Glenn Gould (Glenn Gould) |

Glenn gould

Kusihlwa ngo-May 7, 1957, abantu abambalwa kakhulu bahlangana ekhonsathini eHholo Elikhulu laseMoscow Conservatory. Igama lomculi lalingaziwa kunoma yimuphi wabathandi bomculo baseMoscow, futhi akekho kulabo ababekhona owayenamathemba amakhulu ngalobu busuku. Kodwa okwenzeka ngokulandelayo nakanjani kuzokhunjulwa yiwo wonke umuntu isikhathi eside.

Lena yindlela uProfesa GM Kogan akuchaza ngayo lokho akubona: “Kusukela emigomeni yokuqala ye-fugue yokuqala evela ku-Bach's Art of Fugue, umshayi wopiyano waseCanada uGlen Gould aqala ngayo ikhonsathi yakhe, kwaba sobala ukuthi sasibhekene nesenzakalo esivelele emdlalweni. umkhakha wokusebenza kwezobuciko kupiyano. Lo mbono awushintshile, kodwa uqiniswe kuphela kuyo yonke ikhonsathi. UGlen Gould usemncane kakhulu (uneminyaka engamashumi amabili nane). Naphezu kwalokhu, usevele engumculi ovuthiwe futhi eyingcweti ephelele onobuntu obuchazwe kahle, obucacile. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kubonakala ngokucacile kukho konke - kokubili ku-repertoire, nasekuchazeni, nezindlela zobuchwepheshe zokudlala, ngisho nasendleleni yangaphandle yokusebenza. Isisekelo se-repertoire kaGould yimisebenzi emikhulu ka-Bach (ngokwesibonelo, iSixth Partita, Goldberg Variations), u-Beethoven (ngokwesibonelo, i-Sonata, i-Op. 109, i-Fourth Concerto), kanye nabakhulumeli baseJalimane bekhulu lesi-XNUMX (i-sonatas ka-Hindemith , Alban Berg). Imisebenzi yabaqambi abanjengoChopin, uLiszt, uRachmaninoff, ingasaphathwa eyemisebenzi ye-virtuoso noma i-salon, ngokusobala ayimkhangi nhlobo umdlali wopiyano waseCanada.

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Ukuhlanganiswa okufanayo kokuthambekela kwe-classical kanye ne-expressionist nakho kubonisa incazelo kaGould. Kuyaphawuleka ngokushuba okukhulu komcabango kanye nentando, egcizelelwe ngendlela emangalisayo ngesigqi, imisho, ukuhlobana okuguquguqukayo, iveza kakhulu ngendlela yayo; kodwa lokhu kuzwakalisa, okuveza ngokugcizelela, ngesikhathi esifanayo ngandlela thize kuwukuzincisha injabulo. Ukugxila lapho umdlali wopiyano “azidela” khona endaweni ezungezile, azicwilise emculweni, amandla aveza ngawo futhi “abeka” izinhloso zakhe zokwenza ezilalelini kuyamangalisa. Lezi zinhloso ngandlela thize, mhlawumbe, ziyaphikiswana; Nokho, umuntu angeke ahluleke ukukhokha intela ngokuqiniseka okuhlaba umxhwele komdlali, angeke akwazi ukusiza kodwa utusa ukuzethemba, ukucaca, isiqiniseko somfanekiso wabo, ikhono elinembile neliphelele lokudlala upiyano - ulayini ozwakalayo onjalo (ikakhulukazi kupiyano nopiyanissimo), iziqephu ezehlukene, umsebenzi ovulekile onjalo, ukudlula nokudlula “bheka ngapha nangapha” polyphony. Yonke into ekwipiyano kaGould ihlukile, kuya kumasu. Ukufika kwayo okuphansi kakhulu kuyaxaka. Indlela yakhe aqhuba ngayo ngesandla esikhululekile ngesikhathi edlala ayijwayelekile… UGlen Gould usesekuqaleni kwendlela yakhe yobuciko. Akungabazeki ukuthi ulindelwe ikusasa eliqhakazile.”

