Ihabhu: incazelo yomculo, ukwakheka, umsindo, umlando wendalo

Ihabhu libhekwa njengophawu lokuvumelana, umusa, ukuthula, izinkondlo. Enye yezinsimbi ezinhle kakhulu nezingaqondakali, efana nephiko le-butterfly elikhulu, inikeze ugqozi lobunkondlo nolomculo amakhulu eminyaka ngomsindo wayo othambile wothando.

Yini ihabhu

Insimbi yomculo ebukeka njengefreyimu enkulu engunxantathu okugxilwe kuyo izintambo ingeyeqembu lezintambo ezihlutshiwe. Lolu hlobo lwensimbi kufanele lube nakho kunoma yikuphi ukusebenza kwe-symphonic, futhi ihabhu lisetshenziselwa ukudala kokubili umculo ohamba yedwa nowe-orchestra ezinhlotsheni ezihlukahlukene.

I-orchestra ivamise ukuba nehabhu elilodwa noma amabili, kodwa ukuchezuka ezindinganisweni zomculo nakho kwenzeka. Ngakho-ke, ku-opera yomqambi waseRussia uRimsky-Korsakov "Mlada" 3 izinsimbi zisetshenziswa, futhi emsebenzini kaRichard Wagner "Gold of the Rhine" - 6.

Ezimweni eziningi, amahabhu ahambisana nabanye abaculi, kodwa kukhona izingxenye ezizimele. Abashayi behabhu bodwa, isibonelo, ku-The Nutcracker, Sleeping Beauty kanye ne-Swan Lake ka-Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky.

Lizwakala kanjani ihabhu?

Umsindo wehabhu unobukhazikhazi, uhloniphekile, ujulile. Kukhona into engaphandle komhlaba, yasezulwini kuyo, umlaleli unobudlelwane nonkulunkulu basendulo baseGrisi naseGibhithe.

Umsindo wehabhu uthambile, awushongo omkhulu. Amarejista awavezwanga, ukuhlukaniswa kwe-timbre akucacile:

• irejista ephansi ithulisiwe;
• medium - obukhulu futhi sonorous;
• phezulu - mncane futhi ulula;
• eliphezulu lifushane, libuthakathaka.

Emisindweni yehabhu, kunomsindo omncane owuphawu lweqembu elihlutshiwe. Imisindo ikhishwa ngokuslayida kweminwe yezandla zombili ngaphandle kokusebenzisa izinzipho.

Ekudlaleni ihabhu, umphumela we-glissando uvame ukusetshenziswa - ukunyakaza okusheshayo kweminwe entanjeni, ngenxa yalokho kukhishwa i-cascade yomsindo omangalisayo.

Amathuba we-timbre wehabhu ayamangalisa. I-timbre yayo ikuvumela ukuba ulingise isiginci, i-lute, i-harpsichord. Ngakho-ke, ku-Glinka's Spanish Overture "Jota of Aragon", umculi wehabhu wenza ingxenye yesiginci.

Inombolo yama-octave ngu-5. Isakhiwo se-pedal sikuvumela ukuthi udlale imisindo kusukela ku-contra-octave "re" kuya ku-4th octave "fa".

Idivayisi yethuluzi

Ithuluzi elingunxantathu liqukethe:

• ibhokisi le-resonant elingaba ngu-1 m ukuphakama, likhula libheke esisekelweni;
• umpheme oyisicaba, ovame ukwenziwa nge-maple;
• umzila omncane wokhuni oluqinile, oxhunywe maphakathi nebhodi lomsindo lonke ubude, onezimbobo zokuhlanganisa izintambo;
• intamo enkulu egobile engxenyeni engenhla yomzimba;
• amaphaneli anezikhonkwane entanyeni zokulungisa nokulungisa izintambo;
• irack yekholomu yangaphambili eklanyelwe ukumelana nokudlidliza kwezintambo ezinwetshwe phakathi kwebhodi leminwe neresonator.

Inani lezintambo zezinsimbi ezahlukene alifani. Inguqulo ye-pedal inezintambo ezingu-46, ezinezintambo ezingu-11 ezenziwe ngensimbi, ezingu-35 zezinto zokwenziwa. Futhi kuhabhu elincane kwesokunxele 20-38 wahlala.

Izintambo zehabhu ziyi-diatonic, okungukuthi, amaflethi nama-Sharps awagqami. Futhi ukwehlisa noma ukuphakamisa umsindo, kusetshenziswa ama-pedals angu-7. Ukuze i-harpist ihambe ngokushesha ekukhetheni inothi elilungile, izintambo ezinemibala eminingi zenziwe. Imithambo enikeza inothi elithi “do” ibomvu, “fa” – eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.

Umlando wehabhu

Lapho ihabhu livela akwaziwa, kodwa umlando wokuvela kwalo uhlehlela ezikhathini zasendulo. Kukholakala ukuthi umsunguli wethuluzi umnsalo ojwayelekile wokuzingela. Mhlawumbe abazingeli bakudala baqaphela ukuthi intambo yomnsalo eyeluliwe ngamandla ahlukene ayizwakali ngendlela efanayo. Khona-ke omunye wabazingeli wanquma ukufaka imithambo eminingi emnsalweni ukuze aqhathanise umsindo wabo ngendlela engavamile.

