Isitayela samahhala |
Isitayela samahhala, ukubhala kwamahhala
cha ukunyakaza kwamahhala, i-harmonic counterpoint
1) Umqondo ohlanganisa ku-polyphony yonke yomlando, umculo (bona i-Polyphony) ukuwohloka. izinkomba zokudala, ezathatha indawo yesitayela esiqinile - i-polyphony ye-High Renaissance. Ku-musicology 19-ukuqala. Ikhulu lama-20 igama elithi “S. Kanye.” i-polyphonic yanqunywa. icala 17 - ser. Ikhulu le-18; kuya ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 incazelo ebanzi yegama elithi “S. s”, manje elisho zonke izenzakalo ze-polyphonic kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-17. kuze kube manje.
Ukugunyazwa kwezinkambiso ze-S. ekhulwini le-17 lalihlotshaniswa nenguquko ebukhali ekuthuthukisweni kwayo yonke iNtshonalanga Yurophu. icala elidalwe inombolo yomlando. izizathu (bheka i-Baroque, Renaissance). Isakhiwo esisha esingokomfanekiso somculo siyakhula: abaqambi bathola amathuba abo angenamkhawulo ekufanekisweni kwangaphakathi. umhlaba womuntu. Akunakwenzeka ukunikeza ukulandelana kwezikhathi okunembile. umngcele phakathi kwezinkathi ze-S. s. kanye nesitayela esiqinile. S. s. yalungiselelwa impumelelo yasebekhulile be-wok masters. i-polyphony, nezinye zezidalwa zayo. izici (isb, ukuthandwa okukhulu nezincane, intshisekelo kumculo we-instr.) zitholakala kweziningi. umkhiqizo. isitayela esiqinile. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abaphathi be-S. s. sebenzisa isipiliyoni nezindlela zabanduleli babo (isibonelo, indlela yokulingisa, i-counterpoint eyinkimbinkimbi, izindlela zokuguqula izinto ezibonakalayo). T. o., S. s. ayikhanseli isitayela esiqinile, kodwa iyasithatha, iguqule i-polyphony yekhulu le-15-16. ngokobuciko. imisebenzi yesikhathi.
S. s. yembula umlando wayo. ukuzimela ngokuyinhloko njenge-polyphony yezinsimbi. Nakuba isikhathi esithile ku-instr. umkhiqizo. ukuncika kwisitayela esiqinile sekhwaya kwasala (okubonakalayo, ngokwesibonelo, ekuthunjweni kwemisebenzi yesitho sika-J. Sweelinka), abaqambi baqala ukusebenzisa umculo we-polyphonic ababewutholile. amakhono ithuluzi. Mahhala isici sinquma intshiseko yama-muses. Izinkulumo zika-J. Frescobaldi ku-fugues for cembalos, zinquma kusengaphambili i-oratorical pathos ye-organ organ. D. Buxtehude, uqagelwa kalula ngepulasitiki ekhethekile yamakhonsathi ka-A. Vivaldi. Iphuzu eliphakeme kakhulu lokuthuthukiswa kwe-polyphonic. izinsimbi 17-18 eminyaka. ufinyelela emisebenzini ka-JS Bach - ku-Op yakhe. yevayolini eyedwa kanye ne-clavier, kumafugues we-Well-Tempered Clavier (vol. 1, 1722, vol. 2, 1744), ahluke ngokuphawulekayo mayelana nokudalula i-polyphony, amathuba ensimbi. Emsebenzini wezingcweti ze-S. s. uk. izindlela zokukhuluma zacetshiswa ngaphansi kwethonya lokudlala izinsimbi; ngakho-ke isitayela salokhu, isibonelo, op. njengo-Gloria (No 4), Sanctus (No 20) noma u-Agnus Dei (No 23) ngobuningi buka-Bach ngo-h-moll, lapho i-wok. amaqembu, ngokomthetho, awahlukani nezinsimbi, abizwa ngokuthi i-wok exubile.-instrumental.
Ukubonakala kwe-S. s. inquma ngokuyinhloko umculo. Emculweni wekhwaya wokubhala okuqinile, umthamo womsindo wezingoma wawunqunyelwe ububanzi bekhwaya. amavoti; imiculo, eyakhiwe ngendlela enesigqi futhi engenasikwele, yakhiwa imishwana yokuwohloka. ubude; ukuthunyelwa kwabo okulinganiselwe kwakubuswa ukunyakaza okushelelayo eduze kwezinyathelo ze-diatonic. isikali, lapho umsindo ubonakala uphuphuma omunye komunye. Ngokuphambene, eculweni lika-S. s. (kokubili kuma-fugues nasezinhlotsheni ezahlukene ze-non-fugue polyphony) ububanzi bamazwi empeleni alukhawulelwe, noma yikuphi ukulandelana kwezikhawu kungasetshenziswa emiculo, kuhlanganisa. yeqela ezinkathini zobubanzi nethoni enzima neyi-dissonant. Ukuqhathaniswa kwezibonelo ezivela ku-Op. Palestrina futhi kusukela emisebenzini ehlobene S. s. ibonisa lo mehluko:
Palestrina. Benedictus ovela kuMisa “O magnum misterium” (izwi eliphezulu).
C. Monteverdi. "I-Coronation of Poppea", isenzo sesi-2 (ingqikithi yekhwaya yendlu).
D. Buxtehude. I-Organ chacona ku-C enkulu (izwi le-bass).
A. Ngo-Stanchinsky. ICanon ye-fp. (ukuqala kwe-proposta)
Okwezingoma zika-S. ebonakala ngokuncika kuma-harmonics. i-warehouse, evame ukuvezwa emfanekisweni (kuhlanganise nesakhiwo esilandelanayo); iculo, ukunyakaza kuqondiswe ngaphakathi kwe-harmonica. ukulandelana:
JS Bach. I-Suite No 3 ye-cello solo. I-Courant.
