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kusukela ku-xoros yesiGreki - umdanso oyindilinga ngokucula; lat. ikhorasi, ital. coro, igciwane. Chor, i-French choeur, eng. ikwaya, ikhorasi

I-1) Iqembu lehlelo lidansa ngokucula (ngezinye izikhathi umdanso oyindilinga), ngokuvamile ohambisana nama- aulos, i-kifara, i-lyre e-Dr. Greece, kanye noDkt.

2) Ezikhathini zasendulo, umhlanganyeli weqembu ophoqelekile ezinhlekeleleni namahlaya, enza samuntu izwi labantu futhi evame ukwenza njengokuzimela. umlingisi.

3) Iqembu labahlabeleli elenza ngokuhlanganyela i-wok. umkhiqizo. nge-instr. ngokuhambisana noma ngaphandle kokuhambisana (choir a cappella). I-X. ihambe ibanga elide emlandweni. ukuthuthukiswa kanye nokubola okwenziwe. imisebenzi. Ukwakheka kwayo, izimiso zokuhlukaniswa ngamaphimbo, kwavela, inani labadlali lashintsha (bheka umculo wamakhwaya). Ekuqaleni kweNkathi Ephakathi (c. 4th century), lapho evela esontweni. umphakathi wagqama uProf. X. (kliros), wayengakahlukanisi. Emakhulwini 10-13. ukuhlukaniswa okuyinhloko kwamazwi ngamarejista kuyaqala. Kamuva (mhlawumbe kusukela ekhulwini le-14-15), ngokuthuthukiswa kwe-polyphony, umqondo wekhorasi wasungulwa. amaqembu, ngalinye elingenziwa ngazwi linye noma lihlukaniswe eziningana. amavoti (okuthiwa yi-divisi). Ngalesi sikhathi, ukuhlukaniswa ngamaphimbo kunqunywa umsebenzi wabo emculweni. izindwangu. Umlolozelo omkhulu izwi laliyi-tenor; amanye amazwi - motet, triplum, quadruplum - enziwa asizayo. indima. Inani lamaphathi ekhwaya kanye nobukhulu bekhwaya kwakuncike kakhulu kumamyuziyamu. isitayela senkathi ngayinye. Iminyaka engu-14-15. 3-4 imigomo iyisici. amakhwaya, ku-Renaissance inani lamazwi lenyuka laya ku-6-8 noma ngaphezulu, ngesikhathi esifanayo kwavela izingoma eziphindwe kabili nezikathathu ze-X. Ukuvela kwesistimu ye-harmonics esebenzayo. ukucabanga kwaholela ekwehlukaneni kwekhwaya ibe yizikhonkwane ezi-4. amaqembu: i-treble (noma i-soprano), i-alto, i-tenor, i-bass (lesi sigaba sekhwaya sihlala sihamba phambili namuhla).

Ngokufika kwe-opera, i-X. iba ingxenye yayo ebalulekile futhi kancane kancane izuza idramaturgy ezinhlotsheni ezithile ze-opera. incazelo. Ngaphandle kwebandla. namakwaya e-opera, emculweni. isiko Zap. EYurophu, indawo evelele yayigcwele amakhwaya ezwe. amasonto. Ukugomela kokuzimela kuka-X. ngezindlela. idigri ehambisana nokuthuthukiswa kohlobo lwe-oratorio, kanye nekhwaya ethile. conc. izinhlobo (isb., ama-chorus cantatas). Emlandweni womculo waseRussia u-X. wadlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu, ngoba ngesiRashiya. umculo we-folklore choir. ukucula kwabusa, futhi u-prof. Umculo waseRussia kuze kube sekhulwini le-18. ithuthukiswe ch. ar. esiteshini sekwaya (bheka umculo waseRussia, umculo weSonto); isiko elicebile lokucula. amasiko agcinwa ezikhathini ezalandela.

I-Modern Choreology ihlukanisa i-X. ngokusho kokwakheka kwamazwi - okufana (owesifazane, owesilisa, izingane), okuxubile (okuhlanganisa amazwi ahlukene), okungaphelele okuxubile (ngokungabikho kweqembu elilodwa lamaqembu angu-4), futhi nangenombolo abahlanganyeli. Inani elincane labahlabeleli yi-12 (chamber choir), amalungu ama-3 lilinye. emaqenjini ekhwaya, ubuningi - kufika emahoreni ayi-100-120. (amakhwaya ahlanganisiwe abantu abangafika kwabayi-1000 noma ngaphezulu acula kumariphabhulikhi aseSoviet Baltic eMikhosini Yengoma).

4) Umculo. umkhiqizo owenzelwe ikhwaya. iqembu. Ingazimele noma ifakwe njengengxenye ebalulekile emsebenzini omkhulu.

5) ENtshonalanga Yurophu umculo we-opera wekhulu le-17 nele-18. ukuqokwa kuzophetha. izingxenye ze "duets of consent" kanye nama-trios.

6) Iqembu lezintambo zomculo owodwa. insimbi (lute, fp.), ishunwe kanyekanye ukuze ithuthukise noma inothise umsindo nge-timbre. Esithweni kukhona iqoqo lamapayipi e-potion asetshenziswa ukhiye owodwa.

7) Ku-orchestra - umsindo weqembu lezinsimbi ezilinganayo (i-cello choir, njll.).

8) Ukucaciswa. indawo yabahlabeleli emasontweni aseByzantine, Romanesque kanye namaGothic. izakhiwo; emasontweni aseRussia - "amakwaya".

References: Chesnokov P., Ikhwaya kanye nabaphathi, M.-L., 1940, 1961; U-Dmitrevsky G., Izifundo zeChoir kanye nokuphathwa kwekwaya, M.-L., 1948, 1957; U-Egorov A., Ithiyori kanye nomkhuba wokusebenza nekhwaya, L.-M., 1951; Sokolov V., Sebenza nekwaya, M., 1959, 1964; I-Krasnoshchekov V., Imibuzo Yezifundo Zomculo. M., 1969; Levando P., Izinkinga zezifundo zamakhwaya, L., 1974. Bheka futhi lit. ku-Art. Umculo wamakhwaya.

EI Kolyada