Sikubalule lokhu kubuyekezwa okufushane cishe ngokuphelele, hhayi nje ngoba kwakuyimpendulo yokuqala engathi sína ekusebenzeni komdlali wopiyano waseCanada, kodwa ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokuthi isithombe esivezwe ngokuqondisisa okunjalo ngumculi ohlonishwayo waseSoviet, ngokuxakayo, sibugcinile ubuqiniso baso, ikakhulukazi futhi kamuva, nakuba isikhathi, kunjalo, senza izinguquko ezithile kuso. Lokhu, ngendlela, kufakazela ukuthi uGould osemncane oyingcweti ovuthiwe, wavela phambi kwethu.

Wathola izifundo zakhe zokuqala zomculo edolobheni lakubo kanina eToronto, kusukela eneminyaka engu-11 waya eRoyal Conservatory lapho, lapho afunda khona upiyano ekilasini lika-Alberto Guerrero nokuqamba noLeo Smith, waphinde wafunda nabahlabeleli abahamba phambili e-Organism. idolobha. UGould waqala ukudlala njengomdlali wopiyano nomdlali we-ogani emuva ngo-1947, futhi waphothula e-conservatory kuphela ngo-1952. Akukho okwabikezela ukukhuphuka kwe-meteoric ngisho nangemva kokucula ngempumelelo eNew York, eWashington nakwamanye amadolobha ase-US ngo-1955. Umphumela oyinhloko wale midlalo. kwakuyinkontileka nenkampani yokuqopha i-CBS, eyagcina amandla ayo isikhathi eside. Ngokushesha irekhodi lokuqala elibalulekile lenziwa - "Goldberg" ukuhlukahluka kwe-Bach - kamuva okwaduma kakhulu (ngaphambi kwalokho, nokho, wayeseqophe imisebenzi eminingana kaHaydn, Mozart kanye nababhali besikhathi samanje eCanada). Futhi kwakungalobo busuku eMoscow okwabeka isisekelo sodumo lwezwe likaGould.

Ngemva kokuthatha isikhundla esivelele eqenjini labadlali bopiyano abahamba phambili, uGould wahola umsebenzi wekhonsathi osebenzayo iminyaka eminingana. Yiqiniso, washeshe waduma hhayi kuphela ngenxa yezimpumelelo zakhe zobuciko, kodwa futhi ngenxa yokugabadela kokuziphatha kanye nenkani yomlingiswa. Kuphakathi kokuthi wayefuna izinga lokushisa elithile kubahleli bekhonsathi ehholo, waphuma esiteji egqoke amagilavu, wabe enqaba ukudlala kuze kube yilapho kunengilazi yamanzi ophiyano, wabe eseqala amacala amahlazo, amakhonsathi akhanseliwe, wabe esezwakalisa. ukungeneliseki emphakathini, kwashayisana nama-conductor.

Iphephandaba lomhlaba lazungeza, ikakhulukazi, indaba yokuthi uGould, ngenkathi eprakthiza i-Brahms Concerto ku-D encane eNew York, wayephikisana kakhulu nombhidisi u-L. Bernstein ekuchazeni umsebenzi kangangokuthi ukusebenza kwacishe kwawa. Ekugcineni, uBernstein wakhuluma nezethameli ngaphambi kokuqala kwekhonsathi, exwayisa ngokuthi wayengeke "athwale umthwalo wakho konke okwakuzokwenzeka", kodwa usazoqhuba, njengoba ukudlala kukaGould "kufanele ukulalela" ...