JS Bach. Itimu ye-Fugue G-dur kusukela kuvolumu yesi-2 ye-Well-Tempered Clavier.
Lolu hlobo lokunyakaza lwazisa iculo lika-S. i-harmonic sonority egcwele: emiculweni okuthiwa. amazwi afihliwe, kanye nezinhlaka zokuvumelana zigqama kalula ekugxumeni kwemisindo ye-chord. ukulandelana.
I-GF Handel. I-Trio Sonata g-moll op. 2 Cha 2, isiphetho (izingxenye eziqhubekayo azifakiwe).
JS Bach. I-organ fugue a-moll, itimu.
Uhlelo lwe-Harmonic lokuphimisa okufihliwe endikimbeni ye-organ fugue a-moll ka-JS Bach.
Amazwi afihliwe “abhalwe” emculweni angaphikisana (nasesibonelweni esingezansi), ngezinye izikhathi athathe uhlobo lomugqa wereferensi yemethrikhi (okujwayelekile kuzindikimba eziningi zamafugues ka-Bach; bheka b) ngisho nokulingisa (c):
JS Bach. I-Partita No 1 yevayolin eyedwa. I-Courant.
JS Bach. Itimu ye-Fugue Cis-dur kusukela kuvolumu yoku-1 ye-Well-Tempered Clavier.
WA Mozart. "I-Magic Flute", i-overture (ekuqaleni kwe-Allegro).
Ukugcwala kwamazwi afihliwe kube nomthelela ekusungulweni kwamazwi angu-3 no-4 njengokujwayelekile kwe-S. nge.; uma enkathini yesitayela esiqinile babevame ukubhala ngamaphimbo angu-5 noma ngaphezulu, bese kuthi enkathini ka-S. nge. Iphimbo elingu-5 liyivelakancane uma kuqhathaniswa (isibonelo, phakathi kwama-fugues angu-48 e-Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier, kunamazwi angu-2 kuphela amahlanu - i-cis-moll ne-b-moll kusukela kuvolumu yokuqala), futhi amazwi amaningi cishe okuhlukile.
Ngokuphambene nencwadi eqinile ye-ilk kumasampuli okuqala ka-S. s. kusetshenziswe ikhefu elibekwe ngokukhululekile, ukuhlobisa izibalo, ukuvumelanisa okuhlukahlukene. S. s. ivumela ukusetshenziswa kwanoma ibuphi ubude besikhathi nanganoma iyiphi izilinganiso. Ukuqaliswa okuqondile kwalokhu kunikezwa kuncike ku-metrorhythm. Izinkambiso zalo mlando womculo. inkathi. I-polyphony e-odiwe ye-baroque ne-classicism ibonakala ngesigqi esicacile. imidwebo enemethrikhi evamile (elinganayo). Ezothando. ukushesha kwesitatimende esicelweni-ve 19 - kusenesikhathi. Ikhulu lama-20 Iphinde ibonakale enkululekweni yokubeka ama-accents ahlobene ne-barline, isici se-polyphony ka-R. Schumann, F. Chopin, R. Wagner. Nge-polyphony yekhulu lama-20. Okujwayelekile ukusetshenziswa kwamamitha angajwayelekile (ngezinye izikhathi ezinhlanganisela eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ze-polymetric, njengesibonelo, emculweni we-polyphonic we-IF Stravinsky), ukwenqatshwa kwe-accentuation (isibonelo, kweminye imisebenzi ye-polyphonic ngabaqambi besikole esisha sase-Viennese) , ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlobo ezikhethekile ze-polyrhythm ne-polymetry (isibonelo, u-O. Messiaen) nezinye i-metrorhythmic. emisha.
Esinye sezici ezibalulekile ze-S. s. - ubuhlobo bakhe obuseduze noNar. izinhlobo zomculo. Nar. umculo uphinde wathola ukusetshenziswa ku-polyphony yokubhala okuqinile (isibonelo, njenge-cantus firmus), kodwa ongcweti bebengaguquguquki kulokhu. Ku-Nar. izingoma zazibhekiswe ngabaqambi abaningi bekhulu le-17 nele-18 (ukudala, ikakhulukazi, ukuhlukahluka kwe-polyphonic ezindikimbeni zomdabu). Imithombo ecebile futhi ehlukahlukene ikakhulukazi yohlobo - isiJalimane, isiNtaliyane, isiSlavic - ku-polyphony ka-Bach. Lokhu kuxhumana kuyisisekelo esiyisisekelo sesiqiniseko esingokomfanekiso se-polyphonic. i-thematism ye-S. s., ukucaca komculo wakhe. ulimi. I-polyphonic ekhonkolo. labo abase-S. nge. yabuye yanqunywa ukusetshenziswa kwe-melodic-rhythmic, ejwayelekile ngesikhathi sayo. izibalo, “amafomula” ezizwe zonke. Ngokuncika kakhulu ekucacisweni kohlobo ngesinye isici se-S. s. - ukuthuthukiswa ngaphakathi kohlaka lwayo lwe-polyphony ehlukile. Ngesitayela esiqinile, amathuba okuqhathanisa i-polyphony ayenomkhawulo, ku-S. s. ibaluleke kakhulu, eyihlukanisa kakhulu nesitayela esiqinile. Ukuqhathanisa i-polyphony kuyisici somculo. Idramaturgy ka-Bach: izibonelo zitholakala ku-org. ukuhlelwa kwama-chorales, ku-arias lapho i-chorale yethulwa khona, futhi umehluko wamazwi ungagcizelelwa ngokuhlangana kwawo kohlobo oluhlukile (isibonelo, kuNo. 1 kusuka ku-cantata No. 68, ingoma yekhwaya ihambisana ne-orc. itimu kumlingiswa we-Italian Siciliana); e dram. iziqephu, ukuphikiswa kwamaqembu kufinyelela umkhawulo (ngokwesibonelo, kuNo. 1, engxenyeni yokuqala yeNo. 33 kaMathewu Passion). Kamuva, i-polyphony yokuqhathanisa isetshenziswa kabanzi emikhiqizweni ye-opera. (ngokwesibonelo, kuma-operas ka-W. A. Mozart). Ubufakazi bokubaluleka kokuqhathanisa i-polyphony