Ikhonsathi |

I-German Konzert, evela e-Italian. ikhonsathi - ikhonsathi, ikhanya. - ukuncintisana (amavoti), kusukela ku-lat. ikhonsathi - ukuncintisana

Umsebenzi wabadlali abaningi, lapho ingxenye encane yamathuluzi abamba iqhaza noma amazwi aphikisa iningi lawo noma iqoqo lonke, eligqamayo ngenxa yetimu. ukukhululeka komculo. impahla, umsindo omibalabala, usebenzisa wonke amathuba wezinsimbi noma amazwi. Kusukela ekupheleni kwekhulu le-18 avame kakhulu amakhonsathi ensimbi eyodwa eyedwa ene-orchestra; amakhonsathi wamathuluzi amaningana ane-orchestra awavamile - “double”, “kathathu”, “quadruple” (isiJalimane: Doppelkonzert, Triepelkonzert, Quadrupelkonzert). Izinhlobo ezikhethekile k. ngensimbi eyodwa (ngaphandle kwe-orchestra), k. yeqembu le-orchestra (ngaphandle kwezingxenye ezishiwo umuntu oyedwa), k. yezwi (amazwi) ne-orchestra, k. okwekhwaya i-cappella. Esikhathini esidlule, umculo wephimbo we-polyphonic wawumelelwe kabanzi. K. kanye nekhonsathi grosso. Izimfuneko ezibalulekile zokuvela kuka-K. kwakuyi-multi-choir kanye nokuqhathaniswa kwamakhwaya, abacula ngabodwana nezinsimbi, ezaqala ukusetshenziswa kabanzi ngabamele isikole saseVenetian, ukwabiwa kwe-wok.-instr. ukuqanjwa kwezingxenye eziyedwa zamazwi nezinsimbi. Owokuqala k. kwavela e-Italy ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-16 nele-17. uk. isonto le-polyphonic. umculo (Concerti ecclesiastici for double choir A. Banchieri, 1595; Motets for 1-4-voice singing with digital bass “Cento concerti ecclesiastici” by L. Viadana, 1602-11). Kumakhonsathi anjalo, izingoma ezihlukahlukene - kusukela ezinkulu, kuhlanganise eziningi. uk. kanye ne-instr. amaphathi, kuze kufike ekubaleni ama-woks ambalwa kuphela. amaqembu kanye nengxenye ye-bass general. Kanye negama lekhonsathi, izingoma zohlobo olufanayo zazivame ukuba namagama athi motetti, motectae, cantios sacrae, namanye. Isigaba esiphezulu ekuthuthukisweni kwesonto wok. K. polyphonic. ukumelela isitayela kuvele esitezi sokuqala. I-cantatas yekhulu le-1 ka-JS Bach, lapho yena ngokwakhe ayibiza khona ikhonsathi.

Uhlobo K. luthole ukusetshenziswa okubanzi ngesiRashiya. umculo wesonto (kusukela ekupheleni kwekhulu le-17) - emisebenzini ye-polyphonic yekwaya i-cappella, ehlobene nenkundla yokucula izingxenye. Ithiyori "yokudala" yamakristalu anjalo yasungulwa nguNP Diletsky. IsiRashiya. Abaqambi bathuthukise kakhulu indlela ye-polyphonic yezinsimbi zesonto (isebenzela amazwi angu-4, 6, 8, 12 noma ngaphezulu, amazwi afika kwangu-24). Emtatsheni wezincwadi we-Synodal Choir eMoscow, kwakukhona kufika ku-500 K. yekhulu le-17-18, eyabhalwa ngu-V. Titov, F. Redrikov, N. Bavykin, nabanye. Ukuthuthukiswa kwekhonsathi yesonto kwaqhutshwa ekupheleni kwekhulu le-18. U-MS Berezovsky no-DS Bortnyansky, emsebenzini lapho isitayela se-melodic-ariose sikhona.

