Isimanje

I-French modernisme, kusukela ku-modern - yakamuva, yesimanje

Incazelo isetshenziswa kwinani lobuciko. imisinga yekhulu lama-20, isici esivamile lapho ikhefu elinqumayo noma elincane elinobuhle. imikhuba namasiko classical. icala. Ezigabeni zomlando kumqondo we-M. i-decomp etshaliwe. incazelo. Ekupheleni kwe-19 - ekuqaleni. Ekhulwini lama-20, lapho le ncazelo iqala ukusetshenziswa, yasetshenziswa emsebenzini wabaqambi abanjengoDebussy, Ravel, R. Strauss. Kusuka ku-Ser. Ikhulu lama-20 ngaphansi kwe-M. ngokuvamile liqonda izenzakalo zesimanje. umculo othi “avant-garde” (bheka. Avant-gardism), abameleli bawo abangagcini nje ngokwenqaba uDebussy noStrauss, kodwa futhi uSchoenberg noBerg njengabakhulumeli abaphelelwe yisikhathi “bombono wezwe wothando.” Ezinye izikhova. abagxeki bezobuciko baphakamise ukulahla igama elithi “M.” ngenxa yobubanzi nokwandiswa kwayo ngokweqile. Noma kunjalo, igcinwe ezikhovani. kanye nezarub. ukukhanya kwethiyori mayelana nesimangalo; phakathi 60-70s. Kuye kwenziwa imizamo eminingana ukucacisa nokufingqa incazelo yalo.

Ekugxekeni kwangaphambi kokuguquguquka kwesiRashiya kwegama elithi "M". ingahunyushwa. amahora ku-etymological eqondile. okusho ukuthi "amandla emfashini", elawula ukulwela. ukushintsha kokuthandayo nobuciko. imisinga, ukungaqhubeki, ukunganaki okwedlule. N. Yebo. UMyaskovsky wamelana ne-M. njengokunamathela okukha phezulu emfashinini yesikhashana eya kweqiniso, ephilayo. emisha. UMyaskovsky nabanye abamelene no-M. bakwazi ukubona kahle ukuthambekela okungekuhle okubonakala kumanxiwa. claim-ve kusukela ekuqaleni. Ikhulu lama-20 u-X. Stuckenschmidt wakhuphula ukuphishekela okuqhubekayo kwezinto ezintsha ezisemthethweni, eziphuma emfashinini ngokushesha njengoba ziqala ukuba khona, zaba isimiso esithile esiyisibopho emhlabeni wonke sokuthuthukiswa komculo: “Kubo bonke ubuciko, umculo ubonakala ungowokudlula zonke. ephemeral … Ukuzwa ngaphezu kweminye imizwa isidingo sokuhlale ujatshuliswa izilobo ezintsha, futhi lokho akutholayo okumkhangayo namuhla kuzomdumaza kakade kusasa.

Kodwa lokhu kungazinzi nokungaguquguquki kobuhle. imibandela edala ushintsho olushisa kakhulu kumasu asemthethweni nezindlela zokuqamba isebenza kuphela njengokubonakaliswa kwangaphandle kwezinqubo ezijulile zemibono. Emlandweni wobuciko we-Marxist-Leninist, ubuciko bubhekwa njengento ehlobene nenhlekelele yonxiwankulu. isiko ngesikhathi se-imperialism kanye nezinguquko ze-proletarian. Isici esiyinhloko sobuciko besimanje ukuhlukana komdwebi nomphakathi, ukuhlukaniswa namandla adala umlando futhi aguqule ubuciko besimanje ngenkuthalo. okungokoqobo. Ngalesi sisekelo, kukhona ukuthambekela kwe-elitism, subjectivism, pessimism. ukungabaza kanye nokungakholelwa ekuthuthukeni komphakathi. Akwenzeki ukuthi kubhekwe bonke abaculi besimanje njengabakhulumeli bonxiwankulu abaqondile nabanonembeza. imibono, ukubanikeza izimfanelo ezinjengokungahloniphi, ukuziphatha okubi, ihlelo lonya nobudlova. Phakathi kwabo kukhona abantu abaqotho abagxeka izinto eziningi zonxiwankulu. iqiniso, ukulahla ukungabi namthetho kwezenhlalakahle, ukuzenzisa "balabo abaphethe", ukucindezelwa kwamakholoni kanye nempi. Kodwa-ke, ukubhikisha kwabo kuthatha uhlobo lokuzihlukanisa noma i-anarchism. ukuhlubuka kobuntu, okuholela ekubambeni iqhaza ngenkuthalo emzabalazweni womphakathi. Okwe-M. ekuwohlokeni. ukubonakaliswa kwayo kubonakala ngokulahlekelwa ubuqotho bombono wezwe, ukungakwazi ukudala isithombe esibanzi, esijwayelekile somhlaba. Lesi sici besesivele siyisici sobuciko obunjalo. izikhombisi-ndlela con. 19 - cela. Ikhulu lama-20 njenge-impressionism kanye ne-expressionism. Ukuhlukaniswa okukhulayo komuntu ngamunye esikhathini samanje. umphakathi wobunxiwankulu uvame ukuholela ekuveleni kwendalo embi kabuhlungu yesimanje-mbumbulu, lapho ukuwa komqondo kuhlanganisa nokuwa okuphelele kobuciko. amafomu.