ku-S. s. yilokho ekulingiseni. amafomu, ukuphikiswa kudlala indima yezwi elihambisanayo, elihambisanayo. Ngenkathi yesitayela esiqinile, kwakungekho mqondo we-polyphony. izingqikithi, zagxila ezwini elilodwa, kanye nepholyphony yakhiwe ngokulandelana. ukuthunyelwa kungathathi hlangothi ngokwephimbo. mayelana nempahla. Umuntu ngamunye kukho konke ukubonakaliswa komculo we-S. s. isekelwe esihlokweni esihle, esibonakala kalula esethulweni ngasinye. Itimu iwuphawu lwezwi, iqukethe okuyinhloko. umcabango womculo, ithisisi ezothuthukiswa, isebenza njengesisekelo se-polyphonic. umkhiqizo. Emculweni wabaqambi bekhulu le-17-18. (okusho ikakhulukazi i-fugue) Kuthuthukiswe izinhlobo ezi-2 zezindikimba: ezilinganayo, ezisekelwe ekuthuthukisweni kwe-motif eyodwa noma ngaphezulu engahlukanisi futhi ehlobene eduze (isibonelo, izingqikithi ze-c-moll fugues ezivela kumqulu woku-1 nowesi-2 we-Bach's Well. -Clavier Ethukuthele ), nokuqhathanisa, okusekelwe ekuphikiseni kwezisusa ezihlukene (isibonelo, itimu ye-g-moll fugue kusukela kuvolumu yoku-1 yomjikelezo ofanayo). Ezihlokweni eziphikisanayo, uzoveza kakhulu. ukuphenduka kanye nesigqi esibonakalayo. izibalo zivame ukutholakala ekuqaleni, zakha i-melodic. indikimba yendaba. Ngokuphikisana nezindikimba ezifanayo kusho.
NGU-Bach. I-organ fugue ku-C enkulu, itimu.
Ukuvezwa kwezindikimba nemiculo yazo. ukukhululeka phakathi kwabaqambi bekhulu le-17-18. kakhulu kuncike ezinkathini ezingazinzile (ezivamise ukuncishiswa), ezivamile ekuqaleni kokwakhiwa:
JS Bach. Itimu ye-A-moll fugue kusukela kuvolumu yesi-2 ye-Well-Tempered Clavier.
JS Bach. Itimu ye-Fugue cis-moll kusukela kuvolumu yoku-1 ye-Well-Tempered Clavier.
JS Bach. IMisa ku-h omncane, u-Kyrie, No 3 (itimu ye-fugue).
JS Bach. Matthew Passion, No 54 (itimu).
Uma ngesitayela esiqinile isethulo se-strettic siphumelele, khona-ke abaqambi bekhulu le-17-18. itimu ishiwo ngazwi linye ngokuphelele, futhi kuphela ngemva kwalokho kungena izwi elilingisayo, futhi oqalayo aqhubekele ekuphikisaneni. Ukubaluleka kwe-semantic yendikimba kusobala nakakhulu uma izisusa zayo zingaphansi kwazo zonke ezinye izici ze-fugue-okuphikisayo, ukuhlangana; isikhundla esiphezulu sesihloko ku-S. s. ahlelwe yizixhumanisi, athatha isikhundla esiphansi uma kuqhathaniswa nokuziphatha kwendikimba futhi avame ukuncika kuwo ngokwephimbo.
Zonke izimfanelo ezibaluleke kakhulu ze-S. s. - izici zomculo, i-harmonic, izici zokubunjwa - landela ohlelweni olukhona lwe-tonal, ngokuyinhloko enkulu nencane. Izindikimba, njengomthetho, zihlukaniswa ngokuqiniseka okuphelele kwethoni; ukuchezuka kuvezwa nge-melodic-chromatic. ukuguqulwa kwe-harmonic; ama-chromatisms adlulayo atholakala ku-polyphony yesikhathi sakamuva ngaphansi kwethonya lesimanje. imibono ye-harmonic (isibonelo, ku-piano fugue cis-moll op. 101 No 2 Glazunov). Ukuqondiswa kokuguqulwa kwezihloko ezihlokweni kunqunyelwe abavelele; ukushintshashintsha kwetimu kube okhiye abakude - impumelelo yekhulu lama-20. (isibonelo, ku-fugue kusukela ekuthuthukisweni kwe-Myaskovsky's Symphony No. 21, itimu iqala ngo-C encane nge-Dorian tinge, futhi iphetha nge-gis minor). Ukubonakaliswa okubalulekile kwenhlangano ye-modal ye-S. s. impendulo ye-tonal, izimiso zazo ezazivele zinqunywe ku-ricercar nezibonelo zakuqala ze-fugue.
JS Bach. "I-Art of the Fugue", i-Contrapunctus I.
JS Bach. I-Fugue Es-dur kusukela kuvolumu yoku-1 ye-Well-Tempered Clavier.
Isistimu ye-modal of major and minor in S. s. uyabusa, kodwa akuyena yedwa. Abaqambi abazange bakulahle ukuvezwa okungavamile kwe-diatonic yemvelo. frets (bheka, isibonelo, i-fugue Credo No 12 kusukela ku-Bach mass ku-h-moll, ukunyakaza kwe-3rd "in der lydischer Tonart" ye-quartet ka-L. Beethoven No 15, ephawulwe ngethonya lesitayela esiqinile). Okuthakazelisa kakhulu kubo yizingcweti zekhulu lama-20. (isb, i-fugue evela ku-Ravel's suite ethi "The Tomb of Couperin", amafugue amaningi ka-DD Shostakovich). Umkhiqizo we-polyphonic. zidalwe ngesisekelo se-modal, isici sokubola. nat. amasiko omculo (isibonelo, iziqephu ze-polyphonic ze-symphony yezintambo kanye ne-timpani ka-EM Mirzoyan zembula umbala wesizwe sase-Armenian, upiyano namafugue enhlangano ka-GA Muschel ahlotshaniswa nobuciko bomculo kazwelonke base-Uzbek). Emsebenzini wabaqambi abaningi bekhulu lama-20 inhlangano yezikhulu nezincane ziba nzima kakhulu, amafomu akhethekile we-tonal avela (isibonelo, i-tonal-tonal system ye-P. Hindemith), ezihlukahlukene zisetshenziswa. izinhlobo ze-poly- kanye ne-atonality.
