Ikhonsathi yomculo |

Ikhonsathi yomculo – ukusebenza komculo okusesidlangalaleni, okukhokhelwayo ngokohlelo olumenyezelwe ngaphambilini, ngomculi oyedwa noma abaningi egumbini elifakwe izinto ezikhethekile. Ukugunyazwa ngekhulu le-18. KUYA. njengezinhlobo zomphakathi. ukudlala umculo kwakungenxa yokukhula kwezintaba. ubuciko bonxiwankulu-bentando yeningi. isiko. Ukwandisa intshisekelo yomphakathi ku-instr. umculo, okwathi kuze kube yileso sikhathi washiya ngaphandle. okuthandwa yi-opera, kwaholela ekwakhekeni kwezithameli zekhonsathi ezintsha, ezaqhutshwa indawo yaseshashalazini. imidlalo yaleyo minyaka - ngezikhathi zama-opera, futhi ngezinye izikhathi namadrama. ukusebenza kwaba instr. ama-virtuosos (ama-performances anjalo aqhubeka kuze kube ngama-80s. Ikhulu le-19), kanye naphakathi kwamasonto ngamanye. izinkonzo, izintshumayelo (kaningi ku-Zap. EYurophu). Ukuzabalaza nomculo wezwe. isiko, abefundisi abasetshenziswa kusukela ngekhulu le-17. kanye nesigubhu kanye nekhwaya skr. umculo, ukudala ukufana kwe-conc. phakathi nenkonzo yenkolo. isimo. Ivayolini njengensimbi eyedwa kanye ne-skr. iqoqo laba nendima ebalulekile ekuklanyweni kwamaKatolika. izixuku, ngenxa yalokho ngesi-Italian. umculo wezinsimbi zathuthukiswa ngokukhethekile. uhlobo lweqhwa kanye nesimo, okuhlinzeka ngemvelaphi yesimo (isonto. sonata, concerto grosso). Kuyo yonke ikhulu le-17 futhi cishe kulo lonke ikhulu le-18. impilo yezichasiselo, amasaluni ahloniphekile, asakazeke ngaleso sikhathi izikole, i-collegium musicum yayinguCh. hlela. ngokuvamile lokho okubizwa ngokuthi umculo ovaliwe. KUYA. yakhelwe ukuba ibe nomkhawulo. umbuthano wabantu abamenywe ngokukhethekile. VC. abaculi ababesebenzela omunye noma omunye umvikeli wobuciko ohloniphekile, ababevame ukuba nezinsimbi zabo, ngokuvamile babebamba iqhaza. kanye nekwaya. ama-chapel (anikezwa abalaleli mahhala). Ukwakheka okukhethiwe kwezithameli kanye nosayizi omncane wezakhiwo kunqume okuqukethwe kwamakhonsathi anjalo, avame ukuba nomlingisi wokwenziwa komculo we-chamber-ensemble. Kanye nalokhu, ngekhulu le-18. kukhona olunye uhlobo lwe-K. - amakhonsathi akhokhelwayo asesidlangalaleni abaculi, aklanyelwe ukunaba, intando yeningi. izilaleli. Eyokuqala evuliwe ekhokhelwe u-K. zahlelwa eLondon ngo-1672-78 ngumshayi wevayolini uJ. UBanister ngokwakhe. ikhaya; abalaleli banikezwe ilungelo lokukhetha uhlelo. Ngo 1678-1714 umhleli odumile K. eLondon kwakunguT. Britton. Ngo-1690-93 lapha K. ihlelwe nguR. King joint. naye. usomabhizinisi we-opera I. AT. UFrank, naye enqondweni yakhe. ihholo. Ngaleso sikhathi, isikhokhelo sika-K. kanye no-K. ngokubhalisa. Ngo-1765-82, amakhadi ezikhokhelo ayethandwa eLondon; KANYE. KUYA. Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-Bach. nge K. F. Abel, okubhaliselwe K., osn. scribbler I. AP Zolomon (kubo u-Y. UHaydn wabhala lokho okubizwa ngokuthi. London Symphonies). EFrance, kwakukhona “Amakhonsathi Okomoya” (1725-91), osn. comp. F. A. Philidor; kuzo, kanye nomculo wehlelo, kwakudlalwa nezinsimbi zezwe. ama-ensembles, ama-symphonies, ama-solo op. Ngokulandela isibonelo sabo, esifana nesika-K. ihlelwe eLeipzig, Vienna, Stockholm. Ngehhashi. 