Ngekhulu le-17, ekuqaleni e-Italy, isimiso "sokuncintisana", "ukuncintisana" kwamazwi amaningana e-solo ("ikhonsathi") singena ku-instr. umculo - ku-suite nasesontweni. i-sonata, ilungiselela ukubukeka kohlobo lwe-cinema yezinsimbi (i-Balletto concertata P. Melli, 1616; i-Sonata concertata D. Castello, 1629). I-juxtaposition ehlukile (“ukuncintisana”) ye-orchestra (tutti) kanye nabacula ngabodwana (ababodwa) noma iqembu lezinsimbi zomculo eziyedwa kanye ne-orchestra (ku-concerto grosso) iyisisekelo salezo ezavela ekupheleni kwekhulu le-17. izibonelo zokuqala ze-instrumental K. (Concerti da camera a 3 con il cembalo G. Bononcini, 1685; Concerto da camera a 2 violini e Basso continuo G. Torelli, 1686). Kodwa-ke, amakhonsathi e-Bononchini kanye ne-Torelli ayeyifomu lenguquko kuphela ukusuka ku-sonata kuya ku-K., empeleni athuthuke abe yisitezi sokuqala. Ikhulu le-1 emsebenzini ka-A. Vivaldi. I-K. yalesi sikhathi yayiyingxenye yezingxenye ezintathu ezinezingxenye ezimbili ezishesha kakhulu nengxenye emaphakathi ehamba kancane. Izingxenye ezisheshayo zazivame ukusekelwe esihlokweni esisodwa (akuvamile ukuba sibe nezihloko ezi-18); le timu yadlalwa ku-orchestra ingashintshiwe njenge-refrain-ritornello (i-monotemic allegro yohlobo lwe-rondal). U-Vivaldi udale womabili amakhonsathi e-concerti grossi nawe-solo e-violin, i-cello, i-viol d'amour, nemimoya ehlukahlukene. amathuluzi. Ingxenye yensimbi eyedwa kumakhonsathi ekhonsathi eyedwa ekuqaleni yenze imisebenzi ebophayo, kodwa njengoba uhlobo luthuthuka, yathola ikhonsathi eya ngokuya iphinyiselwa nomlingisi onetimu. ukuzimela. Ukuthuthukiswa komculo kwakusekelwe ekuphikiseni kwe-tutti kanye ne-solo, ukungafani okugcizelelwe yi-dynamic. kusho. Ukuthungwa okungokomfanekiso kokunyakaza okushelelayo kwendlu yokugcina impahla ye-homophonic noma i-polyphonic kwanqoba. Amakhonsathi e-soloist, njengomthetho, ayenomlingisi wobuhle bokuhlobisa. Ingxenye ephakathi yayibhalwe ngendlela ye-ariose (imvamisa i-aria edabukisayo yomculi oyedwa ngokumelene nokuhambisana nokucula kwe-orchestra). Lolu hlobo lwe-K. lwamukelwe esitezi sokuqala. Ukusabalalisa okuvamile kwekhulu le-2. Amakhonsathi kaClavier adalwe ngu-JS Bach nawo angawakhe (amanye awo amalungiselelo ekhonsathi yakhe yevayolini kanye namakhonsathi kaVivaldi evayolini angu-1, 18 kanye nama-1 claviers). Le misebenzi ka-JS Bach, kanye no-K. ye-clavier ne-orchestra ka-GF Handel, imake ukuqala kokuthuthukiswa kwepiyano. ikhonsathi. I-Handel iphinde ibe ngukhokho wesitho k. Njengezinsimbi zomculo eziyedwa, ngaphezu kwe-violin ne-clavier, i-cello, i-viol d'amour, i-oboe (evame ukusebenza esikhundleni se-violin), icilongo, i-bassoon, umtshingo oguquguqukayo, njll.

Esitezi sesi-2. Ikhulu le-18 lenze uhlobo lwakudala lwe-instrumental k., ecwebezelwe ngokucacile kokwakudala kwe-Viennese.