Abaqambi bekhulu le-17-18 amafomu asetshenziswa kabanzi, ngokwengxenye yakheka emuva enkathini yokubhala okuqinile: i-motet, izinhlobonhlobo (kuhlanganise nalezo ezisekelwe ku-ostinato), i-canzona, i-ricercar, i-decomp. uhlobo lokulingisa. amafomu ekwaya. Ukuze empeleni S. nge. zihlanganisa fugue futhi eziningi. amafomu, lapho polyphonic. isethulo sisebenzisana ne-homophonic. Emafugues ekhulwini le-17-18. ngobudlelwane babo obucacile be-modal-functional, esinye sezici ezibaluleke kakhulu ze-polyphony ye-S. s. - ukuncika kobude obuseduze bamazwi, ukuvumelana kwawo. ukukhangana komunye nomunye, isifiso sokuhlangana sibe yizwi (lolu hlobo lokulinganisela phakathi kokuzimela kwe-polyphonic kwamazwi kanye nezimpawu eziqondile eziqondile ezivumelanayo, ikakhulukazi, isitayela sika-JS Bach). Lokhu S. s. Ikhulu le-17-18 leminyaka lihluke ngokuphawulekayo kokubili ku-polyphony yokubhala okuqinile (lapho umsindo oqinile oxhumeke ngokungasebenzi kahle uboniswa ukwengezwa kwamapheya amaningana wamazwi aphikisiwe), kanye ne-polyphony entsha yekhulu lama-20.
Umkhuba obalulekile wokubunjwa emculweni wekhulu le-17-18. – ukulandelana kwezingxenye eziphikisanayo. Lokhu kuholela ekuveleni komjikelezo ozinzile ngokomlando wesandulela - i-fugue (ngezinye izikhathi esikhundleni sesandulelo - fantasy, toccata; kwezinye izimo, kwakheka umjikelezo onezingxenye ezintathu, isibonelo, org. toccata, Adagio kanye ne-C-dur fugue ka-Bach ). Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imisebenzi ivela lapho izingxenye eziphikisanayo zixhunywe ndawonye (ngokwesibonelo, emsebenzini we-org. I-Buxtehude, emisebenzini ka-Bach: i-org yezingxenye ezintathu. fantasy G-dur, i-triple 5-voice org. I-fugue Es-dur empeleni izinhlobonhlobo zefomu lenhlanganisela ehlukile).
Emculweni wakudala wase-Viennese, i-polyphony ka-S. s. idlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu, futhi emisebenzini yakamuva kaBeethoven - indima ehamba phambili. U-Haydn, u-Mozart no-Beethoven basebenzisa i-polyphony ukuze baveze ingqikithi nencazelo yetimu ye-homophonic, bahlanganisa i-polyphony. izimali ohlelweni lwe-symphony. ukuthuthukiswa; ukulingisa, i-counterpoint eyinkimbinkimbi iba izindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu zetimu. umsebenzi; emculweni kaBeethoven, i-polyphony iphenduka enye yezindlela ezinamandla kakhulu zokuphoqa idrama. ukungezwani (isibonelo, i-fugato "kuMashi Womngcwabo" kusukela ku-symphony yesi-3). Umculo wama-Viennese wakudala ubonakala nge-polyphonization of texture, kanye nokungafani kwe-homophonic ne-polyphonic. isethulo. I-polyphonization ingafinyelela izinga eliphezulu kangangokuthi i-homophonic-polyphonic exubile iyakhiwa. uhlobo lomculo, lapho kuchazwa khona isixuku. izigaba ze-polyphonic tension line (okubizwa ngokuthi ifomu elikhulu le-polyphonic). I-Polyphonic iziqephu "ezifakwe" ekwakhiweni kwe-homophonic ziphindaphindiwe nge-tonal, contrapuntal, nezinye izinguquko, futhi ngaleyo ndlela zithole ubuciko. ukuthuthukiswa ngaphakathi kohlaka lwalo lonke njengendlela eyodwa, "i-counterpunctuating" i-homophonic (isibonelo sakudala isiphetho se-Mozart's G-dur quartet, K.-V. 387). Ifomu elikhulu le-polyphonic ezinhlobonhlobo eziningi lisetshenziswa kabanzi emakhulwini e-19-20. (isib., ukweqa kwekaWagner ethi The Mastersingers of Nuremberg, i-Symphony kaMyaskovsky No. 21). Emsebenzini ka-Beethoven wenkathi yakamuva, uhlobo oluyinkimbinkimbi lwe-sonata allegro ene-polyphonized, lapho isethulo se-homophonic singekho ngokuphelele noma singenawo umthelela obonakalayo kuma-muses. ishede (izingxenye zokuqala ze-pianoforte sonata No 32, i-symphony yesi-9). Leli siko le-Beethovenian lilandela ku-Op ehlukene. I. Brahms; izalwe kabusha ngokugcwele ngezindlela eziningi. imikhiqizo eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu yekhulu lama-20: ku-choir yokugcina No. 9 kusukela ku-cantata "Ngemva kokufunda iHubo" nguTaneyev, ingxenye yokuqala ye-symphony "The Artist Mathis" ka-Hindemith, ingxenye yokuqala ye-symphony No. Shostakovich. I-polyphonization yefomu nayo yaba nomthelela ekuhleleni umjikelezo; isiphetho saqala ukubonakala njengendawo yokwenziwa kwe-polyphonic. izici zesethulo sangaphambilini.
