Fret imisebenzi |

Fret imisebenzi - izincazelo zemisindo nongwaqa ngokuvumelana (uhlelo lokuphakama kwezulu).

F. l. zimelela ukubonakaliswa kokuxhumana komculo-semantic, okutholakala ngakho ukuqonda nokuhambisana kwama-muses. ephelele. Ngokwesiko le-Russian terminology mode ivame ukuhunyushwa njengesigaba esijwayelekile maqondana nazo zonke izinhlobo zezinhlelo zephimbo (kusukela ezindleleni zasendulo, zasempumalanga, zendabuko kuya kwezinhlobonhlobo neziyinkimbinkimbi zomculo wochwepheshe wekhulu lama-20). Ngokuvumelana nalokho, umqondo kaF. l. futhi yiyona ejwayelekile kakhulu, ehlotshaniswa nokubola kakhulu. izinhlobo zezincazelo zomculo-semantic zemisindo nongwaqa, nakuba zivumela ukucaciswa kolunye lwezinhlobo (izincazelo zazo ezinhlelweni ze-modal - "izindlela" ezikhethekile zomculo zekhulu le-14-15, ngokungafani namagugu, isibonelo, i-harmonic tonality yekhulu le-18-19 njengohlobo olukhethekile lwesistimu ye-modal). Njengoba izinhlobo ze-embodiment yemodi zishintsha ngokomlando, khona-ke F. l. ukuthi ubudlelwano bomsindo othize buvela kanjani ngokomlando, kanye nokuguqukela ezinhlotsheni ezithuthuke kakhulu neziyinkimbinkimbi zeph. ekugcineni kukhombisa inqubekelaphambili yama-muses. ukucabanga.

Systematics F. l. kuncike ezicini zenhlangano ephakeme, lapho ekubunjweni kwayo zithola izincazelo ezithile, kanye namafomu omculo (umsindo) wenkulumo enengqondo. ubudlelwano phakathi kwezakhi zesistimu ye-modal (altitude). Zonke izici zemodi zithola ukubaluleka kwesistimu, kokubili okulula (ezingeni lokuqala lezinto ezibonakalayo) kanye nenhlanganisela (emazingeni aphezulu okuhlangana kwezinto ezilula zibe amayunithi ayinkimbinkimbi). Izakhi ezilula - otd. imisindo (“ama-monads”), izikhawu, imisindo ekabili (“dyad”), ama-triad (“ama-triad”), amanye ama-chords njengento yohlelo. Inhlanganisela - dec. uhlobo “lwama-microlad” ekwakhiweni kwemodi (isibonelo, ama-tetrachords, ama-pentachords, ama-trichords ngaphakathi kohlaka lwamamodi e-monodich egqamile; amaqembu athile okucula, amasistimu angaphansi, i-chord enomsindo oseduze noma ongwaqa, njll. kumamodi e-polygonal ). Abanye F. l. zuza, isibonelo, c.-l. amayunithi amakhulu e-modal (okukodwa noma okunye ukuguquguquka, uhlelo) ngokuhlobene namanye afanayo ngaphakathi kwengqikithi eyodwa enkulu (ithonithi yetimu yesibili ifana no-D kuya ku-tonic eyinhloko, njll.). Muz.-okunengqondo. ubudlelwano endimeni yemodi ivezwe ekuhlukaniseni izakhi zemodali zibe kweyinhloko (maphakathi) kanye nephansi (i-peripheral), bese kuhlukaniswa okuningiliziwe kwe-semantic yakamuva; yingakho indima ebalulekile yesigaba sesisekelo njenge-central F. l. ekuguqulweni kwayo okuhlukene (bheka iLad). Ukuqonda okwanele okwanele (ukuzwa) komculo kuphakamisa ukucabanga ezigabeni zalabo F. l., abatholakala kulo mculo othile. uhlelo (isibonelo, ukusetshenziswa kohlelo lwaseNtshonalanga-Yurophu lwezinkulu nezincane namagilamafoni azo ukuze kucutshungulwe izingoma zomdabu zaseRussia ezindala, ukuhunyushwa kwazo zonke izinhlelo zephimbo ngokombono wokuvumelana kwe-Western-European kwekhulu le-18-19 noF. .l., njll.).