Ku-K. kwasungulwa uhlobo lwe-sonata-symphony. umjikelezo, kodwa ngendlela engavamile. Umjikelezo wekhonsathi, njengomthetho, wawunezingxenye ezi-3 kuphela; yayingenayo ingxenye yesi-3 yomjikelezo ophelele, onyakazayo omine, okungukuthi, i-minuet noma (kamuva) i-scherzo (kamuva, i-scherzo ngezinye izikhathi ifakwe ku-K. - esikhundleni sengxenye ehamba kancane, njengesibonelo, I-1st K. ye-violin ne-orchestra ka-Prokofiev, noma njengengxenye yomjikelezo ophelele weminyakazo emine, njengesibonelo, kumakhonsathi wepiyano ne-orchestra ka-A. Litolf, I. Brahms, ku-1st K. weviolin ne-orchestra Shostakovich). Izici ezithile nazo zasungulwa ekwakhiweni kwezingxenye zomuntu ngamunye ze-K. Engxenyeni yokuqala, isimiso sokuchayeka kabili sasetshenziswa - ekuqaleni izingqikithi zezingxenye eziyinhloko nezinhlangothi zazizwakala ku-orchestra ngokuyinhloko. okhiye, futhi ngemva kwalokho kuphela ekuvezweni kwe-1 banikezwa indima ehamba phambili ye-soloist - itimu eyinhloko eyinhloko efanayo. i-tonality, kanye nohlangothi olulodwa - kwelinye, oluhambisana nohlelo lwe-sonata allegro. Ukuqhathanisa, ukuncintisana phakathi komculi oyedwa kanye ne-orchestra kwenzeka ikakhulukazi ekuthuthukisweni. Uma kuqhathaniswa namasampula akudala, wona kanye umgomo wokusebenza kwekhonsathi ushintshe kakhulu, ukusika sekuxhumene kakhulu netimu. ukuthuthukiswa. K. uhlinzekele ukuthuthukiswa komculi oyedwa ezihlokweni zokuqanjwa, okuthiwa. i-cadenza, eyayitholakala ekushintsheni kukhodi. E-Mozart, ukuthungwa kwe-K., okuhlala kungokomfanekiso ikakhulukazi, kuwumculo, okusobala, ipulasitiki, ku-Beethoven kugcwele ukungezwani ngokuhambisana nokulingisa okuvamile kwesitayela. Bobabili uMozart noBeethoven bagwema noma iyiphi inkulumo-ze ekwakhiweni kwemidwebo yabo, ngokuvamile bephambuka esimisweni sokuchayeka kabili esichazwe ngenhla. Amakhonsathi e-Mozart kanye ne-Beethoven akha iziqongo eziphakeme kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwalolu hlobo.

Esikhathini se-romanticism, kukhona ukusuka ku-classical. isilinganiso sezingxenye k. I-Romantics idale ingxenye eyodwa k. yezinhlobo ezimbili: ifomu elincane - okuthiwa. ucezu lwekhonsathi (kamuva olwabizwa nangokuthi i-concertino), kanye nefomu elikhulu, elihambisana nokwakhiwa kwenkondlo ye-symphonic, engxenyeni eyodwa ehumusha izici zomjikelezo we-sonata-symphony onezingxenye ezine. Ku-K. iphimbo netimu yakudala. ukuxhumana phakathi kwezingxenye, njengomthetho, kwakungekho, ku-romantic. I-K. monothematism, ukuxhumana kwe-leitmotif, isimiso "ngokuthuthukiswa" sithole ukubaluleka okubaluleke kakhulu. Izibonelo ezicacile zothando. inkondlo ingxenye eyodwa K. yadalwa F. Liszt. Ezothando. faka isicelo esitezi sokuqala. Ikhulu le-1 lenze uhlobo olukhethekile lobuhle obunemibala nokuhlobisa, okwaba isici sesitayela sawo wonke umkhuba we-romanticism (N. Paganini, F. Liszt nabanye).