Ngemva kukaBeethoven, abaqambi babengavamile ukusebenzisa umculo wendabuko. i-polyphonic. amafomu C. s., kodwa kunxeshezelwe lokhu ngokusetshenziswa okusha kwe-polyphonic. izimali. Ngakho-ke, mayelana nokuthambekela okujwayelekile komculo ngekhulu le-19. ekubonakaleni okungokomfanekiso kanye nokubukeka okuhle, i-fugue ne-fugato ithobela imisebenzi yama-muses. umfanekiso (isibonelo, "Impi" ekuqaleni kwe-symphony ethi "Romeo and Juliet" kaBerlioz), ngezinye izikhathi ihunyushwa ngendlela emangalisayo. (isibonelo, ku-opera ethi The Snow Maiden ka-Rimsky-Korsakov, i-fugato ikhombisa ihlathi elikhulayo; bheka p. inombolo 253), ukhefana. plan (comic. fugue “Esigcawini Sokulwa” kusukela esiphethweni sesenzo sesi-2 sika-Wagner esithi “Mastersingers of Nuremberg”, i-fugue esabekayo esiphethweni se-“Fantastic Symphony” ka-Berlioz, njll.). Kunezinhlobo ezintsha zezinhlobo eziyinkimbinkimbi ze-2nd floor. 19 ku. ukuhlanganiswa kwamafomu: isibonelo, u-Wagner esethulweni se-opera Lohengrin uhlanganisa izici ze-polyphonic. ukuhlukahluka kanye fugues; I-Taneyev ihlanganisa izakhiwo ze-fugue ne-sonata engxenyeni yokuqala ye-cantata "uJohn waseDamaseku". Enye yezimpumelelo ze-polyphony ngekhulu le-19. kwaba symphonization of the fugue. Umgomo we-fugue (kancane kancane, ngaphandle kokuqhathanisa okubukhali okungokomfanekiso, ukudalulwa kwephimbo elingokomfanekiso. okuqukethwe kwendikimba, okuhloswe ngayo ukuvunywa kwayo) kubuyekezwe nguTchaikovsky engxenyeni yokuqala ye-suite No 1. Emculweni waseRussia, leli siko lasungulwa nguTaneyev (bheka, isibonelo, i-fugue yokugcina evela ku-cantata "uJohane waseDamaseku"). Imvelo emculweni. art-wu ngekhulu le-19. isifiso sokucaciswa, ukuvela kwesithombe kuholele ku-polyphony ka-S. nge. ekusetshenzisweni okubanzi kwezinhlanganisela zezindikimba eziqhathanisayo. Inhlanganisela ye-leitmotifs iyisici esibaluleke kakhulu somculo. Idrama kaWagner; izibonelo eziningi zezinhlanganisela zezindikimba ezihlukahlukene zingatholakala ku-Op. Abaqambi baseRussia (ngokwesibonelo, "Imidanso yePolovtsian" evela ku-opera "Prince Igor" kaBorodin, "Impi yaseKerzhents" evela ku-opera ethi "The Legend of the Invisible City of Kitezh and the Maiden Fevronia" kaRimsky-Korsakov, "Waltz ” kusukela ku-ballet "Petrushka" kaStravinsky, njll. ). Ukunciphisa inani lamafomu okulingisa emculweni wekhulu le-19. ukulinganisa ngokuthuthukiswa kwe-polyphonic entsha. ukwamukela (kuzo zonke izici mahhala, okuvumela ukuguqulwa kwenani lamavoti). Phakathi kwabo - polyphonic. “igatsha” lamatimu emvelo emnandi (ngokwesibonelo, ku-XI gis-moll evela ku-“Symphonic etudes” ka-Schumann, ku-nocturne cis-moll op. 27 No 1 by Chopin); ngalo mqondo b. A. UZuckerman ukhuluma “ngomculo. i-polyphony” kaTchaikovsky, ebhekise ku-melodic. umbala lyric. izingqikithi (isibonelo, engxenyeni ye-1 ye-symphony yesi-4 noma ngesikhathi sokuthuthukiswa kwezingqikithi ezihamba kancane ze-symphony yesi-5); Isiko likaTchaikovsky lamukelwa nguTaneyev (isibonelo, izingxenye ezihamba kancane ze-symphony ku-c-moll nakupiyano. quintet g-moll), Rachmaninoff (isb, upiyano. isandulela u-Es-dur, ingxenye ehamba kancane yenkondlo ethi “The Bells”), uGlazunov (main. izingqikithi zengxenye yokuqala yekhonsathi yeviolin ne-orchestra). Ukwamukela okusha kwe-polyphonic nakho kwaba "i-polyphony yezendlalelo", lapho i-counterpoint ingahlukani. amazwi omculo, kodwa melodic kanye harmonic. izakhiwo (isibonelo, ku-etude II evela ku-Schumann's "Symphonic etudes"). Lolu hlobo lwezindwangu ze-polyphonic kamuva lwathola izinhlelo zokusebenza ezihlukahlukene emculweni, ukuphishekela umbala nombala. imisebenzi (bheka, isibonelo, fp. Isandulelo esithi "I-Sunken Cathedral" kaDebussy), futhi ikakhulukazi ku-polyphony yekhulu lama-20. I-Harmony melody. amavoti awamasha ngokuyisisekelo ku-C. nge. reception, kodwa ngekhulu le-19. isetshenziswa kaningi nangezindlela ezahlukene. Ngakho, u-Wagner ngale ndlela ufinyelela i-polyphonic ekhethekile - i-melodic - ukuphelela esiphethweni. ukwakhiwa kwe-Ch. Izingxenye zochungechunge lwe-opera ethi "The Mastersingers of Nuremberg" (linganisa u-71 et seq.). I-Harmony melody. ukulandelana kungase kuhlotshaniswe nokuhlangana kokubola. Izinketho zezwi elinesigqi (isibonelo, inhlanganisela yamakota kanye nesishiyagalombili esethulweni esithi "Ocian-sea blue", inhlanganisela ye-orc. kanye nekwaya. Izinhlobonhlobo zezwi eliphezulu ekuqaleni kwesigcawu sesine se-opera epic "Sadko" kaRimsky-Korsakov). Lesi sici sithintana "nenhlanganisela yezibalo ezifanayo" - isu elithole ukuthuthukiswa okuhle emculweni we-con. 19 - cela. 20 cc (isb
