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German Takt, kusukela lat. i-tactus - thinta

Kusukela ngekhulu le-17, iyunithi eyisisekelo yemitha emculweni, ingxenye yocezu lomculo oluqala nge-accent eqinile yemethrikhi. Ekubhalweni komculo, u-T. bahlukaniswa ngemigqa eqondile emi phambi kwalezi ziphimiso - imigqa yebha. Ngokomlando, u-T. uvela kumabhanke ahambisana nalesi sihloko. umculo womdanso wamabhithi afanayo, izikhawu phakathi kwazo eziseduze nezikhawu ze-inter-beat ze-pulse evamile, okulinganiswa ngokunembe kakhulu ngobukhulu ngokubona okuqondile. Emculweni wamadoda, “ukushaya u-T” wasendulo okunjalo. wanikeza imvelo. isilinganiso sobude benothi (i-Latin mensura, yingakho i-misura yesi-Italian ne-French mesure, okusho ukuthi T.). Ku-ars antiqua, i-longa yayihambisana nalesi silinganiso; kamuva mayelana nesingeniso se-polyphonic. umculo wobude benothi elincane, inani eliphelele elikhule, indima yeyunithi yokulinganisa idlulela ku-brevis; ekhulwini le-16, lapho igama elithi tactus liqala ukusetshenziswa, lilinganiswa nosayizi ovamile we-semibrevis. Njengoba ukwanda nokuncipha (“izilinganiso”) kungashintsha ubude besikhathi samanothi uma kuqhathaniswa nenani lawo elivamile (i-integer valor), kanye no-T. alla semibreve kwakukhona u-T. alla breve (ngenxa yokwehliswa kwesigamu, i-brevis yalinganiswa nenani elivamile le- semibrevis) kanye ne-alla minima (uma iphindwe kabili). Ngekhulu le-17, lapho i-T. yakhiwa esikhathini samanje. umqondo, i-semibrevis, esele “inothi lonke”, isalokhu iyiyunithi ehambisana nenani lika-T. ukwanda okwengeziwe kobude bayo, nokho, kuhlotshaniswa nokwelulwa kwe-T., i-to-ry ilahlekelwa inani lencazelo. izilinganiso zesikhathi. I-New T. ivamise ukuhlukaniswa ngamaphikseli abuthakathaka abe amasheya (imvamisa engu-4) noma izikhathi zokubala (i-German Zdhlzeiten), ngokwesilinganiso, cishe ehambisana nesikhathi ne-Mensural T., kodwa b. amahora, achazwe njengekota yenothi eliphelele (=semiminima).

Ukuguqulwa kuka-T. ukusuka kuyunithi yokubala ukuya eqenjini lamayunithi okubala (Gruppentakt, kugama elithi H. Schunemann) kanye nokushintshwa kombhalo wesimanje wokuya esikhathini kwaphawula ukuvela kwesigqi esisha, esasihlotshaniswa nokuhlukaniswa komculo ubuciko obuhlobene, ukuthuthukiswa kwe-instr. umculo kanye ne-instr. ngiphelezele ukuya ewok. umculo kanye noshintsho olukhulu emculweni. ulimi. Wed-century. ukucabanga kwe-polyphonic kwashintsha i-chordal, eyathola ngaphandle. ukubonakaliswa kwenothi ngendlela yamaphuzu, okwathatha indawo ngekhulu le-17. indlela endala yokubhala otd. amazwi, kanye nokuvela ekhulwini elifanayo le-17. ukuphelezela okuqhubekayo - basso continuo. Lokhu kuhambisana kuveza ngokucacile isici sokuphindaphinda kabili komculo omusha; kanye nokuphimisela kwe-melodic kubonakala ukuphinyiselwa kube izingxenye ezigcwele izincazelo. ukuvumelana, okuqala ngezikhathi eziqinile, ngokuvamile okuhambisana nesiphetho sezingxenye zomculo. Lezi zindlela zokukhuluma zilawulwa umculo omusha. imitha - T., engawuqedi umculo, kodwa, njenge-bass eqhubekayo, iyayichaza. Isibonisi semethrikhi. umugqa webha (otholakala ngezikhathi ezithile kuthebhu yenhlangano kusukela ekhulwini le-14, kodwa waqala ukusetshenziswa ngokujwayelekile ekhulwini le-17) awubonisi ukuma noma ukumiswa (njengomngcele womugqa wevesi), kodwa umugqa wemethrikhi kuphela. indlela yokuphimisa (okungukuthi, indawo evamile yokuphimisela, lapho, njengasemavesini ohlobo lwephimbo, ukuphimisela kwangempela kungase kungaqondani). Ngokungafani nazo zonke izinhlobo zemitha yevesi (kokubili okuhlotshaniswa nomculo kanye nosayizi bephimo abahlukanisiwe kuwo, lapho inani lokugcizelela lihlala lisebenza ukuze kunqunywe isilinganiso sevesi noma umugqa), kuma-muses ngokukhethekile. Kumitha, inkambiso ibhekisela kuphela ekugcizeleleni futhi ayinqumi usayizi wemisho nezikhathi. Kodwa metric. ukugcizelela emculweni kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunezinkondlo: esikhundleni sokuphikisa okulula kwamagama agcizelelwe (okunamandla) nangenawo ukucindezeleka (okubuthakathaka), i-T. yakhiwe ukulandelana kwezingcindezi ezihlukene ngamandla. Ku-4-beat T., i-1st share igcizelelwe kakhulu, i-3 inamandla ngokuqhathaniswa, kanti i-2nd ne-4th ibuthakathaka. Ukulandelana okunjalo kokucindezeleka kungabonakala kungakhathaliseki ukuthi amabhithi ngokuvamile athathwa njengalingana ayalingana ngempela, noma ukuthi lokhu kulingana kwephulwa yizo zonke izinhlobo ze-agogic. ukuchezuka, ukusheshisa, ukwehla, ama-fermats, njll. Umehluko phakathi kwamasheya awuvezwanga kakhulu ngokuzwakala okukhulu, kodwa ngokuqondisa kwezinguquko zawo: kumasheya aqinile, izinzuzo ziyisici. isiqalo esinamandla esilandelwa ukwehla kwevolumu, ngenxa yokushaywa okubuthakathaka - ngokuphambene nalokho, ukwanda kwevolumu (kanye ne-voltage).