Emnyangweni wamaciko, izici zesimanje zingahlanganiswa nezinto ezinhle, eziqhubekayo. Ngezinye izikhathi lezi zici zinqotshwa umdwebi ngesikhathi sokuthuthuka, futhi uthatha isikhundla somuntu wangempela othuthukile. icala. Phakathi nenkathi yamaphutha aqinile ezikhovani. umlando wezobuciko ngokuvamile awuzange ucabangele ukungahambisani kwezindlela zesimanje. icala, okwaholela ekunqatshweni ngokungakhethi izindlela eziningi. impumelelo yekhulu lama-20. Amaciko athile amakhulu aye abhaliswa ngaphandle kwemibandela ekamu lama-modernists asabelayo, umsebenzi wawo umele ubuciko obungenakuphikwa. ukubaluleka naphezu kokungahambisani kwemibono yayo kanye nobuhle bayo. okuyisisekelo. Kuyiphutha futhi ukuthola ukuthi ungowakwa-M. ngezizathu ezisemthethweni kuphela. Amasu ahlukene kanye nezindlela zobuciko. ukuzwakalisa kungase kwenze izinjongo ezihlukene futhi kuzuze ukubola. incazelo kuye ngengqikithi asetshenziswa kuyo. I-M. iwumqondo wokuhleleka kobuhle nemibono, esekelwe ngokuyinhloko esimweni sengqondo somculi emhlabeni, eqinisweni elimzungezile. I-hypertrophy yesiqalo esisemthethweni, esitholakala enanini lesimanje. imisinga yomculo entshonalanga, kuwumphumela wokucekelwa phansi kwekhono lokuhlanganisa lobuciko. ukucabanga. Indlela yangasese, ehlukanisiwe nokuxhumana okuvamile, iba yisisekelo sokudala okukude, okunengqondo. amasistimu wokuqamba, njengomthetho, ahlala isikhathi esifushane futhi ashintshwa ngokushesha amanye, njengezinto zokwenziwa futhi azikwazi ukusebenza. Ngakho-ke ukuchichima kwazo zonke izinhlobo zamaqembu amancane nezikole zesimanje. I-“avant-garde”, ebonakala ngokungabekezelelani okwedlulele kanye nokuhluka kwezikhundla.