Okwesimanje "i-polyphony entsha" ikhona emzabalazweni phakathi kobuciko bobuntu, obunothando, obugcwele isimilo nobuciko, lapho ubuhlakani bemvelo be-polyphony buwohloka bube ukunengqondo, kanye nokuhluzeka kwengqondo bube ukucabangela. Polyphony S. s. ekhulwini lama-20 - izwe eliphikisanayo, izenzakalo ezivame ukuhluka. Umbono ovamile ukuthi i-polyphony ekhulwini lama-20. yaba uhlelo oluhamba phambili noluzinzile lweminyuziyamu. ukucabanga kuyiqiniso uma kuqhathaniswa. Abanye ochwepheshe bekhulu lama-20 ngokuvamile abazizwa isidingo sokusebenzisa i-polyphonic. kusho (isibonelo, K. Orff), kuyilapho abanye, abaphethe yonke inkimbinkimbi yabo, bahlala ngokuyisisekelo "abaqambi be-homophonic" (isibonelo, i-SS Prokofiev); ngenani lamakhosi (isibonelo, P. Hindemith), i-polyphony iyona ehamba phambili, kodwa hhayi yedwa. indlela yokukhuluma. Kodwa-ke, izenzakalo eziningi zomculo nezokudala zekhulu lama-20. vuka futhi uthuthuke ngokuhambisana ne-polyphony. Ngakho, isibonelo, idrama engakaze ibonwe. inkulumo kuma-symphonies kaShostakovich, "ukukhululwa" kwamandla wemitha eStravinsky kuncike kakhulu ku-polyphonic. uhlobo lomculo wabo. Ezinye izindlela. i-polyphonic prod. Ikhulu lama-20 elihlotshaniswa nenye yezindawo ezibalulekile zesitezi sokuqala. Ikhulu leminyaka - i-neoclassicism egxile ekuhlosweni kwemvelo yama-muses. okuqukethwe, ukuboleka izimiso zokubunjwa kanye namasu ku-polyphonists wesitayela esiqinile kanye ne-baroque yakuqala ("Ludus tonalis" ka-Hindemith, inani lemisebenzi kaStravinsky, kuhlanganise ne-"Symphony of Psalms"). Amanye amasu athuthukile emkhakheni we-polyphony asetshenziswa ngendlela entsha ku-dodecaphony; pl. isici somculo. Ulimi lwekhulu lama-1 lisho, njenge-polytonality, izinhlobo eziyinkimbinkimbi ze-polymetry, okuthiwa. i-tape voicing yizinto eziphuma ngokungangabazeki ze-polyphony.
Isici esibaluleke kakhulu se-polyphony yekhulu lama-20. - incazelo entsha ye-dissonance, nesimanje. i-counterpoint ngokuvamile i-dissonant counterpoint. Isitayela esiqinile sisekelwe kongwaqa bongwaqa: i-dissonance eyenzeka kuphela ngendlela yomsindo odlulayo, oyisizayo noma obambezelekile ngokuqinisekile izungezwe ongwaqa nhlangothi zombili. Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwe-S. nge. kulele eqinisweni lokuthi ama-dissonances athathwe ngokukhululekile asetshenziswa lapha; azidingi ukulungiswa, nakuba zithola imvume eyodwa noma enye, okungukuthi i-dissonance isho ukuvumelana ohlangothini olulodwa kuphela - ngemva kwalo. Futhi, ekugcineni, emculweni pl. abaqambi bekhulu lama-20 be-dissonance basetshenziswa ngendlela efanayo ne-consonance: ayiboshiwe yimibandela yokulungiselela hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi nemvume, okungukuthi. bukhona njengento ezimele engahlangene nongwaqa. I-dissonance ngokwezinga elikhulu noma elincane yenza buthaka ukuxhumana okusebenzayo kwe-harmonic futhi ivimbele "ukuqoqwa" kwe-polyphonic. amazwi abe yichord, azwakale mpo njengobunye. Ukulandelana komsebenzi wamaculo kuyeka ukuqondisa ukunyakaza kwetimu. Lokhu kuchaza ukuqiniswa kwe-melodic-rhythmic (kanye ne-tonal, uma umculo uyithoni) ukuzimela kwe-polyphonic. amazwi, imvelo yomugqa ye-polyphony emisebenzini yabanye abaningi. abaqambi besimanje (lapho kulula khona ukubona isifaniso ne-counterpoint yenkathi yokubhala okuqinile). Isibonelo, isiqalo somculo (esivundlile, esiqondile) sibusa kakhulu emvuthwandaba we-canon ephindwe kabili kusukela ekuthuthukisweni kokunyakaza koku-1 kwe-symphony yesi-5 (inombolo 32) kaShostakovich kangangokuthi indlebe ayiboni i-harmonic, okungukuthi. ubudlelwano obuqondile phakathi kwamazwi. Abaqambi bekhulu lama-20 basebenzisa isiko. kusho i-polyphonic. ulimi, nokho, lokhu akukwazi ukubhekwa njengokukhiqizwa okulula kwamasu aziwayo: kunalokho, sikhuluma ngesimanje. ukuqiniswa kwezindlela zendabuko, ngenxa yalokho bathola ikhwalithi entsha. Isibonelo, ku-symphony ye-Shostakovich eshiwo ngenhla, i-fugato ekuqaleni kwentuthuko (izinombolo ze-17 ne-18), ngenxa