Kubaluleke kakhulu ku-F. l. umehluko 2 oyinhloko. izinhlobo zezinhlelo ze-modal (umsindo) ngokuya ngesakhiwo sezinto zabo - i-monophonic noma i-polyphonic (ngekhulu lama-20 futhi i-sonorant). Ngakho-ke ukuhlukaniswa okujwayelekile kakhulu kwezinhlobo ze-F. l. ku-monodic kanye ne-chord-harmonic. P. l. ngekhulu leminyaka elihlukile, eliphakathi. kanye noNar. i-monodic. izindlela (okungukuthi, i-monodic F. l.) ngokwezimpawu zinokuningi okufanayo enye nenye. Ku-monodich elula. F. l. (okungukuthi, amanani e-modal emisindo ngayinye nongwaqa) afaka phakathi amanani e-Ch. fret isekela: isikhungo. ithoni (ukuma, ithoni yereferensi, ithoni; inhloso yayo iwukusekela umcabango womculo), ithoni yokugcina (finalis; ezimweni eziningi iqondana nephimbo eliphakathi nendawo, elingabuye libizwe ngokuthi finalis), ithoni yesibili yokubhekisela. (i-repercussion , ithoni yokuphindaphinda, i-confinalis, iphimbo elibusayo, elibusayo; ngokuvamile elibhangqwe nokugcina); nezisekelo zasendaweni (izikhungo zendawo, izikhungo eziguquguqukayo; uma izisekelo zisuka kumathoni ayinhloko emodi ziye kwawasemaceleni), ithoni yokuqala (initialis, isiqalo; umsindo wokuqala womculo; ngokuvamile uqondana newokugcina). Ukuhlanganisa i-monodich. F. l. faka amanani anqunyiwe. izinguquko zomculo, izingoma - iziphetho ezijwayelekile. amafomula, izigaba (kwezinye izimo, amathoni awo nawo anemisebenzi yawo yesakhiwo, isibonelo, i-ultima, i-penultima ne-antepenultima; bheka i-Cadence), ukuphenduka okujwayelekile kokuqala (isiqalo, ukuqaliswa), amafomula asendulo aseRashiya ezingoma. izingoma, izingoma zikaGregory. Bheka, isibonelo, umehluko F. l. isikhungo. ithoni (as1) nethoni yokugcina (es1) kusibonelo ku-st. Izindlela zasendulo zamaGreki (ikholomu 1), okokugcina kanye nemiphumela - ku-Art. Izinkathazo ze-Medieval; bheka izinguquko zokusekela kwendawo (e306, d1, e1) eculweni elithi “Nkosi ngakhala” ku-st. Isistimu yomsindo (ikholomu 1), umehluko F. l. amathoni okuqala nawokugcina eculweni elithi “Antarbahis” ku-st. Umculo wamaNdiya (ikholomu 447). Bheka futhi amanani e-modal (okungukuthi F. l.) melodic ejwayelekile. izinguquko (isb, eyokuqala, yokugcina) kwezobuciko. Amamodi enkathi ephakathi (ikholomu 511), i-Melody (ikholomu 241), i-cadence egcwele (ikholomu 520), ingoma ye-Znamenny (ikholomu 366-466), i-Melody (ikholomu 67).