18 ku. okuthiwa. izikole - i-copyright K., lapho umqambi enza owakhe umsebenzi. Kiss. (AT. A. Mozart, L. Beethoven nabanye). E-Russia, amakhonsathi omphakathi okuqala ayebanjwe ngawo-40s. 18 ku. Petersburg, lapho ngo-70s. bathola ngokuhlelekile. umlingiswa (eMoscow - kuma-80s). Nokho, kuphela ngemva French Omkhulu. Ngesikhathi soguquko, uhlobo lwe-cinema yomphakathi, oseluvele lukhokhelwe, lwagcina luvunyiwe, ngohlelo oluhlanganiswe ngaphambilini oluhambisana nezinguquko zezenhlalakahle ezenzeke emphakathini. Kusungulwa uhlobo olusha lomculi, i-virtuoso “yekhonsathi”; uhlobo lwemidlalo yakhe yomphakathi, i-solo k., iyasetshenzwa; uhlobo lohlelo olwenziwe kulo lonke k. ocula yedwa ehambisana nopiyano Nokho, engxenyeni yokuqala. 19 ku. uhlelo oluxubile lwe-K. i-soloist - i-virtuoso instrumentalist noma umculi, lapho i-orchestra ibambe iqhaza, njll. abadlali (isb. Mr. ithimba). Leli fomu belishintsha kusukela ekuculweni kocula yedwa esontweni phakathi kwezingxenye zenqwaba, i-oratorio, noma ku-t-re, ngesikhathi sekhefu lasetiyetha. izethulo, ku-K. - i-piano-violin-leader-abendum (isiJalimane. upiyano-violin-izingoma-kusihlwa). Emuva ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-30s. 19 ku. ngisho N. UPaganini udlale eqenjini. Kuphela kuma-40s. F. U-Liszt waba ngowokuqala ukunikeza i-solo K., ngaphandle kokubamba iqhaza kwabanye. abadlali. Ukukhula komculo. art-va kanye namasiko okwenza, ukusabalala K., ukuthuthukiswa iminyuziyamu. ubudlelwano phakathi kwamazwe bube nesandla ekuveleni konxiwankulu abasha. amafomu enhlangano conc. Ukuphila. Ngo-1880 eBerlin G. UWolf wasungula ikhonsathi yokuqala. i-ejensi eyaqala ukuhlela amaciko ngezimo ezithile ezibonakalayo. Lokhu kwaphawula ukuqala kwekhonsathi yesimanje. "Imboni", ethole intuthuko enkulu ikakhulukazi e-United States, lapho kukhona inani elikhulu le-conc. ama-ejensi, i-impresario kanye nabaphathi abahlela i-K., izivakashi phesheya. abaculi. Kuyo yonke ikhulu le-19 TO. (i-symphonic, chamber, solo) ziya ngokuya zisabalala, lapho umsebenzi kaDec. uhlobo lwemiphakathi yomculo eyayikhona kulo lonke elaseYurophu. izikhungo zamasiko. Ngo-19 ku. udumo olukhulu lwatholwa yi-symphony engapheli. KUYA. Inhlangano Yamakhonsathi yaseParis Conservatoire (main. ngo-1828), K. Leipzig Gewandhaus, Vienna (main. ngo-1842) naseBerlin (main. ngo-1882) philharmonic. okhestra, Lamoureux Concerts in Paris (main. ngo-1881), iLondon Promenade Concerts, njll.; ekhulwini lama-20 - K. Boston (main. ngo-1881) nasePhiladelphia (main. ngo-1900) ama-orchestra, i-BBC Orchestra (London), i-Paris Orchestra, njll. Engxenyeni yesi-2. 20 ku. izimpawu zisetshenziswa kabanzi. kanye namakhonsathi egumbi ahlelwe ngaphakathi kohlaka lwamazwe ngamazwe. imikhosi yeqhwa. UZarubi waba yinsakavukela. izinkambo zabadlali abakhulu. amaqoqo (opera t-ditch, symphony. ama-orchestra, ama-chamber ensembles, njll.). Emazweni amaningi bakha amahholo ekhonsathi angahlalisa izilaleli eziningi. Esikhathini sangaphambi kokuguquguquka kweRussia kubaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwe-conc. I-symph yokuphila nenhlangano. kanye noChamberlain K. kwadingeka iSt. Petersburg Philharmonic Society, iMoscow Philharmonic Society, futhi ikakhulukazi iRussian Musical Society, kanye nengqungquthela enjalo. izinhlangano ezifana “namakhonsathi S. A. Koussevitzky" (1909-1914), "Amakhonsathi ka-A.