yokungena kwempendulo ku-octave eyandisiwe, izwakala inokhahlo ngokungavamile. Enye yezindlela ezivame kakhulu zekhulu lama-20. iba "i-polyphony of layers", futhi isakhiwo se-reservoir singaba yinkimbinkimbi ngokungapheli. Ngakho-ke, ungqimba ngezinye izikhathi lwakhiwa kusukela ekuhambeni okuhambisanayo noma okuphambene kwamazwi amaningi (kuze kufike ekwakhiweni kwamaqoqo), amasu e-aleatoric asetshenziswa (isibonelo, ukuthuthukiswa kwemisindo enikeziwe yochungechunge) kanye ne-sonoristics (isigqi. I-canon, isibonelo, yezintambo ezidlala endaweni yokumisa), njll. Kwaziwa ngomculo we-polyphonic wakudala. orc ukuphikiswa. amaqembu noma amathuluzi kubaqambi abaningi bekhulu lama-20 aguqulwa abe “i-polyphony of rhythmic timbres” (ngokwesibonelo, esethulweni se-Stravinsky's The Rite of Spring) futhi ilethwa ngendlela enengqondo. Ekugcineni, iba “i-polyphony of sonorous effects” (ngokwesibonelo, emidlalweni ka-K. Penderecki). Ngendlela efanayo, ukusetshenziswa komculo we-dodecaphonic wokunyakaza okuqondile nokwaseceleni nge-inversions yabo kuvela kumasu wesitayela esiqinile, kodwa ukusetshenziswa okuhlelekile, kanye nokubala okuqondile enhlanganweni yawo wonke (hhayi njalo evuna expressiveness) zinikeze ikhwalithi ehlukile. Nge-polyphonic. umculo wekhulu lama-20 izinhlobo zendabuko ziyashintshwa futhi kuzalwa izinhlobo ezintsha, izici zazo ezixhunywe ngokungenakuhlukaniswa nemvelo ye-thematism kanye nenhlangano yomsindo jikelele (isibonelo, ingqikithi yesiphetho se-symphony op.
I-Polyphony 20th century yakha isitayela esisha ngokuyisisekelo. uhlobo oludlulela ngalé komqondo ochazwa igama elithi “S. Kanye.” Imikhawulo echazwe ngokucacile yalesi sitayela "esikhululekile kakhulu" sesitezi sesi-2. Ikhulu lama-20 alinayo, futhi alikho igama elivunyelwe lencazelo yalo okwamanje (ngezinye izikhathi incazelo "i-polyphony entsha yekhulu lama-20" isetshenziswa).
S. ufunda no. isikhathi eside ephishekela ezingokoqobo kuphela. uh. imigomo (F. Marpurg, I. Kirnberger, njll.). Uchwepheshe. izifundo zomlando nezethiyori zavela ngekhulu le-19. (X. Riemann). Imisebenzi ejwayelekile yenziwa ngekhulu lama-20. (isb, “Fundamentals of Linear Counterpoint” ka-E. Kurt), kanye nokukhethekile. imisebenzi yobuhle ku-polyphony yesimanje. Kunezincwadi eziningi zesiRashiya. lang., ucwaningo oluzinikele lwe-S. nge. U-BV Asafiev ukhulume ngokuphindaphindiwe ngalesi sihloko; kusukela emisebenzini yemvelo ejwayelekile, "Izimiso Zezitayela Zobuciko" ka-SS Skrebkov kanye "Umlando Wezithombe Eziningi" ka-VV Protopopov zivelele. Izinkinga ezijwayelekile zethiyori ye-polyphony nazo zifakwe kwezinye eziningi. izihloko ngabaqambi be-polyphony.
2) Ingxenye yesibili, yokugcina (ngemuva kwesitayela esiqinile (2)) ingxenye yesifundo se-polyphony. Emculweni Emanyuvesi e-USSR, i-polyphony ifundwa ezingeni le-theory futhi izokwenziwa ngabathile. i-f-max; ezikoleni zamabanga aphezulu. izikhungo - kuphela ngokomlando-wethiyori. umnyango (eminyangweni edlalwayo, ukujwayelana namafomu e-polyphonic kufakwe esifundweni esijwayelekile sokuhlaziya imisebenzi yomculo). Okuqukethwe kwesifundo kunqunywa i-akhawunti. izinhlelo ezigunyazwe uMnyango Wezamasiko we-USSR kanye neRiphabhulikhi. min-wena. Isifundo sika-S nge. kuhilela ukuqaliswa kwezivivinyo ezibhaliwe ch. ar. ngendlela ye-fugue (i-canon, izinto ezisunguliwe, i-passacaglia, izinhlobonhlobo, izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezingeniso, imidlalo yama-fugues, njll.) nazo zakhiwe. Izinjongo zalesi sifundo zihlanganisa ukuhlaziywa kwe-polyphonic. imisebenzi eyabaqambi bezinkathi nezitayela ezahlukene. Eminyango yomqambi wezinye uch. izikhungo ziqeqeshelwe ukuthuthukiswa kwamakhono e-polyphonic. ukuthuthukiswa (bona "Izinkinga kuPolyphony" ngu-GI Litinsky); emculweni we-f-max womlando kanye nethiyori. amanyuvesi e-USSR asungula indlela yokutadisha izenzakalo ze-polyphony emlandweni. isici. Ukuze uthole indlela yokufundisa izikhova. uh. izikhungo zibonakala ngokuxhunywa kwe-polyphony enezifundo ezihlobene - solfeggio (bheka, isibonelo, "Ukuqoqwa kwezibonelo ezivela ezincwadini ze-polyphonic. Ukuze 2, 3 kanye ne-4 voice solfeggio" ngu-VV Sokolova, M.-L., 1933, "Solfeggio . Izibonelo ezivela ezincwadini ze-polyphonic” ka-A. Agazhanov kanye no-D. Blum, eMoscow, 1972), umlando womculo, njll.