Amasistimu F. l. kupholigoni frets, synthesizing fret impahla yezinhlobo 2 (ikhanda elilodwa kanye multi-headed), abe nohlamvu ezimbili-ntathu (interdimensional). Emaphimbweni anemiculo, ikakhulukazi kwayinhloko (bona i-Melody), kuvela i-monodich. F. l.; bangena ekusebenzelaneni okuyinkimbinkimbi noF. l. ongwaqa abaqondile (bheka. Ukuvumelana), okukhiqiza, ikakhulukazi, amanani wezakhi zongqimba olulodwa lwe-F. l. uma kuhlobene nezinto zomunye (ngokwesibonelo, amathoni omculo ahlobene namaculo, noma okuphambene nalokho; “i-interlayer”, i-phlebotomy ephakathi nendawo, evela ekusebenzelaneni kwe-monodic ne-chord-harmonic phlebodies). Ngakho-ke ubuciko. ingcebo F.l. emculweni we-polyphony ethuthukisiwe. Ukuqagela kwe-chord-harmonic. F. l. umculo uthintwa ukusabalala kwemisindo yamachord (ukweqa), okuthathwa njengokusebenza okukodwa (aphikiswa njengokusebenza okuqhathanisayo "izinto zokuhamba" nomsindo osizayo), ekwehleni kwenani lesici esiyinhloko sokudonsa komugqa (okuphezulu – okushubile) ngokuvuna i-harmonic-functional (ukushuba kokukhula lapho ushiya isisekelo, ukwehla - uma ubuyela kusisekelo), esikhundleni se-melodic basso continuo nge-zigzag jump line basse fondamentale, njll. Ithonya le-monodic F. l. ku-chord-harmonic ibonakala kuyona kanye imiqondo ye-main. imisebenzi yethoni (ithoni emaphakathi - i-central chord, ithonikhi; i-repercussion - i-chord ebusayo), kanye nomthelela wabo ekulandeleni kwamaculo kubonakala kumthethonqubo ngokusebenzisa okuyinhloko. izinyathelo ezizwakalayo (amagilamafoni abo e-monophonic) okukhethwa kukho kanye nencazelo ye-semantic yezingoma ezivumelanisa ingoma (ngokwesibonelo, ku-cadence yokugcina yekwaya ethi "Glory" kusukela ku-opera "Ivan Susanin" - inani lokuvumelana komgogodla imisindo esekelayo yomculo:

cf. Isistimu yedijithali), kuzinkomba. ukuzimela kwe-harmonic kwenhlanganisela ye-modal yomculo ngaphakathi kohlaka lwe-polyphony (isibonelo, emuzweni wobuqotho obuvumelanayo be-modal complex yetimu enekhanda elilodwa ngaphakathi kwendwangu ye-polygonal ye-fugue, ngezinye izikhathi ngisho nokuphikisana ne-Ph. l. kwamanye amazwi). Ubudlelwano bokusebenza kwe-Interdimensional butholakala ezimeni zokuhoxiswa ku-normative F. l. imisindo nongwaqa besistimu enikeziwe ngaphansi kwethonya lokusebenzelana kwe-heterogeneous (i-monodic ne-chord-harmonic) F. l. Yebo, i-monodic. F. l. emculweni ongaphansi kwechord F. l. I-D 7, iguqulwa kuze kufike ekuguqulweni okuphelele kwamandla adonsela phansi (isibonelo, umsindo wesinyathelo sokuqala udonsela ku-1, njll.); ukuzithoba kwe-chord ku-F. l. Imisindo ye-melodic yakha, isibonelo, umsebenzi wokuphindaphinda (ku-faubourdon, i-organum yakuqala, emculweni wekhulu lama-7, bheka, isibonelo, nesandulela sopiyano sika-C. Debussy "I-Sunken Cathedral").

