Consonance |

Ungwaqa wesiFulentshi, kusukela ku-lat. ungwaqa – umsindo oqhubekayo, ongwaqa, ungwaqa, ukuvumelana

Ukuhlanganisa ekuboneni amathoni omsindo kanyekanye, kanye nekhonsansa, okubonwa njengokuhlanganisa amathoni. Umqondo we-K. uphambene nomqondo we-dissonance. I-K. ihlanganisa i-prima emsulwa, i-octave, yesihlanu, yesine, enkulu kanye nencane ingxenye yesithathu kanye nengxenye yesithupha (ingxenye yesine emsulwa, ethathwe ngokuhlobene nebhesi, ihunyushwa ngokuthi i-dissonance) namaculo akhiwe ngalezi zikhathi ngaphandle kokuhlanganyela kwalezo ezihlukene (ezinkulu nezincane. kathathu ngezikhalazo zabo). Umehluko phakathi kwe-K. kanye ne-dissonance ubhekwa ezicini ezi-4: zezibalo., ngokomzimba. (i-acoustic), ezomculo nezomzimba kanye ne-muz.-psychological.

Ngokwezibalo, i-K. iwubudlelwane bezinombolo obulula kune-dissonance (umbono wakudala kakhulu wamaPythagoreans). Isibonelo, izikhawu zemvelo zibonakala ngezilinganiso ezilandelayo zezinombolo zokudlidliza noma ubude beyunithi yezinhlamvu: i-prima emsulwa - 1:1, i-octave emsulwa - 1:2, isihlanu esimsulwa - 2:3, yesine esimsulwa - 3:4, isithupha esikhulu - 3 :5, okukhulu okwesithathu ngu-4:5, okwesithathu okuncane ngu-5:6, okwesithupha okuncane ngu-5:8. Ngokuzwakalayo, i-K. iwungwaqa onjalo wamathoni, ne-Krom (ngokusho kwe-G. Helmholtz) ama-overtones awakhiqizi amabhithi noma amabhithi azwakala ngokubuthakathaka, ngokungafani nama-dissonances namabhithi awo aqinile. Kusukela kulawa maphuzu wokubuka, umehluko phakathi kokuhambisana nokungahlangani uwumthamo nje kuphela, futhi umngcele ophakathi kwakho awunangqondo. Njengomculo we-physiological isenzeko se-K. umsindo ozolile, othambile, osebenza ngokujabulisayo ezikhungweni zemizwa zomuntu obonayo. NgokukaG. Helmholtz, uK. unikeza “uhlobo olujabulisayo lokuvusa imizwa emnene nefanayo kwemizwa yokuzwa.”

Ngokuvumelana kumculo we-polyphonic, inguquko ebushelelezi ukusuka ku-dissonance ukuya ku-K. njengoba ukulungiswa kwayo kubaluleke kakhulu. Ukukhishwa kwengcindezi ehambisana nalolu shintsho kunikeza umuzwa okhethekile wokwaneliseka. Lena enye yezinkulumo ezinamandla kakhulu. izindlela zokuzwana, umculo. Ukushintshashintsha ngezikhathi ezithile kokukhuphuka okungama-disonant kanye nokwehla kongwaqa bama-harmonics. Amafomu kagesi, njengokungathi, "harmonic. umoya” womculo, ngokwengxenye ofana nesayensi ethile yezinto eziphilayo. izigqi (i-systole ne-diastole ekufinyezweni kwenhliziyo, njll.).

Ngokomculo nangokwengqondo, ukuvumelana, uma kuqhathaniswa ne-dissonance, kuwukubonakaliswa kokuzinza, ukuthula, ukungabi bikho kwesifiso, injabulo, nokuxazulula amandla adonsela phansi; ngaphakathi kohlaka lwesistimu yethoni enkulu-encane, umehluko phakathi kwe-K. kanye ne-dissonance ikhwalithi, ifinyelela izinga lokuphikiswa okubukhali, umehluko, futhi inobunikazi bayo. inani lobuhle.