Uhlelo lwe-accent ka-T. luyinto evamile, okumele i-accentuation yangempela ihlotshaniswe nayo, kodwa umkhawulo ungase ungabonakali ngomsindo. Ukulondolozwa kwalolu hlelo ekumeleleni kuqhutshwa lula, ikakhulukazi, ukuhlukaniswa okulinganayo kwamanani amanothi. Esigqini se-mensural esisuselwe esilinganisweni, ama-juxtapositions amanani angalingani (1 : 2) ayakhethwa, ngakho-ke amanani anonothi amakhulu kufomu lawo "eliphelele" alingana nezincane ezi-3. Ukubaluleka okwandayo kokuhlukaniswa kwamanothi “okungaphelele” ezingxenyeni ezi-2 ezilinganayo (kusukela ekhulwini le-14) kusivumela ukuba sicabangele le nkathi njengenguquko ukusuka kusigqi se-modal (bheka i-Modus), noma i-mensural ngendlela yayo emsulwa, ukuya kuwashi, lapho konke okuyinhloko. ubude benothi bakhiwa ngokuhlukanisa inothi lonke libe uhhafu, amakota, isishiyagalombili, ishumi nesithupha, njll. Isakhiwo “sesikwele” esinamabhithi angu-4, lapho amakota anquma khona izinga lomculo, libonisa okuyinhloko. uhlobo T., “usayizi ojwayelekile” (isikhathi esivamile sesiNgisi), igama elithi to-rogo (C) esibhalweni sokubonisa ukuthi libonisa i-tempus imperfectum (i-brevis = 2 semibreves, ngokuphambene nokuthi , okusho ukuthi tempus perfectum) kanye ne-prolatio minor (ukungabikho kwechashazi, ngokungafani и , ibonise ukuthi i-semibrevis ingu-2, hhayi ama-minimae angu-3). Ibha eqondile ngosayizi wenothi (), ebonisa uhhafu wazo zonke izikhathi futhi ilinganisa i-brevis nenani elivamile le-semibrevis, yaqala ukuqoka u-T. alla breve, lapho, ngokuhlukana kwebhithi engu-4, iyunithi ye-tempo yaba Futhi hhayi . Iyunithi ye-tempo enjalo iyinhloko. hhayi kuphela uphawu lwe-“big alla breve” (4/2), kodwa futhi oluvame kakhulu “i-alla breve” (2/2), okungukuthi 2-lobed T., ubude bayo abusalingani ne-brevis, kodwa inothi eliphelele (njengakusignesha yesikhathi sika-C). Ukuqokwa kwabanye osayizi be-T. ngendlela yezingxenye eziyinhloko. amasayizi nawo avela ekuqanjweni kwamadoda kwezilinganiso, okuthi, nokho, kuyiguqule ngokuphelele incazelo yawo. Ekubhalweni kokuya esikhathini, izilinganiso zishintsha ubude besikhathi samanothi ngaphandle kokushintsha inani lesikhathi, iyunithi yesikhathi; 3/2, ngokwesibonelo, kusho ukuthi amanothi ama-3 alingana nobude besikhathi namanothi amabili afanayo osayizi ojwayelekile (ngombhalo wesimanjemanje, lokhu kuboniswa i-triplet -