Yebo, kusukela ekuqaleni, uGould wathatha indawo ekhethekile phakathi kwamaciko angaleso sikhathi, futhi wathethelelwa kakhulu ngokungavamile kwakhe, ngenxa yobungqayizivele bobuciko bakhe. Wayengenakufinyelelwa ezindinganisweni zendabuko, futhi naye wayekwazi lokhu. Kuyisici ukuthi, ebuyile e-USSR, ekuqaleni wayefuna ukuba nengxenye emncintiswaneni weTchaikovsky, kodwa, ngemva kokucabanga, wawushiya lo mbono; akunakwenzeka ukuthi ubuciko bokuqala obunjalo bungangena ohlakeni lokuncintisana. Nokho, hhayi kuphela original, kodwa futhi ohlangothini olulodwa. Futhi ngokuqhubekayo uGould enza ekhonsathini, okucacile akubanga amandla akhe kuphela, kodwa futhi nokulinganiselwa kwakhe - kokubili i-repertoire kanye nesitayela. Uma incazelo yakhe yomculo kaBach noma ababhali besikhathi samanje - kuwo wonke umsuka wayo - njalo yathola ukwazisa okuphezulu kakhulu, khona-ke "ukungena" kwakhe kweminye imikhakha yomculo kubangele izingxabano ezingapheli, ukunganeliseki, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngisho nokungabaza mayelana nokungathi sína kwezinhloso zomdlali wopiyano.

Noma ngabe u-Glen Gould waziphatha kanjani, nokho, isinqumo sakhe sokushiya umsebenzi wekhonsathi sahlangatshezwa njengokuduma kwezulu. Kusukela ngo-1964, uGould akazange abonakale esiteji sekhonsathi, futhi ngo-1967 wenza ukubonakala kwakhe kokugcina esidlangalaleni eChicago. Ube esephumela obala wathi akasazimisele ngokucula futhi ufuna ukuzinikela ngokuphelele ekuqopheni. Kwaba namahemuhemu ukuthi isizathu, utshani lokugcina, kwaba ukwamukelwa okungenabungane kakhulu anikezwa umphakathi wase-Italy ngemuva kokudlalwa kwemidlalo ye-Schoenberg. Kodwa umculi ngokwakhe washukumisa isinqumo sakhe ngokucatshangelwa kwethiyori. Wamemezela ukuthi esikhathini sobuchwepheshe, ukuphila kwekhonsathi ngokuvamile sekuzoshabalala, ukuthi irekhodi legilamafoni kuphela elinikeza umculi ithuba lokudala ukusebenza okuhle, kanye nomphakathi izimo zombono ofanele womculo, ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa komakhelwane ihholo lekhonsathi, ngaphandle kwezingozi. “Amahholo ekhonsathi azoshabalala,” kubikezela uGould. “Amarekhodi azowamiselela.”

Isinqumo sikaGould kanye nezisusa zakhe kwadala ukusabela okuqinile phakathi kochwepheshe kanye nomphakathi. Abanye baklolodela, abanye baphikisa kakhulu, abanye - abambalwa - bavuma ngokuqapha. Nokho, iqiniso liwukuthi cishe iminyaka eyishumi nesigamu uGlen Gould exhumana nomphakathi lapho engekho, kuphela ngosizo lwamarekhodi.

Ekuqaleni kwalesi sikhathi, wasebenza ngokunenzuzo nangokuzimisela; igama lakhe lanqamuka ukuvela esihlokweni somlando oyihlazo, kodwa lisadonsa ukunaka kwabaculi, abagxeki nabathandi bomculo. Amarekhodi e-New Gould avela cishe njalo ngonyaka, kodwa inani lawo eliphelele lincane. Ingxenye ebalulekile yokuqoshwa kwakhe yimisebenzi ka-Bach: ama-Partitas ayisithupha, amakhonsathi ku-D enkulu, F minor, G minor, “Goldberg” ukuhluka kanye ne-“Well-Tempered Clavier”, okusungulwe okuyizingxenye ezimbili nezintathu, i-French Suite, i-Italian Concerto. , “I-Art of Fugue” … Lapha u-Gould usebenza kaningi njengomculi ohlukile, akekho omunye, ozwa futhi aphinde ahlanganise indwangu eyinkimbinkimbi yomculo ka-Bach ngomfutho omkhulu, ngokuzwakalayo, nangomoya ophezulu. Ngokuqoshwa kwakhe ngakunye, uphinda afakazele kaningi ukuthi kungenzeka ukufundwa komculo kaBach wesimanje - ngaphandle kokubheka emuva kuma-prototypes omlando, ngaphandle kokubuyela esitayeleni nasezinsimbini zesikhathi esidlule, okungukuthi, ufakazela ubungqabavu obujulile kanye nesimanjemanje. yomculo kaBach namuhla.