Ukuvumelana kwe-modal kweNkathi Ephakathi kanye neRenaissance (ikakhulukazi ngekhulu le-15-16) kubonakala ngokulingana kwe-monodic. kanye ne-harmonic ye-chord. F. l. (imvamisa ukucabanga kwe-linear-polyphonic); izimpawu ziyimithetho yokunquma imodi kanye ne-F. l evelele. “ngethenori”, okungukuthi, izwi elilodwa ngalinye; njengemisindo yomculo wongwaqa. izinyathelo zilandelane ngokukhululeka, futhi zichazwe. akukho okuthandwayo okucacile kwama-chords njengawo ayinhloko ekuvumelaneni; ngaphandle kwamaphimbo, “ukuxhumana kwethoni kungase kungabi khona ngokuphelele, futhi iculo ngalinye ... lingalandelwa iphimbo ngalinye” (SI Taneev, 1909; bheka, isibonelo, amasampula omculo ka-J. Palestrina ku-St. Polyphony, amakholomu 347, 348, Josquin Despres – esihlokweni esithi Canon, ikholamu 692).

Ukuvumelana kwe-Tonal (ikhulu le-17-19) kuphawulwa ukugqama kwe-chord-harmonic. F. l. phezu kwe-monodic (bona i-Harmonic tonality, umsebenzi we-Harmonic, i-Tonality, i-Dominant, i-Subdominant, i-Tonic, enkulu, encane, i-Modulation, i-Deviation, imisebenzi eguquguqukayo, ubudlelwano bokhiye). Njenge-two-fret "harmonic. i-tonality “West-Europe. umculo ungowokwenziwa. isistimu ye-modal yohlobo olukhethekile, izinhlobonhlobo zayo ze-F. l. kukhona okukhethekile. uhlobo lwabo, olubizwa ngokuthi "imisebenzi yethoni" (H. Riemann, "Vereinfachte Harmonielehre oder Lehre von den tonalen Funktionen der Akkorde", 1893). Imisebenzi ye-Classic (T, D, S) isebenza ngesisekelo sobudlelwane bemvelo obuphakeme kakhulu - uxhumano lwe-quintal phakathi kokuyinhloko. amathoni wezingoma ezinyathelweni ze-IV-IV - cishe kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yisiphi isici sabo se-modal (isibonelo, ukuthi i-tonic inkulu noma incane); ngakho kuqondile lapha. igama elithi “imisebenzi yethoni” (elihlobene negama elithi “imisebenzi yemodi”), hhayi elivamile elithi “F. l.” (ukuhlanganisa kokubili). i-harmonic tonality ibonakala ngokukhanga okujulile kokusebenza phakathi nendawo. i-chord (i-tonic), ingena kuso sonke isakhiwo se-fret, ukuhlonza okuhluke kakhulu kwama-harmonics. imisebenzi yawongwaqa ngamunye kanye ne-otd. isikhawu somsindo. Ngenxa yamandla emisebenzi yethoni, "i-tonality yomnyango owodwa ithinta ithoni yomunye, ukuqala kwesiqephu kuthinta isiphetho sayo" (SI Taneev, 1909).