Inkinga ye-K. iwumnyango wokuqala obalulekile wethiyori yomculo, ngokuphathelene nemfundiso yezikhawu, izindlela, iminyuziyamu. amasistimu, izinsimbi zomculo, kanye nemfundiso ye-polyphonic warehouse (ngomqondo obanzi - i-counterpoint), i-chord, ukuvumelana, ekugcineni kudlulele ngisho nasemlandweni womculo. Inkathi yomlando yokuvela komculo (ehlanganisa iminyaka engaba ngu-2800), nayo yonke inkimbinkimbi yayo, isengaqondwa njengento ehlangene, njengokuthuthukiswa kwemvelo kwama-muses. ukwazi, omunye wemibono eyisisekelo obulokhu kuwumqondo wokusekelwa okunganyakaziswa - umnyombo wongwaqa weminyuziyamu. izakhiwo. I-prehistory ka-K. emculweni i-muses. ukwazi isilinganiso se-prima emsulwa engu-1 : 1 ngendlela yokubuyisela emsindweni (noma emisindweni emibili, emithathu), eqondwa njengobunikazi obulingana nayo uqobo (ngokuphambene nokucwebezela kwasekuqaleni, uhlobo lwethoni yangaphambili yenkulumo yomsindo ). Ihlotshaniswa neK. 1:1 , isimiso sokuvumelana sizinzile. Isigaba esilandelayo sokwenza kahle i-k. kwakuwukuzwakala kwephimbo lesine elithi 4:3 kanye nelesihlanu 3:2, kanti okwesine, njengesikhawu esincane, ngokomlando kwandulela eyesihlanu, eyayilula ngokuya nge-acoustics (lokho okubizwa ngokuthi inkathi yesine). I-quart, i-quint kanye ne-octave ekhula kuzo iba abalawuli bokwakheka kwemodi, elawula ukunyakaza komculo. Lesi sigaba sokuthuthukiswa kwe-K. simele, isibonelo, ubuciko be-antique. IGreece (isibonelo esijwayelekile yiSkoliya Seikila, 1st century BC). Ekuqaleni kweNkathi Ephakathi (kusukela ngekhulu lesishiyagalolunye), kwavela izinhlobo ze-polyphonic (i-organum, i-gimel, ne-fauburdon), lapho izinhlobo zangaphambili ezahlakazeka ngesikhathi zaba kanyekanye (i-parallel organum ku-Musica enchiriadis, cishe ngekhulu lesi-9). Enkathini yasekupheleni kweNkathi Ephakathi, ukuthuthukiswa kwengxenye yesithathu neyesithupha (9: 5, 4: 6, 5: 5, 3: 8) kwaqala ngokuthi K.; eNar. umculo (ngokwesibonelo, eNgilandi, eScotland), lolu shintsho lwenzeka, ngokusobala, ngaphambi kwesonto lochwepheshe, elixhumene kakhulu. isiko. Ukunqotshwa kweRenaissance (ikhulu le-5th-14th) - ukuvunyelwa kwendawo yonke kwengxenye yesithathu nesithupha njengo-K.; ukuhlelwa kabusha kwangaphakathi kancane kancane njengengoma. izinhlobo, nakho konke ukubhala kwe-polyphonic; ukukhushulwa kongwaqa ongunxantathu njengento eyinhloko ehlanganisayo. uhlobo longwaqa. Izikhathi zanamuhla (ikhulu le-16-17) - ukuqhakaza okuphezulu kakhulu kongwaqa abanemisindo emithathu (u-K. uqondwa ngokuyinhloko njengongwaqa ongunxantathu ohlanganisiwe, hhayi njengokuhlangana kwamathoni amabili ongwaqa). Kusuka ku-con. Ikhulu le-19 e-Europe i-dissonance iya ngokuya ibalulekile emculweni; ubukhali, amandla, ukucwazimula komsindo wakamuva, inkimbinkimbi enkulu yobudlelwano bomsindo obufana nayo, kwaphenduka izakhiwo, ukukhanga okwashintsha ubuhlobo bangaphambilini phakathi kuka-K. kanye ne-dissonance.