I-exponent evelele kakhulu ye-ideology ye-Muses. M. phakathi. Ikhulu lama-20 kwakunguT. Adorno. Wavikela izikhundla ze-elitist encane, ubuciko obuhlukanisiwe, eveza isimo somzwangedwa ojulile, ukungabi nathemba nokwesaba iqiniso, ethi esikhathini sethu kuphela ubuciko obunjalo obungaba "yiqiniso", okudlulisa umuzwa wokudideka komuntu umhlaba omzungezile futhi ubiyelwe ngokuphelele kunoma yimiphi imisebenzi yomphakathi. U-Adorno wayebheka umsebenzi wabaqambi be "New Viennese School" A. Schoenberg, A. Berg, A. Webern njengesibonelo sesimangalo esinjalo. Kusuka ku-Ser. 60s ezimemezelweni zetiyori kanye nokudala. zijwayeze zarub. umculo "i-avant-garde" ngokuqhubekayo uqinisekisa ukuthambekela okuphambene - ukuqeda "ibanga" elihlukanisa ubuciko nokuphila, ukuqondisa, ithonya elisebenzayo ezithamelini. Kodwa lokhu "kungena empilweni" kuqondwa ngaphandle nangokwemishini, njengokwethulwa kwezinto "zemidlalo yaseshashalazini" ekusebenzeni komculo, ukufiphala komugqa phakathi kwemisindo yomculo nengekhona yomculo, njll. "Ubuciko" obunjalo buhlala bulungile. njengehlukanisiwe futhi ikude nemisebenzi ephuthumayo yesikhathi sethu. . Indlela yokuphuma embuthanweni ononya wemibono yesimanje kungenzeka kuphela endleleni yokufinyelela izithakazelo zangempela ezibalulekile zabantu ababanzi. uquqaba nezinkinga zangempela zezinsuku zethu.

References: Imibuzo yomculo wesimanje, L., 1963; Shneerson G., Mayelana nomculo uphila futhi ufile, M., 1964; Izinkinga zesimanje zeqiniso kanye nesimanjemanje, M., 1965; Isimanjemanje. Ukuhlaziywa nokugxekwa kwezikhombisi-ndlela eziyinhloko, M., 1969; U-Lifshitz M., I-Modernism njenge-Phenomenon ye-Modern Bourgeois Ideology, i-Kommunist, i-1969, ye-16; The Crisis of Bourgeois Culture and Music, vol. 1-2, M., 1972-73.

Yu.V. I-Keldysh

Umqondo okhomba ingqikithi ye-decadent-formalistic. imisinga kwezobuciko be-con. Ikhulu le-19-20 Ekuqaleni kwavela esithombeni. ubuciko ukubhekisela kuzitayela ezifana ne-expressionism, i-cubism, i-futurism, i-surrealism, i-abstractionism, njll. Ubuciko bubonakala nge-subjectivism kanye nokuzimela komuntu ngamunye, ukuhleleka kanye nokubola kobuciko. isithombe. Ku-ballet, izici zika-M. zithole ukuvezwa kokwehliswa ubuntu kanye ne-formalism, ekuphikeni kwe-classical. umdanso, ukuhlanekezelwa kwemvelo. ukunyakaza kwabantu. umzimba, enkolweni yokubi nesisekelo, ekuhlakazweni komdanso. umfanekiso (ikakhulukazi, emizamweni yokudala imidanso emibi ngaphandle komculo). Ephawula “ukungabi ngokwemvelo” kwemidanso yesimanje, u-MM Fokin wabhala: “Labo abafuna ukuzenza njengabaqambi abasha bayadansa, babe i-modernist, abaqhutshwa umfutho owodwa - ukuba bahluke kwabanye ... Lena ingozi enkulu yokuhlanekezela umuntu, ukufaka amakhono abuhlungu, ukulahlekelwa imizwa yeqiniso "("Against the Current", 1962, pp. 424-25).

Ukuphika okungokoqobo kanye nokwakudala. amasiko, ecekela phansi uhlelo lwakudala. ukudansa, i-M. ngesimo sayo esihlanzekile kungaholela ekubuneni kobuciko, ukuvela kokulwa nobuciko. Ngakho-ke, umsebenzi wabaculi abakhulu nabanekhono abaye babhekana nethonya lika-M., awukhawulelwe kulawa mathonya, awuqedi ingqikithi yawo.

Imiqondo ka-M. nomdanso wesimanje awufani, nakuba ixhumene. Abanye abameleli bomdanso wesimanje bathonywe izitayela zesimanje: i-expressionism, i-abstractionism, i-constructivism, i-surrealism. Naphezu kwala mathonya, ubuciko babo, ezibonelweni zabo ezinhle kakhulu, bahlala bethembekile eqinisweni lokuphila. Ngakho-ke, ngaphakathi komdanso wesimanje, kwenziwa imidanso yepulasitiki yangasese. ukunqoba okungase kuhlanganiswe nohlelo lomdanso we-classical futhi kuwucebise ngesisekelo sokudalwa kobuciko beqiniso. izithombe.

I-Ballet. I-Encyclopedia, SE, 1981