Lute: kuyini, isakhiwo, umsindo, umlando, izinhlobo, ukusetshenziswa

Insimbi yomculo yasendulo enezintambo, eyathola igama lenkondlo elithi “lute”, iqhathaniswa ngephutha abaningi abanegitala yesimanje noma i-domra. Nokho, inesakhiwo esikhethekile, umsindo nomlando oqukethe amaqiniso athakazelisayo.

Iyini iluthi

Ilute iyinsimbi yomculo yeqembu lezintambo ezihlutshiwe. NgeNkathi Ephakathi, yayinomzimba omise okwepheya namapheya amaningana ezintambo. Phakathi kwezizwe zama-Arabhu, wayebhekwa njengendlovukazi yezinsimbi zomculo, futhi ngenxa yomsindo wakhe opholile, wayenencazelo engokomfanekiso ezinkolweni eziningi. Ngokwesibonelo, kumaBuddha, ukudlala leli thuluzi kwakusho ukuzola nesimo sokuzwana ezweni labantu nonkulunkulu, kuyilapho kumaKristu kwakusho ubuhle basezulwini nokulawula amandla emvelo.

Esikhathini esidlule, ilute yayingenye yezinsimbi “zezwe” ezazidlalwa emiphakathini ehlonishwayo kuphela. Ngaphambili, bekunombono wokuthi “uyithuluzi lawo wonke amakhosi.”

Ukwakheka

Ngokuvamile, phakathi nomlando, ithuluzi alikashintshi isakhiwo salo sokuqala. Njengangaphambili, umzimba we-lute ufana nokuma kwepheya futhi wenziwe ngokhuni. Ngalezi zinhloso, i-cherry, i-maple noma i-rosewood isetshenziswa kaningi.

Idekhi inomumo we-oval, futhi ibuye ihlotshiswe nge-rosette eqoshiwe phakathi nendawo. Intamo ayilenga, kodwa itholakala endizeni efanayo nomzimba. Ngezinhlobonhlobo ezahlukene, ilute inezintambo ezine noma ezinhlanu. Akulula ukuyishuna, ngoba umculi kufanele achithe isikhathi esiningi ezama ukulungiselela i-Play.

Izwakala kanjani ilute?

Umsindo welute ufana ngezindlela eziningi nokukha isiginci, kodwa uma uqhathanisa lezi zinsimbi ezimbili, ungathola umehluko. Izwi lelute lihlukaniswa ukuthamba okukhethekile, okunzima ukukufeza lapho udlala isiginci. Futhi, abaculi abangochwepheshe baqaphela i-velvety timbre yensimbi yomculo nokugcwala kwezwi.

Ngenxa yamapheya amaningana ezintambo, umsindo welute uthola umlingiswa ohloniphekile nowothando. Yingakho abaculi babevame ukumdweba ezandleni zentombazane noma umfana.

Umlando wemvelaphi

Umlando womsuka welute awucaci kahle. I-prototypes yokuqala yensimbi yesimanje yayisetshenziswa ngenkuthalo eGibhithe, eGrisi naseBulgaria. Futhi, ezinye izinhlobonhlobo zatholakala ePheresiya, e-Armenia naseByzantium. Nokho, izazi-mlando azikwazanga ukuthola ukuthi ungubani umLuthier wokuqala.

Ilute yasendulo yaqala ukusabalala emhlabeni wonke ngenxa yabaseBulgaria, abayenza idume kakhulu eNhlonhlweni YaseBalkan. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngezandla zamaMoors, ithuluzi ladluliselwa eSpain naseCatalonia. Futhi kakade ekhulwini le-XIV, yasakazeka kulo lonke elaseSpain futhi yaqala ukuthuthela emazweni akhuluma isiJalimane.

izinhlobo

Kuwo wonke umlando welute, ukuklanywa kwayo kuye kwaba nezinguquko eziningi. I-Masters yashintsha ukuma kwecala, uhlelo, inani lezintambo, landisa usayizi. Ngenxa yalokhu, kunezinsimbi eziningi ezizimele emhlabeni, ukhokho wawo okwakuyi-lute. Phakathi kwazo:

• Sitar (India). Inemizimba emibili ezwakalayo, eyesibili etholakala ebhodini leminwe. Isici esihlukile se-sitar yinani elikhulu lezintambo, ezingu-7 zazo eziyinhloko. Umsindo ku-lute yaseNdiya ukhishwa ngosizo lwe-mizrab - umlamuleli okhethekile.
• Kobza (Ukraine). Uma kuqhathaniswa nethuluzi lokuqala, i-kobza inomzimba oyindilinga kakhudlwana nentamo emfushane enama-frets angu-8 kuphela.
• I-Vihuela (Italy). Umehluko omkhulu we-vihuela ukukhishwa komsindo. Ekuqaleni, kwakungeyena umlamuleli wakudala owawusetshenziselwa ukuwudlala, kodwa umnsalo. Ngenxa yalokhu, i-vihuela yayizwakala ihlukile kune-lute. Umzimba wayo uthole imidwebo yesiginci sesimanje, futhi ngenxa yendlela yokukhipha umsindo, kuthiwa ifakwe ekilasini lezintambo ezikhotheme.
• I-Mandolin. Ngokuvamile, i-mandolin ibukeka ifana kakhulu ne-lute, kodwa intamo yayo ifushane futhi inezintambo ezimbalwa ezibhanqiwe. Ukudlala le nsimbi, kusetshenziswa indlela ekhethekile - i-tremolo.
• I-Saz iyinsimbi efana ne-mandolin evamile phakathi kwabantu baseTranscaucasia. I-Saz inentamo ende nezintambo ezimbalwa kunezinye ezikhishiwe.
• I-Dutar iyithuluzi elisetshenziswa kabanzi phakathi kwezakhamuzi zase-Central and South Asia. Intamo ye-dutar yinde kune-lute, ngakho ububanzi bemisindo ekhiqizwayo bubanzi kakhulu.

Futhi, i-domra yaseRussia ivame ukubizwa ngokuthi uhlobo lwe-lute, ngoba. iyisibonelo se-balaika ne-mandolin.

Abadlali belute abaphawulekayo

Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, abantu abadlala i-lute bebebizwa ngokuthi abadlali be-lute. Njengomthetho, kwakungebona nje abaculi, kodwa futhi abaqambi. Abaqambi be-lute abadumile bahlanganisa uVincesto Capirola, uRobert de Wiese, uJohann Sebastian Bach nabanye.

Ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX, ukubaluleka kwelute kwehle kakhulu, kepha abadlali belute basaqhubeka nokujabulisa umphakathi ngokudlala kwabo. Uhlu lwabaculi besimanje abadume ngale nsimbi luhlanganisa u-V. Vavilov, V. Kaminik, P. O'Dett, O. Timofeev, A. Krylov nabanye. I-lutenists 'repertoire iqukethe amakhulu emisebenzi ehunyushwe ku-lute tuning, engazwakala kuphela ngezicucu eziyedwa, kodwa futhi kuma-ensembles.

Ilute iyinsimbi yasendulo enomlando ongaqondakali. Isebenze njengesibonelo sezinsimbi zomculo ezinezintambo eziningi zesimanje, ngakho-ke ukubaluleka kwayo emhlabeni womculo kukhulu kakhulu. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi i-lute ayifuni kakhulu emhlabeni wanamuhla, abaculi bayaqhubeka nokudala umculo kuwo, bekhulisa insimbi phakathi kwabalaleli.