemiminima, enomsila kathathu () – fusa, enomsila ophindwe kane () – semifusa. Izimpawu ezifanayo ngenhla komugqa ovundlile zisho ukumiswa okwesikhashana. Lapho ulandela imisindo emifushane embalwa yesikhathi esifanayo ngekhulu le-16. yaqala ukusetshenziswa esikhundleni se-otd. izimpawu nge-ponytails umugqa ovundlile ojwayelekile - ukunitha, i-prototype yesimanje. “izimbambo”.

Isici esiphawulekayo sesigubhu somzimba kwakuwukuqanjwa kwezinhlamvu zemisindo. Ngezinye izikhathi, ngaphezu kwezinhlamvu, imigqa evundlile yayisetshenziswa, ehambisana namazwi athile e-polygoal. izindwangu. Kwendala. isitho T., esisetshenziswe cishe kusukela kukota yokuqala. ngo-1 c. (bheka iRobertsbridge Codex, eseLondon eBritish Museum) ekuqaleni. Ngekhulu le-14, igama lezinhlamvu lalihambisana namagama aphansi, futhi amanothi e-mensural ayehambisana namazwi aphezulu. K ser. ngo-16 c. hlanganisa ithebhula ebhalwe ngesandla ngu-A. Yleborg (15) kanye no-K. Pauman (1448), imigomo yayo echazwe ngokuningiliziwe ku-Buxheimer Orgelbuch (c. 1452). Eyokuqala ephrintiwe T. yavela ekuqaleni. Ikhulu le-1460 Ngo-16, umculi we-ogani waseLeipzig uN. Ammerbach washicilela isiJalimane esisha. isitho T., esetshenziswa cishe 1571-1550; imisindo kuyo yayisho izinhlamvu, futhi izimpawu zesigqi zazibekwe ngaphezu kwezinhlamvu. Ukuba lula kwesethulo kwenze kwaba lula ukufunda i-T. Uhlobo lokuqala iSpanishi. isitho T. sasungulwa isazi semfundiso-nkolo u-X. Bermudo; wabeka imisindo esuka ku-C kuya ku-a1700 emigqeni ehambisana no-otd. amavoti, futhi ngokufanelekile wamaka ngezinombolo. Esikhathini sakamuva se-Spanish organ T. okhiye abamhlophe (kusuka ku-f kuya ku-e2) baqokwa ngezinombolo (kusuka ku-1 kuya ku-1), kwamanye ama-octaves angeziwe asetshenziswa. izimpawu. E-Italy, eFrance naseNgilandi ngekhulu le-7. lapho kuphawulwa umculo wezinsimbi zekhibhodi, i-T., ehlanganisa izinhlelo ezimbili zomugqa, wesandla sokunene nesobunxele, yasetshenziswa. NgesiNtaliyane. kanye neSpanishi. i-lute T. izintambo eziyisithupha zihambisana nemigqa eyisithupha, lapho ama-frets aboniswa khona ngezinombolo. Ukukhombisa isigqi ngeSpanishi. T. usebenzise izimpawu ze-mensural notation, emi ngenhla kwemigqa, ngesi-Italian. T. – kuphela iziqu nemisila kuzo, zilingana ngenani lezincwadi. ubude besikhathi. Izintambo ezingenhla kulezi T. zazihambisana nababusi abaphansi, futhi ngokuphambene nalokho. Uchungechunge olulandelanayo lwemisindo ochungechungeni olunikeziwe lwaboniswa ngezinombolo: 17 (intambo evulekile), 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, X, . Ngokungafani ne-T. eshiwo, ngo-fr. lute T. zasetshenziswa preim. imigqa emihlanu (izintambo ezingenhla zihambisana nemigqa engenhla); owesithupha, umugqa owengeziwe, ezimweni zokusetshenziswa kwawo, wabekwa ngaphansi kohlelo. Imisindo imakiwe. izinhlamvu: A (uchungechunge oluvulekile), a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, k, 9.

IsiJalimane ilute t. kucatshangwa ukuthi iwuhlobo lwangaphambili kunalezi ezishiwo ngenhla; yayihloselwe ilute enezintambo ezi-5 (kamuva u-T. - yelute enezintambo ezingu-6).

I-lute tablature yase-Italy

Spanish lute tablature

Le T. yayingenayo imigqa, lonke irekhodi lalihlanganisa izinhlamvu, izinombolo, kanye neziqu ezinemisila ebonisa isigqi.

Phakathi kwemibhalo yesandla esekhona namakhophi emisebenzi erekhodiwe yi-organ nelute t., okulandelayo kuyaziwa. isitho T.: A. Schlick, “Tabulaturen etlicher Lobgesang”, Mainz, 1512; izincwadi zamathebhu ezibhalwe ngesandla ngu-H. Kotter (I-University Library e-Basel), incwadi yethebhu ye-I. Buchner ebhalwe ngesandla (i-University Library e-Basel kanye ne-Central Library e-Zurich) nezinye izinhlelo ngesiJalimane esisha. umculo we-ogani wenziwa ngu-V. Schmidt dem Dlteren (1577), I. Paix (1583), V. Schmidt dem Jüngeren (1607), J. Woltz (1607), nabanye. b-ka), V. Galilee (Florence, umtapo wezincwadi kaZwelonke), B. Amerbach (Basel, umtapo wezincwadi wasenyuvesi) nabanye. 1523; UFrancesco da Milano, “Intavolatura di liuto” (1536, 1546, 1547); H. Gerle, “Musica Teusch” (Nürnberg, 1532); "Ein newes sehr künstlich Lautenbuch" (Nürnberg, 1552) nabanye.

2) Imithetho ehlobene nefomu nokuqukethwe komculo kanye nenkondlo. suit-va Meistersinger futhi enqoba kuze kube sekupheleni. Ikhulu le-15; le mithetho yahlanganiswa ngu-Adam Pushman (c. 1600). Isethi yemithetho ayihlanganisayo yayibizwa ngokuthi T. Ukucula kwabaculi abadumile kwakune-monophonic futhi kungavumeli instr. abaphelezeli. Eminye imigomo ye-T. Meistersingers yaphinde yakhiqizwa u-R. Wagner ezingcezuni ze-opera ethi The Nuremberg Meistersingers, ezihlobene nemininingwane yokusebenza kwazo. icala. Bheka i-Mensural notation, Organ, Lute, Meistersinger.

Igama elithi "T". yabuye yasetshenziswa kwezinye izincazelo: isibonelo, u-S. Scheidt washicilela i-Tabulatura nova - Sat. umkhiqizo. nokuzivocavoca kwesitho; U-NP Diletsky uyisebenzise ngomqondo wencwajana.

References: Wolf J., Handbuch der Notationskunde, Tl 1-2, Lpz., 1913-19; его же, Die Tonschriften, Breslau, 1924; Schrade L., Izikhumbuzo ezindala kakhulu zomculo wezitho…, Münster, 1928; I-Ape1 W., I-notation of polyphonic music, Cambridge, 1942, 1961; I-Moe LH, Umculo wokudansa kumathebhu welute yesi-Italian aphrintiwe kusukela ngo-1507 kuya ku-1611, Harvard, 1956 (Diss.); U-Voettisher W., Les oeuvres de Roland de Lassus mises en tablature de luth, в кн.: Le luth et sa musique, P., 1958; Dorfmь1ler K., La tablature de luth allemande…, там же; Zcbe1ey HR, Die Musik des Buxheimer Orgelbuches, Tutzing, 1964.

VA Vakhromeev