I-polyphony yokufundisa inesizinda sokufundisa esinesikhathi eside. amasiko. Ngekhulu le-17-18. cishe wonke umqambi wayenguthisha; kwakuyisiko ukudlulisela ulwazi kubaculi abasebasha bezama isandla sabo ekuqambeni. S. efundisa nge. kubhekwa njengento ebalulekile ngabaculi abakhulu. Uch. ubuholi bushiye uJP Sweelinck, JF Rameau. U-JS Bach udale imisebenzi yakhe eminingi evelele. - okusunguliwe, "The Well-Tempered Clavier", "The Art of the Fugue" - njengento engokoqobo. imiyalelo ekuqambeni nasekwenzeni ipholyphonic. umkhiqizo. Phakathi kwalabo ababefundisa u-S. – J. Haydn, S. Frank, J. Bizet, A. Bruckner. Izinkinga ze-polyphony zinakwa ku-akhawunti. abaqondisi P. Hindemith, A. Schoenberg. Ukuthuthukiswa kwesiko le-polyphonic ngesiRashiya nezikhova. umculo wakhuthazwa imisebenzi abaqambi NA Rimsky-Korsakov, AK Lyadov, SI Taneev, RM Glier, AV Aleksandrov, N. Ya. Myaskovsky. Kudalwe inani lezincwadi zokufunda ezifingqa ulwazi lokufundisa u-S. s. e-USSR.
References: Taneev S. I., Isingeniso, encwadini yakhe ethi: Movable counterpoint of strict writing, Leipzig, 1909, M., 1959; (UTaneev S. I.), Izinhlamvu ezimbalwa eziya ku-S. FUTHI. Taneyev ezindabeni zomculo nezethiyori, encwadini: S. FUTHI. Taneev, Izinto kanye nemibhalo, vol. 1, M., 1952; Taneev S. I., From the science and pedagogical heritage, M., 1967; Asafiev B. AT. (Igor Glebov), Mayelana nobuciko be-polyphonic, mayelana nesiko lesitho kanye nesimanje somculo. L., 1926; eyakhe, Ifomu Lomculo njengenqubo, (incwadi. 1-2), M.-L., 1930-47, L., 1971; Skrebkov C. S., Ukuhlaziywa kwePolyphonic, M.-L., 1940; eyakhe, Incwadi ye-polyphony, M.-L., 1951, M., 1965; yakhe, Izimiso Zobuciko zezitayela zomculo, M., 1973; Pavlyuchenko S. A., Umhlahlandlela Wokuhlaziya Okusebenzayo Kwezisekelo Ze-Inventive Polyphony, M., 1953; UProtopopov V. V., Umlando we-polyphony ezimeni zawo ezibaluleke kakhulu. (Umq. 1) - Umculo waseRussia wakudala nowaseSoviet, M., 1962; yakhe, Umlando we-polyphony ezimweni zayo ezibaluleke kakhulu. (Umq. 2) - Ama-classics aseNtshonalanga Yurophu yekhulu le-XVIII-XIX, M., 1965; Kusukela kuRenaissance kuya Ekhulwini Lamashumi amabili. (Sb.), M., 1963; Tyulin Yu. N., Art of counterpoint, M., 1964; I-Renaissance. I-Baroque. I-Classicism. Inkinga yezitayela kwezobuciko baseNtshonalanga Yurophu yekhulu le-XV-XVII. (Sb.), M., 1966; Hermit I. Ya., I-counterpoint ehambayo nokubhala kwamahhala, L., 1967; Kushnarev X. S., O polyphony, M., 1971; UStepanov A., Chugaev A., Polyphony, M., 1972; I-Polyphony. Ngomgqibelo. Art., comp. kanye no-ed. KUYA. U-Yuzhak, M., 1975; Rameau J.-Ph., Traitй de l'harmonie…, P., 1722; Marpurg Fr. W., incwadi nge-fugue, vol. 1-2, В., 1753-54, Lpz., 1806; Kirnberger J. Ph., Ubuciko bokuqamba okumsulwa emculweni, ama-vols. 1-2, B.-Kцnigsberg, 1771-79; U-Albrechtsberger J. G., Imiyalo Ephelele yokuqamba, Lpz.., 1790, 1818; Dehn S., Theory of counterpoint, the canon and the fugue, В., 1859, 1883; Ijaji E F. E., Incwadi yombhalo ye-counterpoint elula nephindwe kabili, Lpz., 1872 (рус. nge. — URichter E. F., Incwadi Yokufunda ye-counterpoint elula nephindwe kabili, M.-Leipzig, 1903); Bussler L., Kontrapunkt und Fuge im freien modernen Tonsatz, V., 1878, 1912 (rus. nge. - Bussler L., Isitayela samahhala. Incwadi ye-counterpoint kanye ne-fugue, M., 1885); Jadasson S., Lehrbuch des einfachen, doppelten, drei- und vierfachen Contrapunkts, Lpz., 1884, ngaphansi kwesihloko esithi: Musikalische Kompositionslehre, Tl 1, Bd 2, 1926; Umzila E., Counterpoint, L., 1890; yakhe, I-Double counterpoint kanye ne-canon, L., 1891, 1893; yakhe, Fugue, L., 1891 (rus. nge. – Prayt E., Fuga, M., 1900); eyakhe, Fugal analysis, L., 1892 (rus. nge. - I-Prout E., Ukuhlaziywa kwamafugues, M., 1915); U-Riemann H. Geschichte der Musiktheorie im IX. - XIX. Century, Lpz., 1898, Hildesheim, 1961; U-Kurth E., Izisekelo ze-linear counterpoint…, Bern, 1917 (рус. nge. – Kurt E., Okuyisisekelo kwe-linear counterpoint, M., 1931); Hindemith P., Unterweisung im Tonsatz, Bd 1-3, Mainz, 1937-70; Krenek E., Studies in counterpoint, N.
VP Frayonov