Esinye isigaba esibalulekile se-repertoire kaGould umsebenzi kaBeethoven. Ngisho nangaphambi kwalokho (kusukela ngo-1957 kuya ku-1965) waqopha wonke amakhonsathi, wabe esengeza ohlwini lwakhe lokuqoshwa nge-sonatas eminingi nemijikelezo emithathu emikhulu yokuhlukahluka. Lapha futhi uheha ngokusha kwemibono yakhe, kodwa hhayi njalo - nge-organicity yabo kanye nokukholisa; ngezinye izikhathi incazelo yakhe ingqubuzana ngokuphelele, njengoba kwaphawula isazi somculo saseSoviet nomdlali wopiyano uD. Blagoy, “hhayi nje kuphela namasiko, kodwa futhi nezisekelo zokucabanga kukaBeethoven.” Ngokungathandi, ngezinye izikhathi kukhona izinsolo zokuthi ukuphambuka ku-tempo eyamukelwe, iphethini yesigqi, izilinganiso eziguquguqukayo azibangelwa umqondo ocatshangelwe kahle, kodwa isifiso sokwenza yonke into ngokuhlukile kwabanye. “Ukuqoshwa kwakamuva kukaGould kwe-sonatas kaBeethoven evela ku-opus 31,” kubhala omunye wabagxeki bakwamanye amazwe maphakathi nawo-70s, “ngeke kwanelise kokubili abamthandayo nabamelene naye. Labo abamthandayo ngoba uya e-studio kuphela lapho esekulungele ukusho okusha, okungakashiwo abanye, bazothola ukuthi okungekho kulezi sonatas ezintathu kuyinselele yokudala; kwabanye, konke akwenzayo ngokuhlukile kozakwabo ngeke kubonakale kuyisiqalo.

Lo mbono usibuyisela emazwini kaGould ngokwakhe, owake wachaza umgomo wakhe ngale ndlela: “Okokuqala, ngilwela ukugwema ingqikithi yegolide, engafi erekhodini ngabashayi bopiyano abaningi abavelele. Ngicabanga ukuthi kubaluleke kakhulu ukugqamisa lezo zici zokurekhodwa ezikhanyisa ucezu ngombono ohluke ngokuphelele. Ukubulawa kumele kube eduze ngangokunokwenzeka esenzweni sokudala - lokhu kuyisihluthulelo, lesi yisixazululo senkinga. Ngezinye izikhathi lesi simiso saholela ekuphumeleleni okuvelele, kodwa ezimweni lapho amandla okudala obuntu bakhe angqubuzana nemvelo yomculo, ukwehluleka. Abathengi berekhodi sebejwayele ukuthi ukuqoshwa okusha ngakunye kweGould kuphathe isimanga, kwenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukuzwa umsebenzi ojwayelekile ngendlela entsha. Kodwa, njengoba omunye wabagxeki ephawule ngokufanelekile, ekuchazeni okudidayo unomphela, ekuphokopheleni okuphakade kokuvela, usongo lwesimiso nalo luyacasha - kokubili umenzi kanye nomlaleli bayajwayela, bese beba "izitembu zokusuka".