ngomehluko wokuthi ukuqokwa kokuhlangana kwendoda akuhlobene nokugcizelela futhi alikhethi inothi loku-1 leqembu njengeliqinile). Incazelo yewashi 3/2 uma iqhathaniswa ne-T. 2/2 () ayishintshi inani lobude benothi, kodwa inyusa u-T. ngesikhathi esisodwa nesigamu.

Njengomthetho, engxenyeni ebonisa ubukhulu be-T., i-numerator ibonisa inani lamasheya, futhi i-denominator ibonisa inani labo lomculo, kodwa kunezidalwa ezivela kulo mthetho. okuhlukile. Ngokwenani lamasheya, ngokuvamile hlukanisa i-T. elula nenkathi eyodwa eqinile (2- no-3-ingxenye) kanye neyinkimbinkimbi, ehlanganisa ezimbili noma ngaphezulu ezilula, ne-Ch. accent (inkathi eqinile) kweyokuqala yazo kanye nesesibili (inkathi enamandla ngokuqhathaniswa) kwezinye. Uma lezi zingxenye zilingana, u-T. wabiza. i-symmetrical (iyinkimbinkimbi - ngomqondo omncane), uma ingalingani - i-asymmetrical noma ixubile. Inkimbinkimbi (i-symmetry.) T. ihlanganisa u-4-, 6-, 9- no-12-beat, okuxutshwe - 5-, 7-beat, njll. Kulesi sigaba, idinominayitha yegama lewashi alinakwa nhlobo, Ngokwesibonelo. T. 3/3, 1/3, 2/3, 4/3, 8/3 zihlukaniswa njengosayizi wezingxenye eziyi-16. Umehluko, ngokusobala, awukho esikhathini sokushaywa kwesilinganiso (ku-L. Beethoven, ingxenye ehamba kancane ngesikhathi se-3/8 ingalandelwa ingxenye esheshayo ngesikhathi se-3/4, lapho yonke i-T. kuneyesishiyagalombili ye-tempo yangaphambilini), kodwa ngesisindo sayo (amanothi amancane, abonakala elula). Ngekhulu le-18 ukukhethwa kwenani lenothi yesigqi ngokuvamile kwakulinganiselwe kukota (tempo ordinario) nengxenye (tempo alla breve); ekubhalweni kosayizi onedinominetha ka-8, inombolo yayihlala ihlukaniswa ngo-3 (3/8, 6/8, 9/8, 12/8) futhi ayizange ibonise inani lezisekelo. amasheya anquma ijubane, kanye nokuphuma kwawo. ukuhlukaniswa ngo-3 (esikhundleni sokuhlukaniswa okujwayelekile). I-bipartiteness ye-T. 6/8 ibonakala ngokucacile ekuqhathaniseni (kanye kanye noma ngokulandelana) no-T. 2/4: kuyilapho kugcinwa i-tempo efanayo, ngokuvamile

; U-9/8 no-12/8 yi-3- kanye ne-4-beat T. (emculweni wakudala, inani lamabhithi ku-T. alidluli u-4). Esikhathini esingu-3/8, yonke i-T. (njenge-mensural T.) ivamise ukusebenza njengeyunithi ye-tempo futhi, ngakho-ke, kufanele yaziswe njenge-monolithic (ku-3 ivamise ukuqhutshwa nge-tempos ehamba kancane, lapho ukuthinta kombhidisi okwenziwa khona. ayihambisani namasheya amakhulu, kodwa izigaba zawo ezingaphansi). Izinombolo ezifanayo ezinedinominayitha engu-4 zingabonisa ukuhlukaniswa kwama-triplets ku-tempo alla breve: 6/4 ithi bh akuyona i-T eyinkimbinkimbi, kodwa inguqulo elula yezingxenye ezimbili, ezintathu . I-3/4 ingaba kokubili okuyingxenye engu-3 kanye ne-monopart: ku-tempos esheshayo ye-L. Beethoven, icala lokuqala livezwa ku-fugue kusukela ku-sonata op. 1 ( = 144), eyesibili - ku-symphonic ye-scherzo ( . = kusuka ku-96 kuya ku-132). Ukulingana T. 3/4 kanye ku-scherzo ye-symphonies ka-Beethoven yesi-3 neyesi-9 ( ... = = 116) ikhombisa ukuthi u-T. ngezinye izikhathi kungase kuqondwe njenge-monocot. Ngendlela efanayo, ngasebenzisa le notation I-AP Borodin engxenyeni ye-II ye-symphony yesi-2; kumaphuzu, u-ed. I-NA Rimsky-Korsakov kanye no-AK Glazunov yathathelwa indawo 1/1. I-Monocotyledonous kanye nezinye i-T. ezilula zivame ukuhlanganiswa zibe yi-“T. izinga eliphezulu” (ngezinye izikhathi lokhu kuboniswa amazwi omqambi, isibonelo “ritmo a tre battute” ku-scherzo evela ku-symphony ka-Beethoven yesi-9; bheka i-Art. Meter).

