Harmonium: kuyini, umlando, izinhlobo, amaqiniso athakazelisayo

Maphakathi nekhulu lesi-XNUMX, ezindlini zamadolobha aseYurophu umuntu wayevame ukubona insimbi yomculo emangalisayo, i-harmonium. Ngaphandle, ifana nepiyano, kodwa inokugcwala okuhluke ngokuphelele kwangaphakathi. Kungokwesigaba sama-aerophones noma ama-harmonics. Umsindo ukhiqizwa isenzo sokugeleza komoya emhlangeni. Leli thuluzi liyimfanelo ebalulekile yamasonto amaKhatholika.

Iyini i-harmonium

Ngokuklama, insimbi yomoya yekhibhodi ifana nepiyano noma isitho. I-harmonium nayo inokhiye, kodwa yilapho ukufana kuphela khona. Lapho udlala upiyano, izando ezishaya izintambo zinesibopho sokukhipha umsindo. Umsindo wesitho uvela ngenxa yokudlula kwemisinga yomoya ngamapayipi. I-harmonium iseduze nesitho. Imisinga yomoya iphonswa yizivunguvungu, idlula kumashubhu anobude obuhlukahlukene, isebenze izilimi zensimbi.

Insimbi ibekwa phansi noma etafuleni. Ingxenye emaphakathi ithathwe ikhibhodi. Kungaba umugqa owodwa noma ihlelwe ngemigqa emibili. Ngaphansi kwayo kunezicabha namaphedali. Ukwenza ama-pedals, umculi ulawula ukunikezwa komoya ku-furs, ama-flaps alawulwa ngamadolo. Banesibopho sezithunzi eziguqukayo zomsindo. Ibanga lomculo elidlalwayo lingama-octave amahlanu. Amakhono ensimbi abanzi, angasetshenziswa ukwenza imisebenzi yohlelo, ukuhlela ukuthuthukiswa.

Umzimba we-harmonium wenziwe ngokhuni. Ngaphakathi kukhona amaphimbo anolimi olushelelayo. Ikhibhodi ihlukaniswe yaba izingxenye ezingakwesokudla nesobunxele, ezilawulwa ngamaleveli atholakala ngenhla kwekhibhodi. Insimbi yakudala inobukhulu obumangalisayo - imitha eyodwa nesigamu ukuphakama kanye namasentimitha angu-130 ububanzi.

Umlando wethuluzi

Indlela yokukhipha imisindo, lapho i-harmonium isekelwe khona, yavela kudala ngaphambi kokusungulwa kwalesi "sitho". Ngaphambi kwabaseYurophu, amaShayina afunda ukusebenzisa izilimi zensimbi. Kulesi simiso, i-accordion ne-harmonica yathuthukiswa. Ekupheleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX, umpetha waseCzech uF. Kirschnik uthole umphumela we- "espressivo" kumshini omusha osunguliwe. Kwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukukhulisa noma ukuwenza buthaka umsindo kuye ngokujula kokuchofoza kokhiye.

Ithuluzi lathuthukiswa ngumfundi wenkosi yaseCzech, esebenzisa umhlanga oshelelayo. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-1818, uG. Grenier, I. Bushman benza izinguquko zabo, igama elithi “harmonium” lashiwo umpetha waseViennese u-A. Heckel ngo-1840. Leli gama lisekelwe emagameni esiGreki, ahunyushwa ngokuthi “ uboya” kanye “nokuvumelana”. Ilungelo lobunikazi lokusungulwa okusha latholwa kuphela ngo-XNUMX ngu-A. Deben. Ngalesi sikhathi, insimbi yayisivele isetshenziswa abaculi kuma-salon omculo wasekhaya.

izinhlobonhlobo

I-harmonium ibe nezinguquko zesakhiwo futhi yathuthukiswa phakathi nekhulu lesi-XNUMX-XNUMX leminyaka. Ongcweti abavela emazweni ahlukene benza izinguquko ezisekelwe emasikweni kazwelonke okwenza umculo. Namuhla, emasikweni ahlukene, kunezinhlobonhlobo ezihlukene zensimbi:

• i-accordionflute - leli kwakuyigama le-harmonium yokuqala ngqa, eyakhiwe ngokwenguqulo eyodwa ngu-A. Heckel, futhi ngokusho kwenye - ngu-M. Busson. Yayifakwe esitendini, futhi uboya bufakwe amaphedali. Ububanzi bomsindo bebungabanzi - ama-octave angu-3-4 kuphela.
• I-harmonium yamaNdiya - amaHindu, amaPakistani, amaNepalese adlala kuwo, ehlezi phansi. Izinyawo azibandakanyi ekukhishweni komsindo. Umenzi wesandla esisodwa uvula uboya, esinye sicindezela izinkinobho.
• i-enharmonic harmonium - ehlola ithuluzi lekhibhodi, uprofesa wase-Oxford u-Robert Bosanquet wahlukanisa ama-octave ekhibhodi ejwayelekile yaba izinyathelo ezilinganayo ezingu-53, ethola umsindo onembile. Ukusungulwa kwakhe kudala kwasetshenziswa kwezobuciko bomculo baseJalimane.

Kamuva, kwavela amakhophi afakwe ugesi. I-Organola kanye ne-multimonica yaba okhokho bama-synthesizer anamuhla.

Ukusetshenziswa kwe-harmonium

Ngenxa yomsindo opholile, ozwakalayo, insimbi yazuza ukuduma. Kuze kube sekuqaleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX, ibidlalelwa ezidlekeni ezihlonishwayo, ezindlini zamanenekazi azalwa kahle. Kubhalelwe imisebenzi eminingi ye-harmonium. Izingcezu zihlukaniswa ngomculo omnandi, umculo, ukuzola. Ngokuvamile, abadlali babedlala okulotshiweyo kwemisebenzi yezwi, ye-clavier.

Ithuluzi lafika eRussia ngobuningi kanye nabafuduki abavela eJalimane baya eNtshonalanga naseMpumalanga ye-Ukraine. Khona-ke yayibonakala cishe kuzo zonke izindlu. Ngaphambi kwempi, ukuthandwa kwe-harmonium kwaqala ukwehla kakhulu. Namuhla, abalandeli beqiniso kuphela abayidlalayo, futhi isetshenziselwa ukufunda imisebenzi yomculo ebhalelwe isitho.

Amaqiniso Okuthakazelisayo

1. I-harmonium yabusiswa uPapa uPius weshumi ukuze enze izinkonzo zokukhulekela, ngokombono wakhe, leli thuluzi “lalinomphefumulo.” Yaqala yafakwa kuwo wonke amasonto angazange alithole ithuba lokuthenga i-organ.
2. E-Russia, omunye wabathandi be-harmonium kwakungu-VF Odoevsky ungumcabangi odumile nomsunguli we-musicology yaseRussia.
3. I-Astrakhan Museum-Reserve yethula isichasiselo esinikezelwe entweni kanye negalelo le-Yu.G. Zimmerman ekuthuthukiseni isiko lomculo. Umzimba we-harmonium uhlotshiswe ngomhlobiso wezimbali kanye nepuleti elinophawu olubonisa ukuhlangana komkhiqizi.

Namuhla, ama-aerophone cishe awatholakali edayiswa. Ongoti bangempela ba-oda ukukhiqizwa kwayo komuntu siqu ezimbonini zomculo.