Ithiyori yokuqala eyaziwayo ka-K. yabekwa phambili ngu-Antich. amathiyori omculo. Isikole sasePythagorean (ngekhulu le-6-4 BC) sasungula ukuhlukaniswa kongwaqa, okwahlala kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kwenkathi yasendulo futhi kwaba nomthelela eNkathini Ephakathi isikhathi eside. IYurophu (nge-Boethius). Ngokusho kwamaPythagoreans, uK. ubudlelwano bezinombolo obulula. Ibonisa umculo ojwayelekile wamaGreki. umkhuba, amaPythagoreans asungula ama-symphonies angu-6 (lit. – “ongwaqa”, isb K.): i-quart, eyesihlanu, i-octave kanye nokuphindaphinda kwe-octave. Zonke ezinye izikhawu zazihlukaniswa ngokuthi "ama-diaphoni" (ama-dissonances), okuhlanganisa. okwesithathu nesithupha. K. zalungisiswa ngokwezibalo (ngokwesilinganiso sobude bentambo ku-monochord). UDkt umbono we-K. uvela ku-Aristoxenus kanye nesikole sakhe, abaphikisana ngokuthi u-K. isimo sengqondo esimnandi. Kokubili kwakudala. imiqondo ngokuyisisekelo iyaphelelisana, ibeka izisekelo zomzimba nezezibalo. nomculo-ngokwengqondo. amagatsha etiyetha. umculo wezomculo. Izazi zemibono yeNkathi Ephakathi zangaphambili zabelana ngemibono yabantu basendulo. Kuphela ngekhulu le-13, ngasekupheleni kweNkathi Ephakathi, lapho ungwaqa wengxenye yesithathu eyabhalwa okokuqala yisayensi ( concordantia imperfecta kaJohannes de Garlandia Omdala noFranco waseCologne). Lo mngcele phakathi kongwaqa (okwesithupha basheshe bafakwa phakathi kwabo) kanye nama-dissonances uye walondolozwa ngokomthetho ngokombono kuze kube manje. I-triad njengohlobo luka-triad yanqotshwa kancane kancane ngethiyori yomculo (inhlanganisela yabathathu abaphelele nabangaphelele kaW. Odington, c. 1300; ukuqashelwa konxantathu njengohlobo olukhethekile lobunye nguTsarlino, 1558). Ngokuvumelana nokuchazwa konxantathu njengo k. inikezwa kuphela ezimfundisweni zokuvumelana kwesikhathi esisha (lapho k. yamachords athatha indawo yangaphambili k. kwezikhawu). J. F. U-Rameau ube ngowokuqala ukunikeza izizathu ezibanzi ze-triad-K. njengesisekelo somculo. Ngokusho kwe-functional theory (M. Hauptmann, G. Helmholtz, X. Riemann), K. ihlelwe ngokwemvelo. imithetho yokuhlanganisa imisindo eminingana ibe ubunye, futhi izinhlobo ezimbili kuphela zongwaqa (Klang) zingenzeka: 1) main. iphimbo, ithoni ephezulu yesihlanu nangaphezulu enkulu yesithathu (unxantathu omkhulu) kanye no-2) oyinhloko. iphimbo, ithoni ephansi yesihlanu kanye nephansi yesithathu enkulu (unxantathu omncane). Imisindo yefomu elingunxantathu omkhulu noma omncane K. kuphela lapho kucatshangwa ukuthi angawongwaqa ofanayo - kungaba u-T, noma u-D, noma u-S. Ongwaqa abazwakalayo, kodwa abangongwaqa abahlukene (ngokwesibonelo, u-d1 – f1 ku-C-dur) , ngokuka-Riemann, bakha kuphela “ongwaqa abacatshangelwayo” (lapha, ngokucacile okuphelele, umehluko phakathi kwezici zomzimba nezokuphila zika-K. , ngakolunye uhlangothi, kanye nezengqondo, ngakolunye, kwembulwa). Mnu. ama-theorists ekhulu lama-20, okubonisa isimanje. lawo magama. umkhuba, idluliselwe dissonance imisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu yobuciko — ilungelo isicelo mahhala (ngaphandle kokulungiselela kanye nemvume), ikhono ukuphetha ukwakhiwa kanye wonke umsebenzi. A. I-Schoenberg iqinisekisa ukuhlobana komngcele phakathi kwe-K. kanye ne-dissonance; umbono ofanayo wathuthukiswa ngokuningiliziwe nguP. I-Hindemith. B. L. U-Yavorsky wayengomunye wabokuqala ukuphika ngokuphelele lo mngcele. B. V. U-Asafiev ugxeke kakhulu umehluko phakathi kuka-K.

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Yu. N. Kholopov