Esikhathini sothando, ukukhethwa kwamanani wenothi wezigqi kuyahlukahluka kakhulu. Ku-sonatas yokugcina kaBeethoven, amagama athi 13/16 kanye no-9/16 akhombisa ukuthi isigqi siyaba. ., kanye no-6/16 kanye no-12/32 esimweni sesi-2 kubonisa ukuthi engxenyeni engu-3 T., lapho amabhithi eyingxenye yesishiyagalombili, ukuhlukaniswa kwe-triplet kushintshaniswa ngisho nokukodwa (ushintsho olufanayo ku-intralobar pulsation ku-4- ingxenye T. ingaqokwa njengo-8/8 ngemva kuka-12/8, isibonelo ku-Liszt's Preludes). Ukwehlukahlukana okwandayo kuyasebenza nakunani lamasheya, okungasanqunyelwe kwamane. I-6/4 ingaba i-T. eyinkimbinkimbi yangempela, ehlanganisa kokubili izingxenye ezi-3 kanye nezingxenye ezintathu ezingu-2 (ezinezingxenye eziqinile ze-3 ne-5; ezifana ne-T. zitholakala ku-F. Liszt, SV Rachmaninov, IF Stravinsky). Amasayizi ahlanganisiwe (asymmetrical) nawo avela: 5/4 (inguqulo ye-triplet ingu-15/8, isibonelo, emikhosini kaDebussy), 7/4, njll. osayizi abaxubile abavamile. Kwesinye isikhathi i-asymmetrical yodwa. T. ahlanganiswe phakathi kwama-symmetrical njengokunwetshwa kwawo noma ukuncishiswa. B. amahora axutshwe T. amele inyunyana ka-2 T. (kwanele ukuqhathanisa u-7/4 ku-Dante Symphony ka-Liszt kanye nokushintshaniswa kuka-3/4 no-C ku-Faust Symphony yakhe). Ngakho-ke, i-T. exutshwe ijwayele ukuphenduka imishwana, lapho umugqa webha usebenza njengokuqokwa kwemingcele, hhayi amabhithi aqinile. Ukuhlukaniswa okunjalo ku-T. kuvame ukusetshenziswa lapho kuqoshwa umculo wezinye izigqi ohlelweni lwewashi. amasistimu, isibonelo. IsiRashiya. izingoma (“folk T.” Sokalsky), ezindikimbeni ezibolekwe abaqambi bezinganekwane noma ezenziwe isitayela njengazo (5/4 by MI Glinka, 11/4 by NA Rimsky-Korsakov, 9/8

unayo ku-Tale of the Invisible City of Kitezh, njll.). I-T.-phrases enjalo ingalingana ngenani lamasheya kuma-symmetries avamile alula noma ayinkimbinkimbi. T. (isibonelo, 2/4 ekugcineni kwe-symphony yesibili kaTchaikovsky). Ngaphandle komculo waseRussia, isibonelo isandulelo sikaChopin ku-c-moll, lapho i-T. ngayinye iyinkulumo lapho ikota ye-2 ayikwazi ukubhekwa njengesikhathi esiqinile, kanti i-1rd - njengesikhathi esinamandla.

References: U-Agarkov O., Ekwanele kombono wemitha yomculo, ku: Ubuciko Bomculo Nesayensi, vol. 1, M., 1970; I-Kharlap MG, Uhlelo Lwewashi kusigqi somculo, eqoqweni: Izinkinga zesigqi somculo, M., 1978; bheka futhi lit. ku-Art. Imitha, Metric.

MG Harlap