Ukushintshela kumculo wekhulunyaka lama-20 ophawulwe ekuqaleni ngokubuyekeza owakudala. ukusebenza (okusebenza njengemodeli eyinhloko yezinhlelo eziningi ezintsha zobudlelwane bokusebenza), ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zomsindo ezintsha ezivela kwendabuko. kanye nempahla yethoni ebuyekeziwe. Ngakho-ke, inqubo yokuguqula ukusebenza ("ukuguqulwa" kanye nokuphindukuzalwa kabusha kwamandla adonsela phansi ethoni) isakazeke kabanzi: isiqondiso sokunyakaza ukusuka enkabeni kuya endaweni ezungezile (R. Wagner, isingeniso ku-opera "Tristan and Isolde"), kusukela ekumeni kuya ku-periphery. engazinzile (NA Rimsky-Korsakov, "Indaba Yedolobha Elingabonakali LaseKitezh kanye Nentombi Fevronia", ekupheleni kwe-3rd d.; AN Skryabin, ukuvumelana ekukhiqizeni op. 40-50), kusukela ku-consonance kuya ku-dissonance futhi, ngokuqhubekayo, ukuthambekela kokugwema ungwaqa (SV Rachmaninov, romance "Au!"), ukusuka ku-chord kuye ekubunjweni okungeyona i-chord (ukubonakala kwamathoni aseceleni ku-chord ngenxa yokulibaziseka kokulungisa, imisindo eyisizayo kanye neminye engeyona i-chord kuyo. isakhiwo). Ngokuzalwa kabusha kwesiko. omdala F.l. ngale ndlela, isibonelo, i-dissonant tonality iphakama (i-Scriabin, i-sonatas ephuzile ye-pianoforte; A. Berg, Wozzeck, isenzo sokuqala, isigcawu se-1, i-dissonant cis-moll, bheka isibonelo somculo ku-Art. Accord , ikholomu 2, 82st chord - T ), izindlela zokuphuma (SS Prokofiev, "Fleeting", No 1, March kusukela ku-opera ethi "Uthando lwamawolintshi amathathu" - kusukela ku-C-dur; DD Shostakovich, i-symphony engu-2, ukunyakaza kokuqala, ukuqala kwengxenye eseceleni ye-exposition - njengoba -moll njenge-derivative ye-T evela ku-G-dur), izakhiwo ze-atonic (N. Ya. Myaskovsky, i-symphony yesi-9, ingxenye ye-1, ingxenye eyinhloko yengxenye eseceleni; i-tonic chord Fis-dur ibonakala kuphela engxenyeni yokugcina). Ngesisekelo esisha, izinhlobonhlobo zezindlela zivuselelwa; ngokufanele, izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene ze-F. l. (imisebenzi yesistimu, izincazelo zemisindo nongwaqa ngaphakathi kohlelo olunikeziwe).

Emculweni omusha wekhulu lama-20. kanye nezinhlobo zendabuko F. l. (i-monodic-modal; i-chord-harmonic, ikakhulukazi i-tonal) neminye imisebenzi yesistimu iye yethulwa, ekhombisa izincazelo ze-semantic zezakhi, ikakhulukazi kubuchwepheshe besikhungo (“ukuthuthukisa ukuguquguquka” njengokuphindaphinda okulungisiwe okuqondiswe ngokushesha kokukhethiwe. iqembu lomsindo, njengokungathi, ukuhluka kulo). Imisebenzi yesikhungo ibalulekile. ukuphakama (high-altitude abutment) ngendlela ye-otd. umsindo (ithoni emaphakathi, ngokusho kuka-IF Stravinsky – “izigxobo”; isibonelo, emdlalweni wepiyano othi “Signs on White”, 1974, ithoni a2 ka-EV Denisov; bheka futhi isibonelo ku-Art. Dodecaphony, ikholomu 274, ithoni emaphakathi es ), isikhungo. ongwaqa (isb. i-polychord Fis-dur + C-dur kusisekelo sesigcawu sesi-2 se-ballet kaStravinsky ethi “Petrushka”, bheka isibonelo ku-Art. Polychord, ikholomu 329), maphakathi. izikhundla zochungechunge (isibonelo, uchungechunge endaweni ge-dis-fis-cis-fdhbca-gis ku-A. Webern's vocal cycle op. 25, bheka isibonelo esihlokweni esithi Pointillism). Lapho usebenzisa i-sonono-harmonic. amasu, umuzwa wokuqiniseka we-high-altitude abutment iyafezeka ngaphandle kokuveza isisekelo esicacile. amathoni (ukuphela kwesiphetho sekhonsathi yesi-2 yepiyano ka-RK Shchedrin). Nokho, ukusetshenziswa kwegama elithi “F. l.” maqondana nezigigaba eziningi zokuzwana ekhulwini lama-20. kubonakala kuyinkinga (noma kungenakwenzeka), incazelo yabo idinga ukuthuthukiswa kwamagama anembe kakhudlwana.

References: bheka ngaphansi kwezihloko ezishiwo.

Yu. N. Kholopov