Umuntu ngamunye wasendulo wayenethuluzi lesimo sokuqala. Ihabhu lalijabulela uthando olukhethekile phakathi kwabaseGibhithe, ababiza ngokuthi "bahle", bahlobisa ngokukhululekile ngokufaka igolide nesiliva, amaminerali ayigugu.

E-Europe, ukhokho ohlangene wehabhu lesimanje uvele ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX. Yayisetshenziswa abaculi abajikelezayo. Ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX, ihabhu laseYurophu laqala ukubukeka njengesakhiwo esindayo saphansi. Izindela zangeNkathi Ephakathi nezikhonzi zasethempelini zazisebenzisa izinsimbi zomculo ezihambisana nokukhulekela.

Ngokuzayo, isakhiwo sethuluzi sazanywa kaningi, sizama ukunweba ububanzi. Yasungulwa ngo-1660, indlela evumela ukuthi ushintshe iphimbo ngosizo lokushuba nokukhululwa kwezintambo ngokhiye kwakungalungile. Kwathi ngo-1720, umpetha waseJalimane uJacob Hochbrucker wakha insiza yokunyathela lapho ama-pedals ayecindezela khona izingwegwe ezazidonsa izintambo.

Ngo-1810, e-France, u-Sebastian Erard oyingcweti wagunyaza uhlobo lwehabhu eliphindwe kabili elikhiqiza wonke amathoni. Ngokusekelwe kulokhu okuhlukahlukene, ukudalwa kwezinsimbi zanamuhla kwaqala.

Ihabhu lafika eRussia ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX futhi cishe ngokushesha laduma. Insimbi yokuqala yalethwa eSmolny Institute, lapho kwakhiwa khona ikilasi labashayi bamahabhu. Futhi ihabhu lokuqala kuleli zwe kwaba Glafira Alymova, isithombe sakhe sapendwa umdwebi Levitsky.

izinhlobo

Kunezinhlobo ezilandelayo zamathuluzi:

1. I-Andean (noma i-Peruvian) – idizayini enkulu enebhodi lomsindo eligqamile elenza irejista yebhesi izwakale. Insimbi yomculo wezizwe zamaNdiya zase-Andes.
2. I-Celtic (eyaziwa nangokuthi i-Irish) - umklamo omncane. Kufanele kudlalwe ngaye eguqe ngamadolo.
3. I-Welsh - imigqa emithathu.
4. I-Leversnaya - izinhlobonhlobo ngaphandle kwama-pedals. Ukulungiswa kwenziwa ngama-levers esikhonkwaneni.
5. I-Pedal - inguqulo yakudala. Ukuqina kwentambo kulungiswa ngokucindezela kwe-pedal.
6. I-Saung iyithuluzi le-arc elenziwe amakhosi aseBurma naseMyanmar.
7. I-Electroharp - yile ndlela izinhlobonhlobo zomkhiqizo wakudala onezithombe ezakhelwe ngaphakathi zaqala ukubizwa ngayo.

Amaqiniso Okuthakazelisayo

Ihabhu linomsuka wasendulo; emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka yokuba khona kwayo, izinganekwane eziningi namaqiniso athakazelisayo anqwabelene:

1. AmaCelt ayekholelwa ukuthi unkulunkulu womlilo nokuchuma, uDagda, ushintsha inkathi ethile yonyaka abe enye ngokudlala ihabhu.
2. Kusukela ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX, ihabhu beliyingxenye yezimpawu zombuso wase-Ireland. Ithuluzi lisejazini lezikhali, ifulegi, uphawu lombuso kanye nezinhlamvu zemali.
3. Kukhona insimbi eklanywe ngendlela yokuthi abashayi behabhu ababili bakwazi ukudlala umculo kanye kanye ngezandla ezine.
4. Ukudlala okude kakhulu okudlalwa umculi wehabhu kuthathe amahora angaphezu kwama-25. Umnikazi werekhodi ngu-American Carla Sita, okwathi ngesikhathi serekhodi (2010) wayeneminyaka engu-17 ubudala.
5. Ezokwelapha ezingekho emthethweni, kunendlela yokwelapha ngehabhu, abalandeli bayo babheka imisindo yensimbi enezintambo njengokwelapha.
6. Umshayi wehabhu odumile kwakungu-serf uPraskovya Kovaleva, owathandana naye u-Count Nikolai Sheremetyev wamthatha njengomkakhe.
7. Imboni yaseLeningrad eqanjwe ngoLunacharsky yaba ngeyokuqala ukukhiqiza amahabhu ngobuningi e-USSR ngo-1948.

Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo kuze kube namuhla, ihabhu belilokhu liyinsimbi yomlingo, imisindo yalo ejulile nethinta inhliziyo iyaloya, iyathakatha futhi iphilisa. Umsindo wakhe ku-orchestra awukwazi ukubizwa ngokuthi ngokomzwelo, unamandla futhi ubalulekile, kodwa kokubili ekusebenzeni yedwa nasekusebenzeni okuvamile kwakha isimo sengqondo somsebenzi womculo.