Ngemva kukaBeethoven, kwakukhona izinhlobo ezimbili (izinhlobo ezimbili) ze-K. - "virtuoso" kanye "ne-symphonized". Ngo virtuoso K. instr. ubuhle kanye nokusebenza kwekhonsathi kwakha isisekelo sokuthuthuka komculo; ohlelweni loku-1 aluyona indaba ephathwayo. ukuthuthukiswa, kanye nomgomo wokuhlukanisa phakathi kwe-cantilena ne-motility, i-decomp. izinhlobo zokuthungwa, ama-timbres, njll. Eziningi ze-virtuoso K. thematic. ukuthuthukiswa akukho ngokuphelele (amakhonsathi e-violin ka-Viotti, amakhonsathi e-cello ka-Romberg) noma ithatha isikhundla esingaphansi (ingxenye yokuqala yekhonsathi yokuqala kaPaganini ye-violin ne-orchestra). Ku-symphonized K., ukuthuthukiswa komculo kusekelwe ku-symphony. idramaturgy, izimiso zetimu. ukuthuthukiswa, ekuphikisaneni ngokomfanekiso-thematic. imikhakha. Ukwethulwa kwedramaturgy yophawu ku-K. kwakungenxa yokuhlangana kwayo ne-symphony ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso, wobuciko, wemibono (amakhonsathi ka-I. Brahms). Zombili izinhlobo ze-K. ziyehluka ngedramaturgy. izingxenye zemisebenzi eyinhloko: i-virtuoso K. ibonakala nge-hegemony ephelele yomculi oyedwa kanye nendima engaphansi (ehambisanayo) ye-orchestra; ye-symphonized K. - idramaturgy. umsebenzi we-orchestra (ukuthuthukiswa kwezinto ezibonakalayo kwenziwa ngokuhlanganyela yi-soloist kanye ne-orchestra), okuholela ekulinganeni okuhlobene kwengxenye ye-soloist kanye ne-orchestra. Ku-symphonic u-K. ubuhle buphenduke indlela yedrama. ukuthuthukiswa. I-symphonization yamukele kuyo ngisho ne-elementi ethile ye-virtuoso yohlobo njenge-cadenza. Uma ku-virtuoso K. i-cadenza yayihloselwe ukukhombisa ubuchwepheshe. ikhono lomuntu ocula yedwa, ku-symphony wajoyina ekuthuthukisweni komculo jikelele. Kusukela ngesikhathi sikaBeethoven, abaqambi ngokwabo baqala ukubhala ama-cadenza; kwe 1fp. Ikhonsathi kaBeethoven cadence iba organic. ingxenye yefomu lomsebenzi.

Umehluko ocacile phakathi kwe-virtuosic ne-symphonic k. akwenzeki ngaso sonke isikhathi. Uhlobo lwe-K. selusabalele, lapho ikhonsathi nezimfanelo ze-symphonic zisebunyeni obuseduze. Isibonelo, kumakhonsathi kaF. Liszt, PI Tchaikovsky, AK Glazunov, SV Rachmaninov symphonic. idramaturgy ihlanganiswe nomlingiswa okhaliphile wengxenye eyedwa. Ngekhulu lama-20 ukudlondlobala kokusebenza kwekhonsathi ye-virtuoso kuvamile kumakhonsathi ka-SS Prokofiev, B. Bartok, ukugqama kwe-symphonic. Izimfanelo zibonwa, isibonelo, ekhonsathini ye-violin yokuqala kaShostakovich.

Njengoba yayinethonya elikhulu ku-symphony, i-symphony nayo yathonywa yi-symphony. Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19. kwavela "ikhonsathi" ehlukahlukene ye-symphonism, eyethulwa ngumsebenzi. R. Strauss (“Don Quixote”), NA Rimsky-Korsakov (“Spanish Capriccio”). Ngekhulu lama-20 Kwavela amakhonsathi ambalwa e-orchestra asekelwe esimisweni sokudlalwa kwekhonsathi (ngokwesibonelo, emculweni waseSoviet, umqambi wase-Azerbaijani S. Gadzhibekov, umqambi wase-Estonia uJ. Ryaets, nabanye).

Empeleni i-K. yenzelwe yonke i-Europe. izinsimbi zomculo - upiyano, i-violin, i-cello, i-viola, i-double bass, i-woodwinds nethusi. U-RM Gliere ungumnikazi we-K. edume kakhulu yezwi ne-orchestra. Izikhova. abaqambi wabhala K. for nar. izinsimbi - i-balalaika, i-domra (i-KP Barchunova nabanye), i-Armenian tar (G. Mirzoyan), i-kokle yase-Latvian (J. Medin), njll. Kuhlobo lomculo wezikhova u-K. uye wanda ngokubola. amafomu ajwayelekile futhi amelelwa kabanzi emsebenzini wabaqambi abaningi (SS Prokofiev, DD Shostakovich, AI Khachaturian, DB Kabalevsky, N. Ya. Myaskovsky, TN Khrennikov, SF Tsintsadze nabanye).

References: Orlov GA, Soviet Piano Concerto, L., 1954; Khokhlov Yu., i-Soviet Violin Concerto, M., 1956; U-Alekseev A., Ikhonsathi nezinhlobo zegumbi zomculo wezinsimbi, encwadini ethi: History of Russian Soviet Music, vol. 1, M., 1956, amakhasi 267-97; U-Raaben L., i-Soviet Instrumental Concerto, L., 1967.

LH Raaben