Izinguquko eziyisisekelo ku-conc. imisebenzi kwenzeka e-USSR, lapho inhlangano kanye nobuholi conc. impilo isezandleni zeSocialist. umbuso-va. Esikhathini sokuqala se-post-revolutionary Phakathi neminyaka, lezi zinhlobo ezintsha zamakhonsathi zavela njengomhlangano wekhonsathi, "I-Corporation of Artists - Soloists of the Bolshoi T-ra" eMoscow, eLeningrad. ikhwaya. ama-olympiad asezintabeni. umculo wezimfundamakhwela (owokuqala wabanjwa ngo-1927, abaculi abangafika kwabayi-100000 babamba iqhaza kokunye). Umhlahlandlela conc. impilo e-USSR igxile kuhulumeni. izinhlangano zekhonsathi - i-Soyuzconcert, i-Rosconcert, i-Ukrconcert nezinye, i-republican, izifunda kanye namadolobha. i-philharmonics. Emsebenzini wakhe, izikhova ziyahlangana. izinhlangano zisekelwe ezimisweni ezintsha. Imisebenzi yomculo nokufundisa namasiko iza phambili. Kuya. ahleliwe hhayi kuphela nge-conc. amahholo emadolobheni amakhulu, kodwa futhi emadolobheni amancane, emakilabhini, ezindlini zamasiko kanye nama-workshops ezitshalo namafektri, emapulazini kahulumeni, amapulazi ahlangene. Imiphakathi ye-philharmonic yenza umsebenzi omningi womculo nokufundisa phakathi kwabalaleli. Kushicilelwe izinhlelo zika-K. ezichasiselwayo, kushicilelwe izincwajana (ukusiza umlaleli), nezinye eziningi. I-Philharmonics inamahholo okufundisa ahlala njalo. Imiphakathi ye-philharmonic inabacula yedwa besigaba sokuqala namaqembu aculayo azuze udumo emhlabeni: i-State Symphony Orchestra yase-USSR, i-Moscow Philharmonic Symphony Orchestra, eMoscow. I-Chamber Orchestra (yasungulwa ngo-1956), i-Symphony Orchestra ye-Leningrad Philharmonic, i-State Academic Russian Choir yase-USSR, i-Republican Russian Choir, i-String Quartet. Borodin (yasungulwa ngo-1945);

References: Albrecht E., Uhlolojikelele lwemisebenzi ye-St. Petersburg Philharmonic Society, eSt. Petersburg, ngo-1884; I-Imperial Russian Musical Society. Igatsha laseMoscow. Imihlangano ye-Symphony 1-500. Inkomba yezibalo, M., 1899; Iminyaka eyi-100 ye-St. Petersburg Philharmonic Society. 1802-1902, eSt. Petersburg, 1902 (nohlu lwezinhlelo zamakhonsathi e-symphonic); Umbuthano wabathandi bomculo waseRussia. X (1896-1906), M., 1906 (nohlu lwezinhlelo zekhonsathi); I-Findeizen NF, Indatshana emayelana nemisebenzi yegatsha lase-St. Petersburg le-Imperial Russian Musical Society (1859-1909), eSt. Petersburg amakhonsathi ka-A. Siloti. Uhlelo lwekhonsathi lwezinkathi eziyishumi (1909/1903-1904/1912), eSt. Petersburg, 1913; I-State Academic Philharmonic Society (Leningrad). Iminyaka eyishumi yomculo we-symphonic. 1913-1917, L., 1927 (nohlu lwezinhlelo); Leningrad Philharmonic. Imibhalo. Izinkumbulo. Izinto zokwakha, (sb.), L., 1928; I-Moscow State Philharmonic, M., 1972; Elwart AAE, Histoire de la Société des concerts du Conservatoire imperial de musique, P., 1973; Deldever EME, Histoire des concerts populaires, P., 1860; Brenet M. (Babilljer M.), Les concerts en France sous l Ancien régime, P., 1864; Rierre C., Le khonsathi ye-spirituel 1900 a 1725, P., 1790; Bekker P., Das deutsche Musikleben, Stuttg. - V., 1900; Dandelot A., La Société des concerts du Conservatoire de 1916 a 1828, P., 1923; Meyer K., Das Konzert, ein Führer, Stuttg., 1923; Preussner E., Die bürgerliche Musikkultur, Hamb., 1925, “Kassel-Basel, 1935; Van der Wall W., Liepmann SM, Musik ezikhungweni, NY, 1954; UMaugé G., Ikhonsathi, P., 1936; Gerhardt E., Recital, L., 1937; Bauer R., Das Konzert, B., 1953.

I-IM Yampolsky