I-repertoire kaGould ibilokhu iphrofayili ngokucacile, kodwa hhayi encane kakhulu. Akazange adlale uSchubert, Chopin, Schumann, Liszt, wenza umculo omningi wekhulu lesi-3 - i-sonatas kaScriabin (No. 7), Prokofiev (No. 7), A. Berg, E. Ksheneck, P. Hindemith, bonke imisebenzi ka-A. Schoenberg, okwakuhilela kuyo upiyano; wavuselela imisebenzi yababhali basendulo - u-Byrd no-Gibbons, abalandeli bomculo wepiyano abamangazayo ngesikhalo esingalindelekile ekulotshweni kuka-Liszt kwe-Beethoven's Fifth Symphony (uphinde wakha kabusha umsindo ogcwele igazi we-orchestra ophiyano) kanye nezingcezwana ezivela kuma-opera e-Wagner; uqophe kungazelelwe izibonelo ezikhohliwe zomculo wothando - i-Grieg's Sonata (Op. XNUMX), I-Nocturne ne-Chromatic Variations ka-Wiese, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngisho ne-Sibelius sonatas. U-Gould wabuye waqamba ama-cadenza akhe amakhonsathi ka-Beethoven futhi wadlala ingxenye yopiyano ku-monodrama ka-R. Strauss ethi Enoch Arden, futhi ekugcineni, waqopha i-Art of Fugue ka-Bach ku-ogani futhi, okokuqala ngqa ehlezi ku-harpsichord, wanika abalandeli bakhe indondo. Ukuchazwa okuhle kakhulu kwe-Handel's Suite. Kukho konke lokhu, uGould wasebenza ngenkuthalo njengomsakazi, umbhali wezinhlelo zethelevishini, izindatshana kanye nezichasiselo eziqoshiwe zakhe siqu, kokubili ezibhaliwe nezomlomo; ngezinye izikhathi izitatimende zakhe zaziqukethe ukuhlasela okucasula abaculi abanzima, ngezinye izikhathi, ngokuphambene nalokho, imicabango ejulile, nakuba iyinkimbinkimbi. Kodwa futhi kwenzeka ukuthi waphikisa izitatimende zakhe zemibhalo nezingxabano ngencazelo yakhe.

Lo msebenzi oguquguqukayo futhi onenjongo unikeze isizathu sokuthemba ukuthi umdwebi wayengakasho izwi lokugcina; ukuthi esikhathini esizayo ukusesha kwakhe kuzoholela emiphumeleni yobuciko ebalulekile. Kokunye ukuqopha kwakhe, nakuba kungacacile, kwakusenomkhuba wokusuka ezenzweni ezeqisayo ezimvelele kuze kube manje. Izici zobulula obusha, ukwenqaba imikhuba nokugabadela, ukubuyela ebuhleni bangempela bomsindo wepiyano zibonakala ngokucacile ekurekhodweni kwakhe kwama-sonata ambalwa kaMozart kanye nama-intermezzo angu-10 kaBrahms; ukwenza kweciko akukalahlekelwa nakancane ukuqabuleka nokuvela kwayo.

Kunzima-ke ukusho ukuthi lo mkhuba ungakhula ngezinga elingakanani. Omunye wezibukeli zakwamanye amazwe, “ebikezela” indlela yentuthuko yesikhathi esizayo ka-Glenn Gould, uphakamise ukuthi ekugcineni uzoba “umculi ojwayelekile”, noma uzodlala ama-duets nomunye “ohluphayo” - uFriedrich Gulda. Ayikho into eyayibonakala ingenakwenzeka.

Eminyakeni yamuva nje, uGould - lo "Fisher womculo", njengoba izintatheli zimbiza kanjalo - uhlale ekude nokuphila kwezobuciko. Wazinza eToronto, ekamelweni lehhotela, lapho ahlomisa khona isitudiyo esincane sokuqopha. Kusukela lapha, amarekhodi akhe asabalale emhlabeni wonke. Yena ngokwakhe akazange ashiye indlu yakhe isikhathi eside futhi wayehamba nje ngemoto ebusuku. Lapha, kuleli hhotela, ukufa okungalindelekile kwamfica umculi. Kodwa, kunjalo, ifa likaGould liyaqhubeka liphila, futhi ukudlala kwakhe kuyashaya namuhla ngemvelaphi yakho, ukungafani nanoma yiziphi izibonelo ezaziwayo. Okuthakazelisa kakhulu yizincwadi zakhe zokubhala, eziqoqwe futhi zaphawulwa ngu-T. Page futhi zanyatheliswa ngezilimi eziningi.

Grigoriev L., Platek Ya.